List of state leaders in 1990
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This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1990.
Africa
- Algeria
- President - Chadli Bendjedid, President of Algeria (1979–1992)
- Prime Minister - Mouloud Hamrouche, Prime Minister of Algeria (1989–1991)
- Angola
- Communist Party Leader - José Eduardo dos Santos, Secretary of the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party (1979–1991)
- President - José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–present)
- Benin
- the People's Republic of Benin changed into the Republic of Benin on 1 March 1990
- Communist Party Leader - Mathieu Kérékou, Secretary of the Popular Revolutionary Party of Benin (1979–1990)
- President - Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin (1972–1991)
- Prime Minister - Nicéphore Soglo, Prime Minister of Benin (1990–1991)
- Botswana
- President - Quett Masire, President of Botswana (1980–1998)
- Burkina Faso
- Head of State - Blaise Compaoré, Head of State of Burkina Faso (1987–2014)
- Burundi
- President - Pierre Buyoya, President of Burundi (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Adrien Sibomana, Prime Minister of Burundi (1988–1993)
- Cameroon
- President - Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
- Cape Verde
- President - Aristides Pereira, President of Cape Verde (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Pedro Pires, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (1975–1991)
- Central African Republic
- President - André Kolingba, President of the Central African Republic (1981–1993)
- Chad
- President -
- Hissène Habré, President of Chad (1982–1990)
- Jean Alingué Bawoyeu, Acting President of Chad (1990)
- Idriss Déby, Head of State of Chad (1990–present)
- President -
- Comoros
- President - Said Mohamed Djohar, President of the Comoros (1989–1995)
- Congo
- Communist Party Leader - Denis Sassou Nguesso, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Congolese Labor Party (1979–1991)
- President - Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of Congo (1979–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty, Prime Minister of Congo (1989–1990)
- Pierre Moussa, Acting Prime Minister of Congo (1990–1991)
- Côte d'Ivoire
- President - Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Côte d'Ivoire (1960–1993)
- Prime Minister - Alassane Ouattara, Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire (1990–1993)
- Djibouti
- President - Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (1977–1999)
- Prime Minister - Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime Minister of Djibouti (1978–2001)
- Egypt
- President - Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–2011)
- Prime Minister - Atef Sedki, Prime Minister of Egypt (1986–1996)
- Equatorial Guinea
- President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
- Prime Minister - Cristino Seriche Bioko, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (1982–1992)
- Ethiopia
- Communist Party Leader - Mengistu Haile Mariam, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (1984–1991)
- President - Mengistu Haile Mariam, President of Ethiopia (1977–1991)
- Prime Minister - Hailu Yimenu, Acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1989–1991)
- Gabon
- President - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967–2009)
- Prime Minister -
- Léon Mébiame, Prime Minister of Gabon (1975–1990)
- Casimir Oyé-Mba, Prime Minister of Gabon (1990–1994)
- The Gambia
- President - Sir Dawda Jawara, President of The Gambia (1970–1994)
- Ghana
- Head of State - Jerry Rawlings, Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council of Ghana (1981–2001)
- Guinea
- President - Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–2008)
- Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State - João Bernardo Vieira, Chairman of the Council of State of Guinea-Bissau (1984–1999)
- Kenya
- President - Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya (1978–2002)
- Lesotho
- Monarch -
- Moshoeshoe II, King of Lesotho (1965–1990)
- Queen Mamohato, Regent of Lesotho (1990)
- Letsie III, King of Lesotho (1990–1995)
- Head of Government - Justin Lekhanya, Chairman of the Military Council of Lesotho (1986–1991)
- Monarch -
- Liberia
- Head of State -
- Samuel Doe, President of Liberia (1986–1990)
- Amos Sawyer, President of the Interim Government of National Unity of Liberia (1990–1994)
- Head of State -
- Libya
- De facto Head of State - Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
- Nominal Head of State -
- Head of Government -
- Madagascar
- President - Didier Ratsiraka, President of Madagascar (1975–1993)
- Prime Minister - Victor Ramahatra, Prime Minister of Madagascar (1988–1991)
- Malawi
- President - Hastings Banda, President for Life of Malawi (1966–1994)
- Mali
- President - Moussa Traoré, President of Mali (1968–1991)
- Mauritania
- Head of State - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Head of State of Mauritania (1984–2005)
- Prime Minister - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Prime Minister of Mauritania (1984–1992)
- Mauritius
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Mauritius (1968–1992)
- Governor-General - Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, Governor-General of Mauritius (1986–1992)
- Prime Minister - Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius (1982–1995)
- Mayotte (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect -
- Daniel Limodin, Prefect of Mayotte (1988–1990)
- Jean-Paul Coste, Prefect of Mayotte (1990–1993)
- President of the General Council - Younoussa Bamana, President of the General Council of Mayotte (1976–1991)
- Prefect -
- Morocco
- Monarch - Hassan II, King of Morocco (1961–1999)
- Prime Minister - Azzeddine Laraki, Prime Minister of Morocco (1986–1992)
- Western Sahara (self-declared, partially recognized state)
- President - Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–2016)
- Prime Minister - Mahfoud Ali Beiba, Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1988–1993)
- Mozambique
- the People's Republic of Mozambique changed into the Republic of Mozambique on 1 December 1990
- Communist Party Leader - Joaquim Chissano, President of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (1986–1990)
- President - Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique (1986–2005)
- Prime Minister - Mário da Graça Machungo, Prime Minister of Mozambique (1986–1994)
- Namibia
- South West Africa gained independence on 21 March 1990
- Administrator-General - Louis Pienaar, Administrator-General of South West Africa (1985–1990)
- President - Sam Nujoma, President of Namibia (1990–2005)
- Prime Minister - Hage Geingob, Prime Minister of Namibia (1990–2002)
- Niger
- President - Ali Saibou, President of Niger (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Aliou Mahamidou, Prime Minister of Niger (1990–1991)
- Nigeria
- Head of State - Ibrahim Babangida, President of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of Nigeria (1985–1993)
- Rwanda
- President - Juvénal Habyarimana, President of Rwanda (1973–1994)
- Saint Helena and Dependencies (British overseas territory)
- Governor - Robert F Stimson, Governor of Saint Helena (1988–1991)
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- President - Manuel Pinto da Costa, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Celestino Rocha da Costa, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (1988–1991)
- Senegal
- President - Abdou Diouf, President of Senegal (1981–2000)
- Seychelles
- President - France-Albert René, President of Seychelles (1977–2004)
- Sierra Leone
- President - Joseph Saidu Momoh, President of Sierra Leone (1985–1992)
- Somalia -
- Communist Party Leader - Siad Barre, Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (1976–1991)
- President - Siad Barre, President of Somalia (1969–1991)
- Prime Minister -
- Muhammad Ali Samatar, Prime Minister of Somalia (1987–1990)
- Muhammad Hawadle Madar, Prime Minister of Somalia (1990–1991)
- South Africa
- President - F. W. de Klerk, State President of South Africa (1989–1994)
- Bophuthatswana (unrecognized state)
- President - Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana (1968–1994)[1]
- Ciskei (unrecognized state)
- Head of State -
- Lennox Sebe, President of Ciskei (1973–1990)[2]
- Oupa Gqozo, Chairman of the Military Committee and of the Council of State of Ciskei (1990–1994)
- Head of State -
- Transkei (unrecognized state)
- President - Tutor Nyangelizwe Vulindlela Ndamase, President of Transkei (1986–1994)
- Prime Minister - Bantu Holomisa, Prime Minister of Transkei (1987–1994)
- Venda (unrecognized state)
- President -
- Frank N. Ravel, President of Venda (1988–1990)
- Gabriel Ramushwana, President of Venda (1990–1994)
- President -
- Sudan
- Head of State - Omar al-Bashir, Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation of Sudan (1989–present)
- Swaziland
- Monarch - Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
- Prime Minister - Obed Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (1989–1993)
- Tanzania
- President - Ali Hassan Mwinyi, President of Tanzania (1985–1995)
- Prime Minister -
- Joseph Sinde Warioba, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1985–1990)
- John Malecela, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1990–1994)
- Togo
- President - Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (1967–2005)
- Tunisia
- President - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–2011)
- Prime Minister - Hamed Karoui, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1989–1999)
- Uganda
- President - Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister - Samson Kisekka, Prime Minister of Uganda (1986–1991)
- Zaire
- President - Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire (1965–1997)
- Head of Government -
- Kengo wa Dondo, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1988–1990)
- Lunda Bululu, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1990–1991)
- Zambia
- President - Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia (1964–1991)
- Prime Minister - Malimba Masheke, Prime Minister of Zambia (1989–1991)
- Zimbabwe
- President - Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–present)
Asia
- Afghanistan
- Communist Party Leader - Mohammad Najibullah, General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (1986–1990)
- President - Mohammad Najibullah, President of Afghanistan (1987–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1989–1990)
- Fazal Haq Khaliqyar, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1990–1992)
- Bahrain
- Monarch - Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain (1961–1999)[3]
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–present)[4]
- Bangladesh
- President -
- Hussain Muhammad Ershad, President of Bangladesh (1983–1990)
- Shahabuddin Ahmed, Acting President of Bangladesh (1990–1991)
- Prime Minister - Kazi Zafar Ahmed, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1989–1990)
- President -
- Bhutan
- Monarch - Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (1972–2006)
- Brunei
- Monarch - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present)[5]
- Prime Minister - Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- Cambodia
- Communist Party Leader - Heng Samrin, Secretary-General of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (1981–1991)
- Head of State - Heng Samrin, Chairman of the Council of State of Cambodia (1979–1992)
- Premier - Hun Sen, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Cambodia (1985–present)[6]
- China (People's Republic of China)
- De facto leader - Deng Xiaoping, Paramount leader (late 1970s - early 1990s)
- Communist Party Leader - Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (1989–2002)
- President - Yang Shangkun, President of China (1988–1993)
- Premier - Li Peng, Premier of the State Council of China (1987–1998)
- Hong Kong (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir David Wilson, Governor of Hong Kong (1987–1992)
- India
- President - R. Venkataraman, President of India (1987–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- V. P. Singh, Prime Minister of India (1989–1990)
- Chandra Shekhar, Prime Minister of India (1990–1991)
- Indonesia
- President - Suharto, President of Indonesia (1967–1998)
- Iran
- Supreme Leader - Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
- President - Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, President of Iran (1989–1997)
- Iraq
- President - Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq (1979–2003)
- Prime Minister - Saddam Hussein, Prime Minister of Iraq (1979–1991)
- Israel
- President - Chaim Herzog, President of Israel (1983–1993)
- Prime Minister - Yitzhak Shamir, Prime Minister of Israel (1986–1992)
- Japan
- Monarch - Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989–present)
- Prime Minister - Toshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan (1989–1991)
- Jordan
- Monarch - Hussein, King of Jordan (1952–1999)
- Prime Minister - Mudar Badran, Prime Minister of Jordan (1989–1991)
- North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
- Communist Party Leader - Kim Il-sung, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers' Party (1949–1994)
- President - Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea (1972–1994)
- Premier - Yon Hyong-muk, Premier of the Council of Ministers of North Korea (1988–1992)
- South Korea (Republic of Korea)
- President - Roh Tae-woo, President of South Korea (1988–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- Kang Young-Hoon, Prime Minister of South Korea (1988–1990)
- Ro Jai-bong, Prime Minister of South Korea (1990–1991)
- Kuwait
- under Iraqi invasion the Republic of Kuwait was proclaimed on 4 August, and was annexed by Iraq as Kuwait Governorate on 28 August 1991
- Monarch - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (1977–2006)[7]
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1978–2003)[7]
- Republican leaders -
- Alaa Hussein Ali, Head of State of the Republic of Kuwait (1990)
- Ali Hassan al-Majid, Governor of Kuwait (1990–1991)
- Laos
- Communist Party Leader - Kaysone Phomvihane, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1975–1992)
- President -
- Souphanouvong, President of Laos (1975–1991)
- Phoumi Vongvichit, Acting President of Laos (1986–1991)
- Premier - Kaysone Phomvihane, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (1975–1991)
- Lebanon
- President - Elias Hrawi, President of Lebanon (1989–1998)
- Prime Minister -
- Michel Aoun, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1988–1990)
- Selim al-Hoss, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1990)
- Omar Karami, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1990–1992)
- Macau (overseas province of Portugal)
- Governor -
- Carlos Montez Melancia, Governor of Macau (1987–1990)
- Francisco Murteira Nabo, Acting Governor of Macau (1990–1991)
- Governor -
- Malaysia
- Monarch - Sultan Azlan Shah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (1989–1994)
- Prime Minister - Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981–2003)
- Maldives
- President - Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–2008)
- Mongolia -
- Communist Party Leader -
- Head of State -
- Head of Government -
- Dumaagiin Sodnom, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Mongolia (1984–1990)
- Sharavyn Gungaadorj, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1990)
- Dashiin Byambasüren, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1990–1992)
- Myanmar
- Head of State - Saw Maung, Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council of Myanmar (1988–1992)
- Prime Minister - Saw Maung, Prime Minister of Myanmar (1988–1992)
- Nepal
- Monarch - Birendra, King of Nepal (1972–2001)
- Prime Minister -
- Marich Man Singh Shrestha, Prime Minister of Nepal (1986–1990)
- Lokendra Bahadur Chand, Prime Minister of Nepal (1990)
- Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Prime Minister of Nepal (1990–1991)
- Oman
- Monarch - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
- Prime Minister - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
- Pakistan
- President - Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President of Pakistan (1988–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990)
- Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1990)
- Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1990–1993)
- Philippines
- President - Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (1986–1992)
- Qatar
- Monarch - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1972–1995)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (1970–1995)[8]
- Saudi Arabia
- Monarch - Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)
- Prime Minister - Fahd, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)
- Singapore
- President - Wee Kim Wee, President of Singapore (1985–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore (1959–1990)[9]
- Goh Chok Tong, Prime Minister of Singapore (1990–2004)
- Sri Lanka
- President - Ranasinghe Premadasa, President of Sri Lanka (1989–1993)
- Prime Minister - Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1989–1993)
- Syria
- President - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (1971–2000)
- Prime Minister - Mahmoud Zuabi, Prime Minister of Syria (1987–2000)
- Taiwan (Republic of China) -
- President - Lee Teng-hui, President of Taiwan (1988–2000)
- Premier -
- Lee Huan, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (1989–1990)
- Hau Pei-tsun, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (1990–1993)
- Thailand
- Monarch - Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
- Prime Minister - Chatichai Choonhavan, Prime Minister of Thailand (1988–1991)
- Turkey
- President - Turgut Özal, President of Turkey (1989–1993)
- Prime Minister - Yıldırım Akbulut, Prime Minister of Turkey (1989–1991)
- United Arab Emirates
- President - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (1971–2004)
- Prime Minister -
- Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1979–1990)
- Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1990–2006)
- Vietnam
- Communist Party Leader - Nguyễn Văn Linh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1986–1991)
- Head of State - Võ Chí Công, Chairman of the State Council of Vietnam (1987–1992)
- Premier - Đỗ Mười, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (1988–1991)
- North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic)
- united with South Yemen creating the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990
- President - Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of North Yemen (1978–2012)[10]
- Prime Minister - Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime Minister of North Yemen (1983–1990)
- South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)
- united with North Yemen creating the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990
- Communist Party Leader - Ali Salim al-Beidh, Secretary-General of the Yemeni Socialist Party (1986–1990)
- Head of State - Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council of South Yemen (1986–1990)
- Prime Minister - Yasin Said Numan, Prime Minister of South Yemen (1986–1990)
- Yemen (Republic of Yemen)
- created by the union of North and South Yemen on 22 May 1990
- President - Ali Abdullah Saleh, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Yemen (1978–2012)[11]
- Prime Minister - Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Prime Minister of Yemen (1990–1994)
Europe
- Albania
- Communist Party Leader - Ramiz Alia, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1985–1991)
- Head of State - Ramiz Alia, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1982–1991)
- Premier - Adil Çarçani, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1981–1991)
- Andorra
- Monarchs -
- French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1981–1995)
- Co-Prince's Representative - Jean-Pierre Courtois (1989–1993)
- Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971–2003)
- Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc Badia i Batalla (1972–1993)
- French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1981–1995)
- Prime Minister -
- Josep Pintat-Solans, Head of Government of Andorra (1984–1990)
- Òscar Ribas Reig, Head of Government of Andorra (1990–1994)
- Monarchs -
- Austria
- President - Kurt Waldheim, Federal President of Austria (1986–1992)
- Chancellor - Franz Vranitzky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1986–1997)
- Belgium
- Monarch -
- Baudouin, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
- Wilfried Martens, Acting Head of State of Belgium (1990)
- Prime Minister - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium (1982–1992)
- Monarch -
- Bulgaria
- the People's Republic of Bulgaria changed into the Republic of Bulgaria on 15 November 1990
- Communist Party Leader - Petar Mladenov, General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1989–1990)
- President -
- Petar Mladenov, Chairman of the Council of State of Bulgaria (1989–1990)
- Stanko Georgiev, Acting President of Bulgaria (1990)
- Nikolay Todorov, Acting President of Bulgaria (1990)
- Zhelyu Zhelev, President of Bulgaria (1990–1997)
- Premier -
- Cyprus
- President - George Vasiliou, President of Cyprus (1988–1993)
- Northern Cyprus (unrecognized, secessionist state)
- President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1975–2005)
- Prime Minister - Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1985–1994)
- Czech and Slovak Federative Republic -
- the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic changed name to Czechoslovak Federative Republic on 29 March 1990 and to Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990
- Communist Party Leader - Ladislav Adamec, General Secretary of the Communisty Party of Czechoslovakia (1989–1990)
- President - Václav Havel, President of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1989–1992)
- Prime Minister - Marián Čalfa, Prime Minister of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1989–1992)
- Denmark
- Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
- Prime Minister - Poul Schlüter, Prime Minister of Denmark (1982–1993)
- Finland
- President - Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland (1982–1994)
- Prime Minister - Harri Holkeri, Prime Minister of Finland (1987–1991)
- France
- President - François Mitterrand, President of France (1981–1995)
- Prime Minister - Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France (1988–1991)
- East Germany (German Democratic Republic)
- merged into West Germany, creating the unified Germany on 3 October 1990
- Head of State -
- Premier -
- West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
- with East Germany's accession the unified Germany was created on 3 October 1990
- President - Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of West Germany (1984–1990)
- Chancellor - Helmut Kohl, Federal Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990)
- West Berlin (Western Allies-occupied free city)
- Governing Mayor - Walter Momper, Governing Mayor of Berlin (1989–1990)
- Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
- created by the unification of East Germany, West Germany and West Berlin on 3 October 1990
- President - Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of Germany (1990–1994)
- Chancellor - Helmut Kohl, Federal Chancellor of Germany (1990–1998)
- Greece
- President -
- Christos Sartzetakis, President of Greece (1985–1990)
- Konstantinos Karamanlis, President of Greece (1990–1995)
- Prime Minister -
- Xenophon Zolotas, Prime Minister of Greece (1989–1990)
- Konstantinos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece (1990–1993)
- President -
- Hungary
- President -
- Mátyás Szűrös, Interim President of Hungary (1989–1990)
- Árpád Göncz, President of Hungary (1990–2000)
- Prime Minister -
- Miklós Németh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1988–1990)
- József Antall, Prime Minister of Hungary (1990–1993)
- President -
- Iceland
- President - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland (1980–1996)
- Prime Minister - Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1988–1991)
- Ireland
- President -
- Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (1976–1990)
- Mary Robinson, President of Ireland (1990–1997)
- Prime Minister - Charles Haughey, Taoiseach of Ireland (1987–1992)
- President -
- Italy
- President - Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy (1985–1992)
- Prime Minister - Giulio Andreotti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1989–1992)
- Liechtenstein
- Monarch - Hans Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
- Prime Minister - Hans Brunhart, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1978–1993)
- Lithuania
- the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 11 March 1990 which was recognized by the USSR on 6 September 1991
- Communist Party Leader -
- Algirdas Brazauskas, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania (1988–1990)
- Mykolas Burokevičius, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania (1989–1991) (rival)
- Head of State -
- Prime Minister -
- Luxembourg
- Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964–2000)
- Prime Minister - Jacques Santer, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1984–1995)
- Malta
- President - Ċensu Tabone, President of Malta (1989–1994)
- Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime Minister of Malta (1987–1996)
- Monaco
- Monarch - Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
- Head of Government - Jean Ausseil, Minister of State of Monaco (1985–1991)
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)
- Netherlands (constituent country)
- Prime Minister - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994)
- Netherlands Antilles (constituent country)
- see under North America
- Aruba (constituent country)
- see under North America
- Norway
- Monarch - Olav V, King of Norway (1957–1991)
- Regent - Crown Prince Harald, Regent of Norway (1990–1991)
- Prime Minister -
- Jan P. Syse, Prime Minister of Norway (1989–1990)
- Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway (1990–1996)
- Poland
- Communist Party Leader - Mieczysław Rakowski, First Secretary of the Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party (1989–1990)
- President -
- Wojciech Jaruzelski, President of Poland (1989–1990)
- Lech Wałęsa, President of Poland (1990–1995)
- Prime Minister - Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Prime Minister of Poland (1989–1991)
- Portugal
- President - Mário Soares, President of Portugal (1986–1996)
- Prime Minister - Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995)
- Romania
- President - Ion Iliescu, President of Romania (1989–1996)
- Prime Minister - Petre Roman, Prime Minister of Romania (1989–1991)
- San Marino
- Captains Regent -
- Gloriana Ranocchini and Leo Achilli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1989–1990)
- Adolmiro Bartolini and Ottaviano Rossi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1990)
- Cesare Antonio Gasperoni and Roberto Bucci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1990–1991)
- Captains Regent -
- Soviet Union
- Communist Party leader - Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
- President - Mikhail Gorbachev, President of the Soviet Union (1988–1991)
- Premier - Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
- Spain
- Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–2014)
- Prime Minister - Felipe González, President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996)
- Sweden
- Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
- Prime Minister - Ingvar Carlsson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1986–1991)
- Switzerland
- Federal Council:[12]
- Otto Stich (1983–1995), Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1983–1998), Arnold Koller (1986–1999, President), Flavio Cotti (1986–1999), René Felber (1987–1993), Adolf Ogi (1987–2000), Kaspar Villiger (1989–2003)
- Federal Council:[12]
- United Kingdom
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
- Prime Minister -
- Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)
- John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1990–1997)
- Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant-Governor -
- Sir Alexander Boswell, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1985–1990)
- Sir Michael Wilkins, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1990–1994)
- Bailiff - Sir Charles Frossard, Bailiff of Guernsey (1982–1992)
- Lieutenant-Governor -
- Jersey (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant-Governor -
- Sir William Pillar, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1985–1990)
- Sir John Sutton, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1990–1995)
- Bailiff - Sir Peter Crill, Bailiff of Jersey (1986–1995)
- Lieutenant-Governor -
- Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant Governor -
- Laurence New, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (1985–1990)
- Sir Laurence Jones, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (1990–1995)
- Chief minister - Miles Walker, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (1986–1996)
- Lieutenant Governor -
- Gibraltar (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir Derek Reffell, Governor of Gibraltar (1989–1993)
- Chief Minister - Joe Bossano, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1988–1996)
- Vatican City
- Monarch - Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978–2005)
- President of the Governorate -
- Cardinal Sebastiano Baggio, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1984–1990)
- Cardinal Rosalio Lara, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1990–1997)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
- Secretary of State -
- Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1979–1990)
- Archbishop Angelo Sodano, Pro-Secretary of State (1990–2006)
- Secretary of State -
- Yugoslavia
- Communist Party leader - Milan Pančevski, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1989–1990)
- Head of State -
- Janez Drnovšek, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1989–1990)
- Borisav Jović, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1990–1991)
- Premier - Ante Marković, Chairman of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1989–1991)
North America
- Anguilla (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Brian G.J. Canty, Governor of Anguilla (1989–1992)
- Chief Minister - Emile Gumbs, Chief Minister of Anguilla (1984–1994)
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Wilfred Jacobs, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (1967–1993)[13]
- Prime Minister - Vere Bird, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (1976–1994)[14]
- Aruba (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor - Felipe Tromp, Governor of Aruba (1986–1992)
- Prime Minister - Nelson Oduber, Prime Minister of Aruba (1989–1994)
- The Bahamas
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Henry Milton Taylor, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1988–1992)
- Prime Minister - Sir Lynden Pindling, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (1967–1992)[15]
- Barbados
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
- Governor-General -
- Sir Hugh Springer, Governor-General of Barbados (1984–1990)
- Dame Nita Barrow, Governor-General of Barbados (1990–1995)
- Prime Minister - Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, Prime Minister of Barbados (1987–1994)
- Belize
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
- Governor-General - Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, Governor-General of Belize (1981–1993)
- Prime Minister - George Cadle Price, Prime Minister of Belize (1989–1993)
- Bermuda (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir Desmond Langley, Governor of Bermuda (1988–1992)
- Premier - Sir John Swan, Premier of Bermuda (1982–1995)
- British Virgin Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Mark Herdman, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (1986–1991)
- Chief Minister - Lavity Stoutt, Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands (1986–1995)
- Canada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
- Governor General -
- Jeanne Sauvé, Governor General of Canada (1984–1990)
- Ray Hnatyshyn, Governor General of Canada (1990–1995)
- Prime Minister - Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada (1984–1993)
- Cayman Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Alan James Scott, Governor of the Cayman Islands (1987–1992)
- Costa Rica
- President -
- Óscar Arias, President of Costa Rica (1986–1990)
- Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier, President of Costa Rica (1990–1994)
- President -
- Cuba
- Communist Party Leader - Fidel Castro, First secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (1965–2011)
- President - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
- Premier - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)
- Dominica
- President - Sir Clarence Augustus Seignoret, President of Dominica (1983–1993)
- Prime Minister - Eugenia Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (1980–1995)
- Dominican Republic
- President - Joaquín Balaguer, President of the Dominican Republic (1986–1996)
- El Salvador
- President - Alfredo Cristiani, President of El Salvador (1989–1994)
- Grenada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Paul Scoon, Governor-General of Grenada (1978–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- Ben Jones, Prime Minister of Grenada (1989–1990)
- Nicholas Brathwaite, Prime Minister of Grenada (1990–1995)
- Guatemala
- President - Vinicio Cerezo, President of Guatemala (1986–1991)
- Haiti
- President -
- Prosper Avril, President of Haiti (1988–1990)
- Hérard Abraham, Acting President of Haiti (1990)
- Ertha Pascal-Trouillot, Provisional President of Haiti (1990–1991)
- President -
- Honduras
- President -
- José Azcona del Hoyo, President of Honduras (1986–1990)
- Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero, President of Honduras (1990–1994)
- President -
- Jamaica
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Florizel Glasspole, Governor-General of Jamaica (1973–1991)
- Prime Minister - Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1989–1992)
- Mexico
- President - Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico (1988–1994)
- Montserrat (British dependent territory)
- Governor -
- Christopher J. Turner, Governor of Montserrat (1987–1990)
- David G. P. Taylor, Governor of Montserrat (1990–1993)
- Chief Minister - John Osborne, Chief Minister of Montserrat (1978–1991)
- Governor -
- Netherlands Antilles (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor -
- René Römer, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (1983–1990)
- Jaime Saleh, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (1990–2002)
- Prime Minister - Maria Liberia Peters, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (1988–1993)
- Governor -
- Nicaragua
- President -
- Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (1985–1990)
- Violeta Chamorro, President of Nicaragua (1990–1997)
- President -
- Panama
- President - Guillermo Endara, President of Panama (1989–1994)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Clement Arrindell, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1981–1995)[16]
- Prime Minister - Kennedy Simmonds, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1980–1995)[17]
- Saint Lucia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
- Governor-General - Stanislaus A. James, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1988–1996)
- Prime Minister - John Compton, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (1982–1996)
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect - Jean-Pierre Marquié, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1989–1991)
- President of the General Council - Marc Plantegenest, President of the General Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1984–1994)
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
- Governor-General - David Emmanuel Jack, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1989–1996)
- Prime Minister - James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1984–2000)
- Trinidad and Tobago
- President - Noor Hassanali, President of Trinidad and Tobago (1987–1997)
- Prime Minister - A. N. R. Robinson, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1986–1991)
- Turks and Caicos Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Michael J. Bradley, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1987–1993)
- Chief Minister - Oswald Skippings, Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1988–1991)
- United States of America
- President - George H.W. Bush, President of the United States (1989–1993)
- Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor - Rafael Hernández Colón, Governor of Puerto Rico (1985–1993)
- United States Virgin Islands (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Alexander Farrelly, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (1987–1995)
Oceania
- American Samoa (unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States)
- Governor - Peter Tali Coleman, Governor of American Samoa (1989–1993)
- Australia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
- Governor-General - Bill Hayden, Governor-General of Australia (1989–1996)
- Prime Minister - Bob Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia (1983–1991)
- Christmas Island (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator -
- A.D. Taylor, Administrator of Christmas Island (1986–1990)
- W.A. McKenzie, Administrator of Christmas Island (1990–1991)
- Assembly Chairman -
- Alexander Donald Taylor, Chairman of the Christmas Island Assembly (1989–1990)
- Gordon Bennett, Chairman of the Christmas Island Assembly (1990–1991)
- Administrator -
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator -
- Dawn Laurie, Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1988–1990)
- Barry Cunningham, Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1990–1992)
- Council Chairman - Parson bin Yapat, Chairman of the Cocos Islands Council (1983–1993)
- Administrator -
- Norfolk Island (self-governing territory of Australia)
- Administrator - Herbert Bruce MacDonald, Administrator of Norfolk Island (1989–1992)
- Head of Government - David Buffett, President of the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island (1989–1992)
- Fiji -
- President - Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, President of Fiji (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Prime Minister of Fiji (1987–1992)
- French Polynesia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner - Jean Montpezat, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (1987–1992)
- President of the Government - Alexandre Léontieff, President of the Government of French Polynesia (1987–1991)
- Guam (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Joseph Franklin Ada, Governor of Guam (1987–1995)
- Kiribati
- President - Ieremia Tabai, President of Kiribati (1983–1991)
- Marshall Islands
- President - Amata Kabua, President of the Marshall Islands (1979–1996)[18]
- Micronesia
- President - John Haglelgam, President of Micronesia (1987–1991)
- Nauru
- President - Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (1989–1995)
- New Caledonia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner - Bernard Grasset, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (1988–1991)
- New Zealand
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
- Governor-General -
- Sir Paul Reeves, Governor-General of New Zealand (1985–1990)
- Dame Catherine Tizard, Governor-General of New Zealand (1990–1996)
- Prime Minister -
- Geoffrey Palmer, Prime Minister of New Zealand, (1989–1990)
- Mike Moore, Prime Minister of New Zealand, (1990)
- Jim Bolger, Prime Minister of New Zealand, (1990–1997)
- Cook Islands (Associated state of New Zealand)
- Queen's Representative -
- Sir Tangaroa Tangaroa, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (1984–1990)
- Apenera Short, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (1990–2000)
- Prime Minister - Geoffrey Henry, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (1989–1999)
- Queen's Representative -
- Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
- Premier - Sir Robert Rex, Premier of Niue (1974–1992)
- Tokelau (dependent territory of New Zealand)
- Administrator -
- Neil Walter, Administrator of Tokelau (1988–1990)
- Graham Keith Ansell, Administrator of Tokelau (1990–1992)
- Administrator -
- Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor -
- Palau (United Nations Trust Territory administered by the USA)
- President - Ngiratkel Etpison, President of Palau (1989–1993)
- Papua New Guinea
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General -
- Dennis Young, Acting Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (1989–1990)
- Sir Vincent Eri, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (1990–1991)
- Prime Minister - Rabbie Namaliu, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (1988–1992)
- Pitcairn Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor -
- Robin Byatt, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (1987–1990)
- David Moss, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (1990–1994)
- Magistrate - Brian Young, Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands (1984–1991)
- Governor -
- Solomon Islands
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General - Sir George Lepping, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1988–1994)
- Prime Minister - Solomon Mamaloni, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (1989–1993)
- Tonga
- Monarch - Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (1965–2006)[19]
- Prime Minister - Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake, Prime Minister of Tonga (1965–1991)[19]
- Tuvalu
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
- Governor-General -
- Sir Tupua Leupena, Governor-General of Tuvalu (1986–1990)
- Sir Toaripi Lauti, Governor-General of Tuvalu (1990–1993)
- Prime Minister - Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (1989–1993)
- Vanuatu
- President - Frederick Karlomuana Timakata, President of Vanuatu (1989–1994)
- Prime Minister - Walter Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (1979–1991)[20]
- Wallis and Futuna (French overseas territory)
- Administrator-Superior -
- Roger Dumec, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1988–1990)
- Robert Pommies, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1990–1993)
- President of the Territorial Assembly -
- Pasilio Tui, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (1989–1990)
- Clovis Logologofolau, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (1990–1992)
- Administrator-Superior -
- Western Samoa
- Head of State - Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Western Samoa (1962–2007)
- Prime Minister - Tofilau Eti Alesana, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1988–1998)
South America
- Argentina
- President - Carlos Menem, President of Argentina (1989–1999)
- Bolivia
- President - Jaime Paz Zamora, President of Bolivia (1989–1993)
- Brazil
- President -
- José Sarney, President of Brazil (1985–1990)
- Fernando Collor de Mello, President of Brazil (1990–1992)
- President -
- Chile
- President -
- Augusto Pinochet, President of Chile (1973–1990)
- Patricio Aylwin, President of Chile (1990–1994)
- President -
- Colombia
- President -
- Virgilio Barco Vargas, President of Colombia (1986–1990)
- César Gaviria, President of Colombia (1990–1994)
- President -
- Ecuador
- President - Rodrigo Borja Cevallos, President of Ecuador (1988–1992)
- Falkland Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - William Hugh Fullerton, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1988–1992)
- Chief Executive - Ronald Sampson, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (1989–1994)
- Guyana
- President - Desmond Hoyte, President of Guyana (1985–1992)
- Prime Minister - Hamilton Green, Prime Minister of Guyana (1985–1992)
- Paraguay
- President - Andrés Rodríguez, President of Paraguay (1989–1993)
- Peru
- President -
- Alan García, President of Peru (1985–1990)
- Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru (1990–2000)
- Prime Minister -
- Guillermo Larco Cox, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1989–1990)
- Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1990–1991)
- President -
- Suriname
- President -
- Ramsewak Shankar, President of Suriname (1988–1990)
- Johan Kraag, President of Suriname (1990–1991)
- President -
- Uruguay
- President -
- Julio María Sanguinetti, President of Uruguay (1985–1990)
- Luis Alberto Lacalle, President of Uruguay (1990–1995)
- President -
- Venezuela
- President - Carlos Andrés Pérez, President of Venezuela (1989–1993)
References
- ↑ Bophuthatswana was only declared to be independent in 1977.
- ↑ Ciskei was only declared to be independent in 1981, before independence Lennox Sebe was titled Chief Minister.
- ↑ Bahrain only became independent in 1971, until then the monarch was titled Hakim of Bahrain.
- ↑ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- ↑ Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- ↑ Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister between 1993 and 1998.
- 1 2 In exile between 1990 and 1991.
- ↑ Qatar only became independent in 1971.
- ↑ Singapore only became independent in 1965.
- ↑ Ali Abdullah Saleh became President of Yemen upon unification in 1990.
- ↑ Ali Abdullah Saleh was President of North Yemen until 1990.
- ↑ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
- ↑ Antigua and Barbuda only became independent in 1981, until then Sir Wilfred Jacobs was titled Governor of Antigua and Barbuda.
- ↑ Antigua and Barbuda only became independent in 1981.
- ↑ The Bahamas only became independent in 1973.
- ↑ Saint Kitts and Nevis only became independent in 1983, until then Sir Clement Arrindell was titled Governor of Saint Christopher and Nevis.
- ↑ Saint Kitts and Nevis only became independent in 1983.
- ↑ The Marshall Islands only became independent in 1986.
- 1 2 Tonga only became independent in 1970.
- ↑ Vanuatu only became independent in 1980.
External links
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