United States House of Representatives elections, 1812

United States House of Representatives elections, 1812

August 3, 1812 - April 30, 1813

All 182 seats to the United States House of Representatives 92 seats were needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Henry Clay Timothy Pitkin Party Democratic-Republican Federalist Leader's seat Kentucky-2nd Connecticut-AL Last election 107 seats 36 seats Seats won 114 68 Seat change 7 32

Speaker before election Henry Clay Democratic-Republican Elected Speaker Henry Clay Democratic-Republican

Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 13th Congress were held at different dates in the various states between August 3, 1812 (in Kentucky) and April 30, 1813 (in North Carolina). The Congress convened on May 24, 1813.

A significant expansion in the size of the House occurred as a result of population increases revealed in the 1810 Census. The largest number of new seats were created to accommodate the rapid settlement of Western territories. After America's entry into the War of 1812 against Britain, the Democratic-Republican and Federalist Parties effectively served as pro-war and anti-war camps. Democratic-Republican representatives from Southern and Western states had been the primary leaders in the push to declare war, asserting that the British had violated America's sovereign rights. High levels of support for the conflict in agrarian regions resulted in the Democratic-Republicans taking many newly created rural districts. In contrast, the Federalists and their key supporters in New England opposed the war from the start, citing its potential for damaging American trade and infrastructure. This position found widespread support in the country. The 1812 elections were indeed marked by massive Federalist gains, with many coming in the mid-Atlantic States, where support for the war became lukewarm after the initial shots were fired. Nonetheless, the Federalists were unable to secure anywhere near enough seats to secure a majority in the House of Representatives.

Election summaries

Following the 1810 Census, the House was reapportioned, adding 39 new seats,^[1] with 13 States gaining between 1 and 10 seats, 5 States having no change, and no States losing seats.

↓

114	68
Democratic-Republican	Federalist

State	Type	Date	Total seats		Democratic- Republican	Federalist
			Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Connecticut	At-large	September 21, 1812	7		0		7
Delaware	At-large	October 6, 1812	2	1	0		2	1
Georgia	At-large	October 5, 1812	6	2	6	2	0
Kentucky	District (10)	August 3, 1812	10	4	10	4	0
Louisiana	At-large	September 28–30, 1812	1		1		0
Maryland	District (8[Note 1])	October 12, 1812	9		6		3
Massachusetts	District (20)	November 5, 1812	20	3	4	5	16	8
New Hampshire	At-large	August 31, 1812	6	1	0	4	6	5
New York	District (21[Note 2])	December 15–17, 1812	27	10	9	3	18	13
Ohio	District[Note 3] (6)	October 13, 1812	6	5	6	5	0
Pennsylvania	District (15[Note 2])	October 13, 1812	23	5	22	5	1
Rhode Island	At-large	August 25, 1812	2		0		2
South Carolina	District (9)	October 12–13, 1812	9	1	9	1	0
Vermont	At-large[Note 4]	September 1, 1812	6	2	6	3	0	1
1813 elections
New Jersey	District (3[Note 3])	January 12–13, 1813	6		2	4	4	4
North Carolina	District (13)	April 30, 1813	13	1	10		3	1
Tennessee	District (6)	April 1–2, 1813	6	3	6	3	0
Virginia	District (23)	April, 1813	23	1	17		6	1
Total			182	39	114 62.6%	7	68 37.4%	32

Late elections to the 12th Congress

Louisiana

Louisiana held its election for the 12th Congress at the same time as the election for the 13th Congress, with nearly-identical results.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[Note 5]
Louisiana at-large	None (District created)			Democratic-Republican gain	Thomas B. Robertson (DR) 35.1% Henry Johnson (DR) 22.8% Stephen Hopkins 18.1% Edward Livingston (DR) 12.0% Elegis Fromentin 11.6%

Non-voting delegates

Two territories elected delegates in 1812 for the 12th Congress. Illinois Territory had been created in 1809, but was not awarded a delegate until 1812, whereas Missouri Territory was created in 1812 at the same time that the State of Louisiana was admitted to the Union.

District	Incumbent	First elected	Candidates[Note 5]
Illinois Territory at-large	None (District created)		Shadrack Bond[Note 6]
Missouri Territory at-large	None (District created)		Edward Hempstead 40.8% Samuel Hammond 35.3% Rufus Easton 23.3% Matthew Lyon 0.7%

Complete returns

Connecticut

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[Note 7]
Connecticut at-large 7 seats on a general ticket	Benjamin Tallmadge	Federalist	1801 (special)	Re-elected	Benjamin Tallmadge (F) 14.6% Timothy Pitkin (F) 14.2% John Davenport (F) 13.9% Lewis B. Sturges (F) 13.8% Jonathan O. Moseley (F) 13.5% Epaphroditus Champion (F) 13.1% Lyman Law (F) 13.0% Nathan Smith (F) 1.0% Sylvanus Backus (F) 0.6% Samuel B. Sherwood (F) 0.6% Nathaniel Terry (F) 0.6% James Gould (F) 0.5% Ebenezer Huntington (F) 0.3%
	Jonathan O. Moseley	Federalist	1804	Re-elected
	Epaphroditus Champion	Federalist	1806	Re-elected
	Timothy Pitkin	Federalist	1805 (special)	Re-elected
	Lewis B. Sturges	Federalist	1805 (special)	Re-elected
	John Davenport	Federalist	1798	Re-elected
	Lyman Law	Federalist	1810	Re-elected

Delaware

Delaware gained a seat after the 1810 Census, and chose to elect both seats on a general ticket. The ten years between 1813 and 1823 were the only time when Delaware was represented by more than one Representative, and is one of only three states (the other two being Alaska and Wyoming) that have never been divided into districts.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Delaware at-large 2 seats on a general ticket	Henry M. Ridgely	Federalist	1810	Re-elected	Henry M. Ridgely (F) 28.3% Thomas Cooper (F) 28.2% David Hall (DR) 21.8% Richard Dale (DR) 21.7%
	None (Seat created)			Federalist gain

Georgia

Georgia gained two seats after the 1810 Census.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Georgia at-large 6 seats on a general ticket	Previous incumbent Howell Cobb had resigned to accept a Captain's commission in the War of 1812			Democratic-Republican hold	William W. Bibb (DR) 18.1% George M. Troup (DR) 16.8% William Barnett[Note 8] (DR) 15.9% Thomas Telfair (DR) 15.9% Bolling Hall (DR) 15.1% John Forsyth (DR) 14.0% George Dent (F) 4.1%
	George M. Troup	Democratic-Republican	1806	Re-elected
	Bolling Hall	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected
	William W. Bibb	Democratic-Republican	1806	Re-elected
	None (Seat created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain
	None (Seat created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain

William W. Bibb (DR) resigned November 6, 1813 after being elected to the Senate, and was replaced in a special election by Alfred Cuthbert (DR)

Kentucky

Kentucky gained four seats after the 1810 Census.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Kentucky 1	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	James Clark (DR) 100%
Kentucky 2	Henry Clay Redistricted from the 5th district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Henry Clay (DR) 100%
Kentucky 3	Richard M. Johnson Redistricted from the 4th district	Democratic-Republican	1806	Re-elected	Richard M. Johnson (DR) 100%
Kentucky 4	Joseph Desha Redistricted from the 6th district	Democratic-Republican	1806	Re-elected	Joseph Desha (DR) 100%
Kentucky 5	Anthony New Redistricted from the 1st district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Democratic-Republican hold	Samuel Hopkins (DR) 49.2% Rezin Davidge 31.4% Matthew Lyon (DR) 19.4%
Kentucky 6	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Solomon P. Sharp (DR) 69.9% Anthony Butler 30.1%
Kentucky 7	Samuel McKee Redistricted from the 2nd district	Democratic-Republican	1808	Re-elected	Samuel McKee (DR) 100%
Kentucky 8	Stephen Ormsby Redistricted from the 3rd district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	John Simpson[2][Note 9] (DR) Stephen Ormsby[Note 10] (DR)
Kentucky 9	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Thomas Montgomery[3][Note 11] (DR) Henry James Micah Taul (DR)
Kentucky 10	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	William P. Duval[Note 6] (DR)

In the 8th district, Representative-elect John Simpson was killed at the Battle of Frenchtown in the War of 1812. In a subsequent special election, Stephen Ormsby was elected to the 8th district and took his seat on May 28, 1813.^[4]

On January 19, 1814, Henry Clay of the 2nd district resigned to accept a "special and important diplomatic mission." He was replaced in a special election by Joseph H. Hawkins (DR), who took his seat on March 29 of that year.^[4]

Louisiana

Louisiana held its election for the 13th Congress at the same time as the election for the 12th Congress, with nearly-identical results.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[Note 5]
Louisiana at-large	Vacant (Elections for 12th and 13th Congresses held at the same time)			Democratic-Republican win	Thomas B. Robertson (DR) 35.3% Henry Johnson (DR) 22.5% Stephen Hopkins 18.3% Edward Livingston (DR) 12.7% Elegis Fromentin 10.4%

Maryland

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[Note 5]
Maryland 1	Philip Stuart	Federalist	1810	Re-elected	Philip Stuart (F) 98.9%
Maryland 2	Joseph Kent	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Joseph Kent (DR) 52.0% Archibald Van Horne (F) 48.0%
Maryland 3	Philip Barton Key	Federalist	1806	Retired Federalist hold	Alexander C. Hanson (F) 60.3% John Linthicum (DR) 39.7%
Maryland 4	Samuel Ringgold	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Samuel Ringgold (DR) 53.5% Roger B. Taney (F) 46.5%
Maryland 5 Plural district with 2 seats	Peter Little	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	Alexander McKim (DR) 38.0% Nicholas R. Moore (DR) 32.7% Peter Little (DR) 29.2%
	Alexander McKim	Democratic-Republican	1808	Re-elected
Maryland 6	Stevenson Archer	Democratic-Republican	1811 (special)	Re-elected	Stevenson Archer (DR) 99.9%
Maryland 7	Robert Wright	Democratic-Republican	1810 (special)	Re-elected	Robert Wright (DR) 53.7% Samuel W. Thomas (F) 46.3%
Maryland 8	Charles Goldsborough	Federalist	1804	Re-elected	Charles Goldsborough (F) 64.7% Thomas Williams (DR) 35.3%

Massachusetts

Massachusetts gained three seats after the 1810 Census, all of which were added to the District of Maine. Massachusetts' electoral law required a majority for election. This was not met in the 19th district requiring a second election.

District[Note 12]		Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
						First ballot	Second ballot
Massachusetts 1 Known as the Suffolk district		Josiah Quincy	Federalist	1804	Retired Federalist hold	Artemas Ward, Jr. (F) 98.7% Others 1.3%
Massachusetts 2 Known as the Essex South district		William Reed	Federalist	1810	Re-elected	William Reed (F) 56.1% Benjamin W. Crowninshield (DR) 43.9%
Massachusetts 3 Known as the Essex North district		Leonard White	Federalist	1810	Retired Federalist hold	Timothy Pickering (F) 95.6% Others 4.4%
Massachusetts 4 Known as the Middlesex district		William M. Richardson	Democratic-Republican	1811 (special)	Re-elected	William M. Richardson (DR) 51.8% Asahel Stearns (F) 46.8% William Reed (DR) 1.4%
Massachusetts 5 Known as the Hampshire South district		William Ely	Federalist	1804	Re-elected	William Ely (F) 67.5% Enos Foot (DR) 19.6% Joseph Lyman (F) 11.3% Samuel Fowler (DR) 1.6%
Massachusetts 6 Known as the Hampshire North district		Samuel Taggart	Federalist	1803	Re-elected	Samuel Taggart (F) 87.3% Solomon Snead (DR) 9.3% Joseph Rice (F) 3.4%
Massachusetts 7 Known as the Plymouth district		Charles Turner, Jr.	Democratic-Republican	1808	Lost re-election Federalist gain	William Baylies (F) 59.0% Charles Turner, Jr. (DR) 41.0%
Massachusetts 8 Known as the Barnstable district		Isaiah L. Green	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Federalist gain	John Reed, Jr. (F) 67.9% Thomas Hazard, Jr. (DR) 26.5% Isaiah L. Green (DR) 5.6%
Massachusetts 9 Known as the Bristol district		Laban Wheaton	Federalist	1808	Re-elected	Laban Wheaton (F) 60.2% John Hawes (DR) 39.8%
Massachusetts 10 Known as the Worcester South district		Elijah Brigham	Federalist	1810	Re-elected	Elijah Brigham (F) 55.1% Estes Howe (DR) 44.4% Jonas Sibley (DR) 0.6%
Massachusetts 11 Known as the Worcester North district		Abijah Bigelow	Federalist	1810	Re-elected	Abijah Bigelow (F) 76.6% Edmund Cushing (DR) 23.4%
Massachusetts 12 Known as the Berkshire district		Ezekiel Bacon	Democratic-Republican	1807 (special)	Retired Federalist gain	Daniel Dewey (F) 53.4% Samuel Wheeler (DR) 46.6%
Massachusetts 13 Known as the Norfolk district		Ebenezer Seaver	Democratic-Republican	1803	Lost re-election Federalist gain	Nathaniel Ruggles (F) 55.3% Ebenezer Seaver (DR) 44.7%
District of Maine	Massachusetts 14 Known as the 1st Eastern district	Richard Cutts	Democratic-Republican	1801	Lost re-election Federalist gain	Cyrus King (F) 59.3% Richard Cutts (DR) 37.8% Others 2.9%
	Massachusetts 15 Known as the 2nd Eastern district	William Widgery	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Federalist gain	George Bradbury (F) 58.2% William Widgery (DR) 41.8%
	Massachusetts 16 Known as the 3rd Eastern district	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain	Samuel Davis (F) 61.5% Benjamin Ames (DR) 38.5%
	Massachusetts 17 Known as the 4th Eastern district	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Abiel Wood (DR) 85.5% Joshua Head (F) 5.8% Others 8.8%
	Massachusetts 18 Known as the 5th Eastern district	Francis Carr Redistricted from the 17th district	Democratic-Republican	1812 (special)	Lost re-election Federalist gain	John Wilson (F) 57.7% Francis Carr (DR) 42.3%
	Massachusetts 19 Known as the 6th Eastern district	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	James Parker (DR) 49.3% Thomas Rice (F) 49.0% Others 1.7%	James Parker (DR) 54.8% Thomas Rice (F) 45.2%
	Massachusetts 20 Known as the 7th Eastern district	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Levi Hubbard (DR) 52.6% Ebenezer Fessenden (F) 47.4%

In the 4th district, William M. Richardson (DR) resigned April 18, 1814 and was replaced in a special election by Samuel Dana (DR)

In the 12th district, Daniel Dewey (F) resigned February 24, 1814 and was replaced in a special election by John W. Hulbert (F)

New Hampshire

New Hampshire gained one seat after the 1810 Census.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New Hampshire at-large 6 seats on a general ticket	Josiah Bartlett, Jr.	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain	Roger Vose (F) 9.0% Daniel Webster (F) 9.0% Bradbury Cilley (F) 9.0% William Hale (F) 9.0% Samuel Smith (F) 9.0% Jeduthun Wilcox (F) 8.9% David Morrill (DR) 7.7% John Parrott (DR) 7.7% Samuel Dinsmoor (DR) 7.7% John Adams Harper (DR) 7.7% Jesse Johnson (DR) 7.7% Josiah Butler (DR) 7.6%
	Samuel Dinsmoor	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Federalist gain
	Obed Hall	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain
	John Adams Harper	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Federalist gain
	George Sullivan	Federalist	1810	Retired Federalist hold
	None (Seat created)			New seat Federalist gain

New Jersey

New Jersey changed from electing its Representatives on a statewide general ticket to using three plural districts of two seats each. These districts were used only for the 1812 election, and the state returned to using a single at-large district in 1814. This was only the second time that New Jersey used districts (the first being in 1798).

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New Jersey 1 Known as the Northern district. Plural district with 2 seats	Lewis Condict Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Lewis Condict (DR) 38.8% Thomas Ward (DR) 38.3% Jacob S. Thompson (F) 11.3% John M. Cumming (F) 9.7% Adam Boyd (F) 2.0%
	Adam Boyd Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic-Republican	1803 1808 (special)	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold
New Jersey 2 Known as the Central district. Plural district with 2 seats	James Morgan Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Federalist gain	James Schureman (F) 27.9% Richard Stockton (F) 27.8% Henry Southard (DR) 22.3% James Morgan (DR) 22.0%
	None (Seat created)			New seat Federalist gain
New Jersey 3 Known as the Southern district. Plural district with 2 seats	None (Seat created)			Federalist gain	William Coxe, Jr. (F) 49.8% Jacob Hufty (F) 49.5% Others 0.7%
	Jacob Hufty Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic-Republican	1808	Re-elected as a Federalist

Jacob Hufty died on May 20, 1814. A special election was held to fill the vacancy left by his death on October 10–11, 1814. The election was held on an at-large basis, as New Jersey had already gone back to using a general ticket. This vacancy was filled by Thomas Bines (DR), who took his seat November 2, 1814.^[4]

New York

Ten seats were added after the 1810 Census, bringing New York's representation to 27, the largest of any state at the time. New York would remain the State with the most Representatives until the 1970 Census showed that California had become the most populous state.

There were two separate House elections in 1812. The first was held in April 1812 for an un-reapportioned 17 representatives. This election was subsequently declared void and a new election was held on December 15–17, 1812. In this second election, only 3 incumbents ran, two of whom were re-elected.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New York 1 Plural district with 2 seats	Ebenezer Sage	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	John Lefferts (DR) 25.3% Ebenezer Sage (DR) 25.2% Peter A. Jay (F) 24.8% Benjamin B. Blydenburgh (F) 24.7%
	None (Seat created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain
New York 2 Plural district with 2 seats	Samuel L. Mitchill	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain	Egbert Benson (F) 25.9% Jotham Post, Jr. (F) 25.5% John Ferguson (DR) 24.3% William Irving[Note 10] (DR) 24.2%
	William Paulding, Jr.	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain
New York 3	Pierre Van Cortlandt, Jr.	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	Peter Denoyelles (DR) 43.3% Richard V. Morris (F) 39.1% Pierre Van Cortlandt, Jr. (DR) 17.6%
New York 4	James Emott	Federalist	1808	Retired Federalist hold	Thomas J. Oakley (F) 57.3% Theodorus R. Van Wyck (DR) 42.7%
New York 5	Thomas B. Cooke	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain	Thomas P. Grosvenor[Note 8] (F)
New York 6	Asa Fitch	Federalist	1810	Retired Democratic-Republican gain	Jonathan Fisk (DR) 51.4% John Bradner (F)28.4% Anthony Davis (F) 20.1%
New York 7	Harmanus Bleecker	Federalist	1810	Retired Democratic-Republican gain	Abraham J. Hasbrouck (DR) 52.3% Abraham T. E. De Witt (F) 47.7%
New York 8	Benjamin Pond	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain	Samuel Sherwood (F) 53.6% John Ely (DR) 46.4%
New York 9	Thomas Sammons	Democratic-Republican	1808	Retired Federalist gain	John Lovett (F)
New York 10	Silas Stow	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain	Hosea Moffitt (F)
New York 11	Thomas R. Gold	Federalist	1808	Retired Democratic-Republican gain	John W. Taylor (DR) 52.8% Samuel Stewart (F) 47.2%
New York 12 Plural district with 2 seats	Arunah Metcalf	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain	Zebulon R. Shipherd (F) 27.0% Elisha I. Winter (F) 26.5% Melancton Smith (DR) 22.0% Roger Skinner (DR) 21.8% William Livingston 2.8%
	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain
New York 13	Uri Tracy	Democratic-Republican	1808	Retired Federalist gain	Alexander Boyd (F) 51.2% John Gebhard (DR) 42.6% Jesse Shepherd (DR) 6.2%
New York 14	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain	Jacob Markell (F) 55.6% James McIntyre (DR) 44.4%
New York 15 Plural district with 2 seats	Peter B. Porter	Democratic-Republican	1808	Retired Federalist gain	Joel Thompson (F) 26.7% William Dowse (F) 26.4% Robert Roseboom (DR) 23.5% Amos Patterson (DR) 23.4%
	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain
New York 16	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain	Morris S. Miller (F) 63.3% George Brayton (DR) 36.7%
New York 17	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain	William S. Smith (F) 56.9% Hubbard Smith (DR) 43.1%
New York 18	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain	Moss Kent (F) 61.2% Jacob Brown (DR) 38.8%
New York 19	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain	James Geddes (F) 55.7% John Miller (DR) 44.3%
New York 20 Plural district with 2 seats	Daniel Avery Redistricted from 14th district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Oliver C. Comstock (DR) 32.4% Daniel Avery (DR) 32.2% Elijah Miller (F) 17.7% Vincent Mathews (F) 17.7%
	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain
New York 21 Plural district with 2 seats	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain	Nathaniel W. Howell (F) 27.6% Samuel M. Hopkins (F) 27.6% Chauncey Lewis (DR) 22.5% Stephen Bates (DR) 21.9% Micah Brooks (DR) 0.5%
	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain

In the 1st district, the results of the election were contested, but no action was taken by the House.

Egbert Benson (F) of the 2nd district resigned on August 2, 1813 and was replaced in a special election by William Irving (DR)

William Dowse (F) of the 15th district died on February 18, 1813, before the Congress met. A special election was held to fill the resultant vacancy, which was won initially by John M. Bowers (F), but this result was overturned after a successful challenge by Isaac Williams, Jr. (DR).

North Carolina

North Carolina gained one representative as a result of the Census of 1810.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
North Carolina 1	Lemuel Sawyer	Democratic-Republican	1806	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	William H. Murfree (DR) 45.6% Joseph Riddick (DR) 22.1% Lemuel Sawyer (DR) 20.4% William Hinton (DR) 11.8%
North Carolina 2	Willis Alston	Democratic-Republican	1798	Re-elected	Willis Alston (DR) 56.0% Daniel Mason (F) 44.0%
North Carolina 3	William Kennedy	Democratic-Republican	1803 1813 (special)	Re-elected	William Kennedy (DR) 56.5% Robert Williams (DR) 43.5%
North Carolina 4	William Blackledge	Democratic-Republican	1803 1810	Lost re-election Federalist gain	William Gaston (F) 74.6% William Blackledge (DR) 25.4%
North Carolina 5	William R. King	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	William R. King (DR) 100%
North Carolina 6	Nathaniel Macon	Democratic-Republican	1791	Re-elected	Nathaniel Macon[Note 6] (DR)
North Carolina 7	Archibald McBryde	Federalist	1808	Retired Federalist hold	John Culpepper (F) 52.1% John A. Cameron (F) 38.0% Duncan McFarlan (DR) 9.9%
North Carolina 8	Richard Stanford	Democratic-Republican	1796	Re-elected	Richard Stanford (DR) 61.7% James Mebane (DR) 38.2%
North Carolina 9	James Cochran	Democratic-Republican North Carolina's 9th congressional district		Bartlett Yancey (DR) 61.1% James Martin (F) 38.9%
North Carolina 10	Joseph Pearson	Federalist	1808	Re-elected	Joseph Pearson (F) 54.1% Alexander Gary (DR) 45.9%
North Carolina 11	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Peter Forney (DR) 50.5% John Phifer (F) 49.5%
North Carolina 12	Israel Pickens Redistricted from the 11th district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Israel Pickens[Note 6] (DR) Felix Walker (DR) Joseph Hamilton R. H. Burton Joseph Carson
North Carolina 13	Meshack Franklin Redistricted from the 12th district	Democratic-Republican	1806	Re-elected	Meshack Franklin (DR) 38.0% Edmund Jones (F) 31.8% Lewis Williams (DR) 30.2%

Ohio

The 1810 Census revealed dramatic population growth in Ohio since 1800, resulting in its representation increasing from a single Representative to six, resulting in the State being broken up into 6 districts, abolishing the at-large district. Jeremiah Morrow (DR), who had served since Ohio achieved statehood in 1803, retired to run for Senator, so that all six seats were open.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[Note 5]
Ohio 1	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	John McLean (DR) 71.3% Ethan Stone (F) 16.6% John Bigger (F) 10.7% Othneil Looker (DR) 1.4%
Ohio 2	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	John Alexander (DR) 38.5% John W. Campbell (DR) 35.6% Thomas Morris (DR) 25.9%
Ohio 3	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Duncan McArthur (DR) 99.9%
Ohio 4	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	James Caldwell (DR) 51.5% Bazaleel Wells (F) 43.1% James Pritchard (DR) 5.4%
Ohio 5	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	James Kilbourne (DR) 24.5% Robert J. Slaughter 23.3% Robert Cloud 17.3% Joseph Foos 13.2% William W. Irvin 12.5% Joseph H. Crane 8.9%
Ohio 6	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	John S. Edwards (F) 60.0% Reasin Beall (DR) 38.4%

There was a special election in the 3rd district caused by the resignation of Duncan McArthur before the beginning of Congress. He was replaced by William Creighton, Jr. (DR)

There were two special elections in the 6th district. The first was held due to the death of Representative-elect John S. Edward before Congress met. That election was won by Reasin Beall. Beall, in turn, resigned on June 7, 1814, to take up a position at the Federal Land Office in Wooster, Ohio, and in that election, David Clendenin (DR) was elected to fill the resulting vacancy.

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania gained five seats in the House of Representatives as a result of the Census of 1810, which awarded it a total of 23 seats. Pennsylvania was re-districted into 15 districts, one with 4 seats, five with 2, and the remaining nine with 1 seat each. There were seven open seats for this election, five resulting from the increase in apportionment, and two resulting from the retirement of incumbents.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[5]
Pennsylvania 1 Plural district with 4 seats	Adam Seybert	Democratic-Republican	1809 (special)	Re-elected	Adam Seybert (DR) 13.7% William Anderson (DR) 13.7% Charles J. Ingersoll (DR) 13.6% John Conard (DR) 13.5% Joseph Hopkinson (F) 11.4% Joseph S. Lewis (F) 11.4% Samuel Harvey (F) 11.4% William Pennock (F) 11.3%
	William Anderson	Democratic-Republican	1808	Re-elected
	James Milnor	Federalist	1810	Retired Democratic-Republican gain
	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain
Pennsylvania 2 Plural district with 2 seats	Roger Davis Redistricted from the 3rd district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Roger Davis (DR) 26.2% Jonathan Roberts (DR) 26.1% Samuel Henderson (F) 23.8% Francis Gardner (F) 23.8%
	Jonathan Roberts	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected
Pennsylvania 3 Plural district with 2 seats	Joseph Lefever	Democratic-Republican	1810	Retired Federalist gain	James Whitehill (DR) 27.6% John Gloninger (F) 26.1% Jacob Bucher (DR) 23.9% Amos Slaymaker[Note 10] (F) 22.4%
	None (District created)			Democratic-Republican gain
Pennsylvania 4	None (District created)			Democratic-Republican gain	Hugh Glasgow (DR) 58.6% Jacob Eichelberger (F) 41.4%
Pennsylvania 5 Plural district with 2 seats	William Crawford Redistricted from the 6th district	Democratic-Republican	1808	Re-elected	Robert Whitehill (DR) 27.5% William Crawford (DR) 26.9% Edward Crawford (F) 22.9% James Duncan (F) 22.7%
	Robert Whitehill Redistricted from the 4th district	Democratic-Republican	1805 (special)	Re-elected
Pennsylvania 6 Plural district with 2 seats	William Rodman Redistricted from the 2nd district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	Robert Brown (DR) 30.5% Samuel D. Ingham (DR) 30.4% William Rodman (F[Note 13]) 19.2% William Lattimore (F) 18.3% Samuel Sitgreaves (F) 1.7%
	Robert Brown Redistricted from the 2nd district	Democratic-Republican	1798 (Special)	Re-elected
Pennsylvania 7	John M. Hyneman Redistricted from the 3rd district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	John M. Hyneman (DR) 59.4% Daniel Rose (F) 40.6%
Pennsylvania 8	William Piper Redistricted from the 7th district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	William Piper (DR) 63.5% Samuel Riddle (F) 36.5%
Pennsylvania 9	David Bard Redistricted from the 4th district	Democratic-Republican	1802	Re-elected	David Bard (DR) 76.0% John Blair (F) 24.0%
Pennsylvania 10 Plural district with 2 seats	George Smith Redistricted from the 5th district	Democratic-Republican	1808	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	Jared Irwin (DR) 23.4% Isaac Smith (DR) 22.2% George Smith (DR) 18.8% Daniel Montgomery (DR) 18.3% Nathan Beach (F) 8.6% Enoch Smith (F) 8.6%
	None (District created)			Democratic-Republican gain
Pennsylvania 11	William Findley Redistricted from the 8th district	Democratic-Republican	1802	Re-elected	William Findley (DR) 55.3% Thomas Pollock (F) 44.7%
Pennsylvania 12	Aaron Lyle Redistricted from the 10th district	Democratic-Republican	1808	Re-elected	Aaron Lyle (DR) 73.5% Joseph Pentecost (F) 25.1% Thomas L. Burch (DR) 1.5%
Pennsylvania 13	John Smilie Redistricted from the 9th district	Democratic-Republican	1792 1798	Re-elected	John Smilie (DR) 60.4% Thomas Meason (F) 39.6%
Pennsylvania 14	None (District created)			Democratic-Republican gain	Adamson Tannehill (DR) 48.0% John Woods (F) 39.3% John Wilson (?) 12.7%
Pennsylvania 15	Abner Lacock Redistricted from the 11th district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Abner Lacock (DR) 62.8% Roger Alden (F) 24.8% Robert Moore (DR) 12.4%

Jonathan Roberts (DR) of the 2nd district resigned February 24, 1814. A special election was held for his replacement, which was won by Samuel Henderson (F)

Two vacancies occurred in the 3rd district. The first occurred when John Gloninger (F) resigned August 2, 1813, which vacancy was filled in a special election by Edward Crouch (DR). The second vacancy occurred when James Whitehill (DR) resigned September 1, 1814. Whitehill was replaced in a special election by Amos Slaymaker (F).

Robert Whitehill (DR) of the 5th district died April 8, 1813 and was replaced in a special election by John Rea (DR).

John M. Hyneman (DR) of the 7th district resigned August 2, 1813 and was replaced in a special election by Daniel Udree (DR).

John Smilie (DR) of the 13th district died December 30, 1812 before the start of the Thirteenth Congress, a special election was held for his replacement, electing Isaac Griffin (DR). There are no surviving records of that special election, other than a single manuscript indicating a 779-vote majority for Griffin, but no indication of his opponent(s) or the total number of votes.

Abner Lacock (DR) of the 15th district resigned before the start of the 13th Congress and was replaced in a special election by Thomas Wilson (DR)

Rhode Island

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Rhode Island at-large 2 seats on a general ticket	Richard Jackson, Jr.	Federalist	1808	Re-elected	Richard Jackson, Jr. (F) 29.3% Elisha R. Potter (F) 29.2% Jonathan Russell (DR) 20.8% Isaac Wilbour (DR) 20.7%
	Elisha R. Potter	Federalist	1808	Re-elected

South Carolina

South Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1810 Census, increasing from 8 seats to 9.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
South Carolina 1	Langdon Cheves	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	Langdon Cheves (DR) 65.3% John Rutledge, Jr. (F) 34.7%
South Carolina 2	William Lowndes Redistricted from the 4th district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	William Lowndes 84.5%[6][Note 14] (DR) Stephen Elliot (F) 15.5%
South Carolina 3	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Theodore Gourdin[Note 15] (DR) James Ervin (DR) Benjamin Huger (F)
South Carolina 4	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	John J. Chappell (DR) 63.1% Edmund Bacon (DR) 29.5% John Bynum (DR) 7.4%
South Carolina 5	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	David R. Evans (DR) 100%
South Carolina 6	John C. Calhoun	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected	John C. Calhoun (DR) 100%
South Carolina 7	Thomas Moore	Democratic-Republican	1804 1810	Re-elected	Thomas Moore[Note 6] (DR) William Hunter (F)
South Carolina 8	Elias Earle	Democratic-Republican	1804 1810	Elias Earle			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Samuel Farrow[Note 6] (DR) James Duff (F)
South Carolina 9	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	John Kershaw[Note 6] (DR) William Mayrant (DR) Charles Richardson (DR)

Tennessee

Tennessee's representation increased from 3 seats to 6 as a result of the 1810 Census.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[Note 5]
Tennessee 1	John Rhea	Democratic-Republican	1803	Re-elected	John Rhea (DR) 100%
Tennessee 2	John Sevier	Democratic-Republican	1811	Re-elected	John Sevier (DR) 100%
Tennessee 3	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Thomas K. Harris (DR) 31.3% William Kelly 31.3% James Rogers 21.9% Bird Smith 11.9% James R. Rogers 3.5%
Tennessee 4	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	John H. Bowen[Note 6] (DR)
Tennessee 5	Felix Grundy Redistricted from the 3rd district	Democratic-Republican	1811	Re-elected	Felix Grundy (DR) 81.2% Newton Cannon (DR) 18.8%
Tennessee 6	None (District created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain	Parry W. Humphreys[Note 6] (DR) James B. Reynolds (DR) J. B. Wynn[Note 16]

In the 3rd district, the difference between the top two candidates was a single vote. William Kelly unsuccessfully contested the election.

In the 5th district, Felix Grundy (DR) resigned in 1814, and was replaced in a special election by Newton Cannon (DR).

Vermont

Vermont gained two seats after the 1810 Census. Rather than re-district, however, Vermont replaced its districts with a single at-large district. It would continue to use an at-large district in 1814, 1816, and 1818, then one more time in 1822 (with 5 seats).

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Vermont at-large 6 seats on a general ticket	Samuel Shaw Redistricted from the 1st district	Democratic-Republican	1808	Retired Democratic-Republican hold	Richard Skinner (DR) 8.4% Ezra Butler (DR) 8.4% James Fisk (DR) 8.4% Charles Rich 8.4% William Strong (DR) 8.4% William Czar Bradley (DR) 8.4% Martin Chittenden (F) 8.3% Chauncey Langdon (F) 8.3% Daniel Chipman (F) 8.3% William Chamberlain (F) 8.3% John Noyes (F) 8.3% Jonathan H. Hubbard (F) 8.2%
	William Strong Redistricted from the 2nd district	Democratic-Republican	1810	Re-elected
	James Fisk Redistricted from the 3rd district	Democratic-Republican	1804 1810	Re-elected
	Martin Chittenden Redistricted from the 4th district	Federalist	1802	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold
	None (Seat created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain
	None (Seat created)			New seat Democratic-Republican gain

Virginia

Virginia gained one seat after the 1810 Census, bringing its representation in the House of Representatives to 23 seats, the largest number Virginia would ever have. Virginia went from having the most representatives to having the second-most tied with Pennsylvania. New York, with its 27 seats, surpassed Virginia and remained the most populous state until the late 1960s.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[Note 5]
Virginia 1	Thomas Wilson	Federalist	1811	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican gain	John G. Jackson (DR) 60.2% Thomas Wilson (F) 39.8%
Virginia 2	John Baker	Federalist	1811	Retired Federalist hold	Francis White[Note 6] (F)
Virginia 3	John Smith	Democratic-Republican	1801	Re-elected	John Smith (DR) 82.8% Robert Page (F) 17.2%
Virginia 4	William McCoy	Democratic-Republican	1811	Re-elected	William McCoy (DR) 57.1% Samuel Blackburn (F) 42.9%
Virginia 5	James Breckinridge	Federalist	1809	Re-elected	James Breckinridge (F) 53.5% Martin MacFerrand (DR) 46.5%
Virginia 6	Daniel Sheffey	Federalist	1809	Re-elected	Daniel Sheffey (F) 74.3% Edward Campbell (DR) 25.7%
Virginia 7	None (District created)			New seat Federalist gain	Hugh Caperton (F) 53.8% Ballard Smith (DR) 46.2%
Virginia 8	Joseph Lewis, Jr. Redistricted from the 7th district	Federalist	1803	Re-elected	Joseph Lewis, Jr. (F) 57.8% John Love (DR) 42.2%
Virginia 9	John Taliaferro Redistricted from the 8th district	Democratic-Republican	1801 1811	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	John P. Hungerford (DR) 50.9% John Taliaferro[Note 17] (DR) 49.1%
Virginia 10	Aylett Hawes Redistricted from the 9th district	Democratic-Republican	1811	Re-elected	Aylett Hawes[Note 6] (DR) Philip R. Thompson (DR)
Virginia 11	John Dawson Redistricted from the 10th district	Democratic-Republican	1797	Re-elected	John Dawson (DR) 97.7% Stapleton Crutchfield 1.2%
Virginia 12	John Roane Redistricted from the 11th district	Democratic-Republican	1809	Re-elected	John Roane (DR) 73.0% James Hunter (F) 26.8%
Virginia 13	Burwell Bassett Redistricted from the 12th district	Democratic-Republican	1805	Lost re-election Federalist gain	Thomas M. Bayly (F) 51.4% Burwell Bassett (DR) 48.6%
Virginia 14	William A. Burwell Redistricted from the 13th district	Democratic-Republican	1806 (special)	Re-elected	William A. Burwell[Note 6] (DR)
Virginia 15	Matthew Clay Redistricted from the 14th district	Democratic-Republican	1797	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	John Kerr (DR) 46.4% Matthew Clay (DR) 34.0% William Rice (F) 19.6%
Virginia 16	John Randolph Redistricted from the 15th district	Democratic-Republican	1799	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	John W. Eppes (DR) 54.3% John Randolph (DR) 45.7%
Virginia 17	James Pleasants Redistricted from the 16th district	Democratic-Republican	1811	Re-elected	James Pleasants[Note 6] (DR)
Virginia 18	Thomas Gholson, Jr. Redistricted from the 17th district	Democratic-Republican	1808 (special)	Re-elected	Thomas Gholson, Jr.[Note 6] (DR)
Virginia 19	Peterson Goodwyn Redistricted from the 18th district	Democratic-Republican	1803	Re-elected	Peterson Goodwyn[Note 6] (DR)
Virginia 20	Edwin Gray Redistricted from the 19th district	Democratic-Republican	1799	Lost re-election Democratic-Republican hold	James Johnson (DR) 67.3% Edwin Gray (DR) 32.7%
Virginia 21	Thomas Newton, Jr. Redistricted from the 20th district	Democratic-Republican	1799	Re-elected	Thomas Newton, Jr. (DR) 64.8% Swepson Whitehead (F) 35.2%
Virginia 22	Hugh Nelson Redistricted from the 21st district	Democratic-Republican	1811	Re-elected	Hugh Nelson[Note 6] (DR)
Virginia 23	John Clopton Redistricted from the 22nd district	Democratic-Republican	1801	Re-elected	John Clopton (DR) 63.2% Richard M. Morris (F)

The 9th district saw a re-match of the previous election's 8th district race. As with the previous election, Hungerford was initially declared the winner and Taliaferro challenged the results. In 1811, however, Taliaferro was unsuccessful in this challenge and Hungerford remained in Congress.

On March 31, 1814, John Dawson (DR) of the 11th district died in office. A special election was held which elected Philip P. Barbour (DR) to fill the vacancy.

Non-voting delegates

Four territories had delegates in the 13th Congress: Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. Illinois Territory and Missouri Territory elected their delegates in 1812 for both the end of the 12th and the start of the 13th Congresses.

District	Incumbent	First elected	Result	Candidates
Indiana Territory at-large	Jonathan Jennings	1809	Re-elected	Jonathan Jennings 63.4% Waller Taylor 36.6%
Mississippi Territory at-large	George Poindexter	1806	Retired	William Lattimore 44.9% Cowles Mead 33.1% Thomas B. Reed 21.9%

See also

• United States elections, 1812
  • List of United States House of Representatives elections, 1789–1822
  • United States presidential election, 1812
  • United States Senate elections, 1812 and 1813
• 12th United States Congress
• 13th United States Congress

Notes

References

Bibliography

• "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Retrieved January 17, 2015. 
• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830. 
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701. 
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015. 

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)