Sadegh Khalkhali

Sadegh Khalkhali
صادق خلخالی
Head of Islamic Revolutionary Court
In office
24 February 1979 – 1 March 1980
Appointed by Ruhollah Khomeini
Succeeded by Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi
Personal details
Born 27 July 1926
Kivi, Khalkhal County, Ardabil Province, Iran
Died November 26, 2003(2003-11-26) (aged 77)
Tehran, Iran
Nationality Iranian
Other political
affiliations		 Combatant Clergy Association
Children 3
Residence Tehran
Alma mater Qom Hawza
Occupation Judge, Teacher
Religion Shia Islam
Signature

Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali (27 July 1926 – 26 November 2003)[1] (Persian: محمدصادق گیوی خلخالی‎‎; Azerbaijani: Sadıq Xəlxali) was a hardline Shia cleric of the Islamic Republic of Iran who is said to have "brought to his job as Chief Justice of the revolutionary courts a relish for summary execution" that earned him a reputation as Iran's "hanging judge".[2] A farmer's son and ethnic Azeri born in Givi (Ardabil Province, Iran)[3] in appearance Khalkhali was "a small, rotund man with a pointed beard, kindly smile, and a high-pitched giggle."[2]

Career and activities

Khalkhali is known to have been one of Khomeini's circle of disciples as far back as 1955[4] and is reported to have reconstructed the former secret society of Islamic assassins known as the Fadayan-e Islam after its suppression,[5] but was not a well-known figure to the public prior to the Islamic Revolution.

On 24 February 1979, Khalkhali was chosen by Ruhollah Khomeini to be the Sharia ruler (حاکم شرع in Persian) or head the newly established Revolutionary Courts, and to make Islamic rulings. In the early days of the revolution he sentenced to death "hundreds of former government officials" on charges such as "spreading corruption on earth" and "warring against God."[6] Most of the condemned did not have access to a lawyer or a jury. Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Reza Shah's mausoleum was destroyed under the direction of Hujjat al-Islam Sadeq Khalkhali, which was sanctioned by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. In May 1979 Khalkhali visited the United Arab Emirates and stated that the Persian Gulf should be renamed as "the Muslim Gulf".[7]

Khalkhali is famous for ordering the executions of Amir Abbas Hoveida,[8] the Shah's longtime prime minister, and Nematollah Nassiri, a former head of SAVAK. According to one report, after sentencing Hoveida to death

pleas for clemency poured in from all over the world and it was said that Khalkhali was told by telephone to stay the execution. Khalkhali replied that he would go and see what was happening. He then went to Hoveyda and either shot him himself or instructed a minion to do the deed. "I'm sorry," he told the person at the other end of the telephone, "the sentence has already been carried out."[2]

Another version of the story has Khalkhali saying that while presiding over Hoveida's execution he made sure communication links between Qasr Prison and the outside world were severed, "to prevent any last-minute intercession on his behalf by Mehdi Bazargan, the provisional prime minister."[9]

By trying Hoveida, Khalkhali effectively undermined the position of the provisional prime minister of the Islamic Revolution, the moderate Mehdi Bazargan, who disapproved of the Islamic Revolutionary Court and sought to establish the Revolution's reputation for justice and moderation.

Khalkhali was known for his antipathy towards pre-Islamic Iran. In 1979 he wrote a book "branding king Cyrus the Great a tyrant, a liar, and a homosexual" and "called for the destruction of the Tomb of Cyrus and remains of the two-thousand-year-old Persian palace in Shiraz, Fars Province, the Persepolis."[10] According to an interview by Elaine Sciolino of Shiraz-based Ayatollah Majdeddin Mahallati, Khalkhali came to Persepolis with "a band of thugs" and gave an angry speech demanding that "the faithful torch the silk-lined tent city and the grandstand that the Shah had built," but was driven off by stone-throwing local residents.[11]

At the height of the Iran hostage crisis in 1980 following the failure of the American rescue mission Operation Eagle Claw and crash of U.S. helicopters killing their crews, Khalkhali appeared on television "ordering the bags containing the dismembered limbs of the dead servicemen to be split open so that the blackened remains could be picked over and photographed," to the anger of American viewers.[2]

Khalkhali later investigated and ordered the execution of many activists for federalism in Kurdistan and Turkmen Sahra,[2] At the height of its activity Khalkhali's revolutionary court sentenced to death "up to 60 Kurds a day."[2] Following that, in August 1980 he was asked by President Banisadr to take charge of trying and sentencing drug dealers, and sentenced hundreds to death.[12] Ironically, one of the complaints of the revolution's leader and Khalkhali's superior, the Ayatollah Khomeini against the regime they had overthrown was that the Shah's far more limited number of executions of drug traffickers had been "inhuman."[13]

In December 1980 his influence waned when he was forced to resign from the revolutionary courts because of his failure to account for $14 million seized through drug raids, confiscations, and fines, although some believe this as much the doing of President Bani-Sadr and the powerful head of the Islamic Republic Party Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti "working behind the scenes" to remove a source of bad publicity for the revolution, as a matter of outright corruption.[13][14]

In an interview, Khalkhali personally confirmed ordering more than 100 executions, although many sources believe that by the time of his death he had sent 8,000 men and women to their deaths. In some cases he was the executioner, where he executed his victims using machine guns. In an interview with the French newspaper Le Figaro he is quoted as saying, "If my victims were to come back on earth, I would execute them again, without exceptions."[2]

Khalkhali was elected as representative for Qom in Islamic Consultative Assembly for two terms, serving for "more than a decade." In 1992, however, he was one of 39 incumbents from the Third Majles and 1000 or so candidates rejected that winter and spring by the Council of Guardians, which vets candidates. The reason given was a failure to show a "practical commitment to Islam and to the Islamic government," but it was thought by some to be a purge of radical critics of the conservatives in power.[15]

Khalkhali sided with reformists after the election of President Mohammad Khatami in 1997, although he was never really accepted by the movement.[16]

Later years and death

Khalkhali retired to Qom, where he taught Islamic seminarians.

He died in 2003, at the age of 77, of cancer and heart disease.[17][18][19] At the time of his death, the speaker of Parliament, Mehdi Karoubi, praised the judge's performance in the early days of the revolution.[16][20]

Personal life

Khalkhali was married and had a son and two daughters. His daughter, Fatemeh Sadeqi, though born in a restrictive Islamic environment, has attended university, attained Ph.D. and is now known for her secular views.[21] She was the author of “Why We Say No to Forced Hijab” — a widely circulated 2008 essay.[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sadegh Khalkhali
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali The Daily Telegraph 28 November 2003
  3. ↑ "Sadeq Khalkhali (Iranian judge) - Encyclopedia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
  4. ↑ Taheri, Amir, Spirit of Allah : Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution , Adler and Adler c1985, p. 113
  5. ↑ Taheri, Spirit of Allah, (1985), p. 187
  6. ↑ Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton and Co., (2005) p. 9
  7. ↑ Jubin M. Goodarzi (4 June 2006). Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-84511-127-4. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  8. ↑ Hoveyda’s Tragic Fate
  9. ↑ Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran by Ervand Abrahamian, (University of California Press, 1999), p. 127
  10. ↑ Molavi, Afshan, The Soul of Iran, Norton, (2005), p. 14
  11. ↑ Sciolino, Elaine, Persian Mirrors, Touchstone, (2000), p. 168
  12. ↑ Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution, New York, Basic Books, (1984), p. 111
  13. 1 2 Bakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs, (1984), p. 111
  14. ↑ Qaddafi Meets an Ayatollah The New York Times, 2 January 1992
  15. ↑ Brumberg, Daniel, Reinventing Khomeini : The Struggle for Reform in Iran, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 175
  16. 1 2 Fathi, Nazila (November 29, 2003). "Sadegh Khalkhali, 77, a Judge In Iran Who Executed Hundreds". The New York Times Company. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  17. ↑ Obituary from The Economist
  18. ↑ Obituary The Daily Telegraph
  19. ↑ Obituary The Guardian (gives his full name as Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali)
  20. ↑ صبا, صادق (2003-11-29). اصلاح طلبان و در گذشت خلخالی (in Persian). BBCPersian. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  21. ↑ Afshari, Reza (November 4, 2010). "Human Rights, Relevance of Culture and Irrelevance of Cultural Relativism". Rooz online. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  22. ↑ Goldstein, Dana (June 17, 2009). "IRAN AND THE VEIL.". The American Prospect. Retrieved 26 February 2014.

Further reading

V. S. Naipaul interviews Khalkhali in two of his better-known books

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