List of colleges and universities in West Bengal
There are 32 universities in the state of West Bengal that are listed under the University Grants Commission (India).[1] West Bengal is the 4th most populated state located in the eastern part of India. It is one of the largest contributors to the gross domestic product of the country. West Bengal is a pioneer state in providing modern education to the students. The state has many reputed educational institutions, which provide space for higher education. The medium of education is usually instructed in Bengali, English and Urdu. Universities located here offer diploma, certificate courses, advanced diploma program, post graduate course and doctoral programs. Research programs offered by the universities are conducted with an aid of specialized institutes. Some of the facilities provided by them are hostel, central library, health center, gymnasium, sports facilities, guest house, food court, indoor stadium, computer center, and well equipped laboratories. The universities in West Bengal prepare the students to meet the today’s technological, social and scientific challenges. They also offer lots of professional and non-professional courses. Bengal Engineering and Science University is the second oldest engineering institutes in the country and it was started in the year 1864. They offer the following programs such as B.E, M.E, MCA, MBA, MSC, B. Arch. and Ph.D. programs. Apart from this they also provide part-time courses in the evening for the professionals.[2]
History
Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. Western models of education came to India through Kolkata. Many of the first schools and colleges were established by the missionaries and reformists. Sir William Jones (philologist) established the Asiatic Society in 1784 for promoting oriental studies. People like Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Shashi Bhusan Chatterjee, and William Carey played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges in the city. The Fort William College was established in 1800. The Hindu College was established in 1817. In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed as the Presidency College.[3]
William Carey established the Serampore College, Serampore (20 km from Calcutta) in 1819. It went on to become India's first modern university in 1827 when it was incorporated by a Royal Charter as a Danish University. The Sanskrit College was established in 1824. Reverend Alexander Duff of the Church of Scotland established the General Assembly's Institution in 1830 and later the Free Church Institution in 1844, which were later merged to form what is now known as the Scottish Church College, Calcutta. These institutions played a significant role in what came to be known as the Young Bengal Movement and the Bengal Renaissance. La Martiniere Calcutta was established in 1836. John Bethune established a school for Indian girls in 1850 at a time when women's education was frowned upon in the society. The Bethune College for girls was set up by him in 1879.[4]
The oldest medical school in Asia, the Calcutta Medical College was set up in 1835. In 1857, the University of Calcutta was established as the first full-fledged multi-disciplinary university in south Asia. It was modelled on the lines of the University of London. Today it is amongst the largest multidisciplinary universities of India and offers some of the widest number of academic disciplines for study. In 1856 technical and engineering education came with the establishment of a civil engineering college / department. This setup went through various reorganisations to finally become the Bengal Engineering College in 1921. The Jesuit administered St Xavier's College was established in 1860. In 1906, the partition of Bengal led to widespread nationalistic and anti British feelings.[5] This led to the setting up of the National Council of Education, Bengal. This later on became the Jadavpur University in 1955. The nation's first homoeopathy college was established in the city in 1880. In 1883 Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi Basu became the first women graduates from the University of Calcutta.In the process, they became the first female graduates of the British Empire. Kadambini went on to become the first female physician trained in the Western system of medicine in South Asia. The Science College was established in 1917. The first blind school came into being in 1925.
After independence, Calcutta continued to be in the forefront of the educational scene. The Government College of Art & Craft was established in 1951. The Rabindra Bharati University was established in 1962. This university offers courses in the fine and performing arts. The Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management was set up in 1953 as the country's first management institute and is also the first in the country to offer an MBA degree of a university. The first, Indian Institute of Technology was set up at Kharagpur about 120 km from Calcutta. In 1960 the Regional Engineering college (presently National Institute of Technology) at Durgapur was set up. It is amongst the top NITs in India and also among the oldest. Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, the first among the prestigious Indian Institutes of Management, was set up in 1961 at Joka. It was the first national institute for post-graduate studies and research in management sciences. It was established with the help of the MIT Sloan School of Management and the Ford Foundation.
Public Universities
State Universities
University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aliah University | Kolkata | State | 1781, as Calcutta Madrasah College; 2008, as Aliah University | Arts, Sciences, Engineering,Management, Islamic Studies | [6] |
Bankura University | Bankura | State | 2014 | Arts, Sciences, Engineering, Law | [7] |
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya | Nadia | State | 1974 | Agriculture, Horticulture and Agricultural Engineering | [8] |
Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University | Cooch Behar | State | 2012 | Arts, Sciences | [9] |
Diamond Harbour Women's University | Diamond Harbour | State | 2013 | Humanities and Basic Sciences | [10] |
University of Burdwan | Bardhaman | State | 1960 | Arts, Sciences, Commerce, Engineering and Law | [11] |
University of Calcutta | Kolkata | State | 1869 | Arts, Sciences, Commerce, Engineering and Law | [12] |
Jadavpur University | Kolkata | State | 1955 | Arts, Sciences, and Engineering | [13] |
University of Gour Banga | Malda | State | 2008 | Arts, Sciences, and Commerce | [14] |
University of Kalyani | Kalyani | State | 1960 | Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law | [15] |
University of North Bengal | Siliguri | State | 1962 | Arts, Sciences, Commerce, and Law | [16] |
Netaji Subhas Open University | Kolkata | State and distance education | 1998 | Arts, Sciences, and Commerce | [17] |
Presidency University | Kolkata | State | 1817 as Hindu College; 2010 as Presidency University | Arts and Sciences | [18] |
Rabindra Bharati University | Kolkata | State | 1962 | Arts, Fine Arts, and Performing Arts | [19] |
Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University | Belur Math | Deemed | 2005 | Agricultural Management, Rural Development, Sciences, Indian Culture and Spirituality | [20] |
Senate of Serampore College (University) | Serampore | State | 1818 | Theology | [21] |
Sidho Kanho Birsha University | Purulia | State | 2010 | Arts and Sciences | [22] |
West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences | Kolkata | State | 1999 | Law | [23] |
West Bengal University of Health Sciences | Kolkata | State | 2003 | Medicine | [24] |
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences | Kolkata | State | 1893, as Bengal Veterinary College; 1995 as West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences | Veterinary & Animal Sciences | [25] |
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology | Kolkata | State | 2000 | Engineering and Management | [26] |
West Bengal State University | Barasat | State | 2008 | Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law | [27] |
Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya | Cooch Behar | State | 2001 | Agriculture, Horticulture | |
Vidyasagar University | Midnapur | State | 1981 | Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law | [28] |
Kazi Nazrul University | Asansol | State | 2012 | Arts and Sciences | [29] |
Central Universities
University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | scope="col" style="width: 05%;Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade | Salt Lake, Kolkata | Central, Autonomous | 2006 | Management and International Business | [30] |
Indian Institute of Management Calcutta | Joka, Kolkata | Central, Autonomous | 1961 | Social Sciences and Management | [31] |
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata | Haringhata, Nadia | Central, Autonomous | 2006 | Basic Sciences, Applied Sciences | [32] |
Indian Statistical Institute | Baranagar, Kolkata | Central, Autonomous | 1959 | Basic Sciences, Applied Sciences, Social Sciences | [33] |
IIT Kharagpur | Kharagpur | Central, Autonomous | 1951 | Sciences, and Engineering | [34] |
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur | Howrah | Central | 1856, as Calcutta Civil Engineering College; 2010, as Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Kolkata | Engineering & Technology, Sciences | [35] |
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur | Durgapur | Central | 1960 | Engineering & Technology, Sciences | [36] |
Visva-Bharati University | Santiniketan | Central | 1921 | Arts and Sciences | [37] |
Private Universities
University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata | New Town | Private | 2015 | Engineering, Technology & Management | [38] |
Amity University Kolkata | New Town | Global Private | 2015 | Sciences, Management, Humanities, Engineering & Technology | [39] |
Brainware University | Kolkata | Private | 2015 | Sciences, Management, Engineering & Technology | [40] |
Techno India University | Kolkata | Private | 2012 | Sciences, Management, Engineering & Technology | [41] |
Adamas University | Barasat | Private | 2014 | Sciences, Management, Humanities, Engineering & Technology | [42] |
International Management Institute Kolkata | Kolkata | Autonomous Management Institute | 2011 | Management | [43] |
Neotia University | Sarisha | Private | 2015 | Sciences, Management, Humanities, Engineering & Technology | [44] |
Seacom Skills University | Santiniketan | Private | 2014 | Sciences, Engineering & Technology | [45] |
Colleges by Districts
Darjeeling
- Bijanbari College
- Cluny Women's College
- Darjeeling Government College
- Ghoom-Jorebunglow Degree College
- Gyan Jyoti College
- Inspiria knowledge campus
- Kalimpong College
- Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya
- Kurseong College
- Mirik College
- North Bengal Medical College
- St Joseph's College, Darjeeling
- Salesian College, Darjeeling
- Siliguri College [46]
- Siliguri College of Commerce
- Siliguri Mahila Mahavidyalaya
- Sonada Degree College
- Southfield College, Darjeeling [47]
- Surya Sen Mahavidyalaya
- Siliguri Institute of Technology
- IIAS
Jalpaiguri
- Ananda Chandra College, Jalpaiguri[48]
- Ananda Chandra College of Commerce
- Government College of Engineering, Jalpaiguri
- Maynaguri College, Maynaguri[49]
- Nani Bhattacharya Smarak Mahavidyalaya
- North Bengal St. Xavier's College
- P.D. Women's College
- Parimal Mitra Smriti Mahavidyalaya
- Sukanta Mahavidyalaya
Cooch Behar
- Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College, Cooch Behar[50]
- Cooch Behar College
- Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University
- Dinhata College
- Mathabhanga College
- Mekhliganj college
- Netaji Subhas Mahavidyalaya
- Sitalkuchi College
- Thakur Panchanan Mahila Mahavidyalaya
- Tufanganj Mahavidyalaya
- University B.T. & Evening College
- Cooch Behar Government Engineering College
- Boxirhat College
- The Govt. College of Physical Education for Women, Dinhata
- Madhusudan Hore Mahavidyalaya, Nishiganj
- Baneswar Sarathibala Mahavidyalaya
Alipurduar
- Alipurduar College, Alipurduar
- Birpara College
- Falakata College
- Sahid Kshudiram Mahavidyalaya
- Vivekananda College, Alipurduar
Uttar Dinajpur
- Dr. Meghnath Saha College
- Islampur College
- Kaliyaganj College
- Raiganj College (University College)
- Raiganj Surendranath Mahavidyalaya
- Shree Agrasen Mahavidyalaya, Dalkhola
Dakshin Dinajpur
- Balurghat College
- Gangarampur College
- Balurghat Mahila Mahavidyalaya
- Buniadpur Mahavidyalaya
- Dewan Abdul Goni College
- Jamini Majumdar Memorial College
Malda
- Chanchal College
- Gazole Mahavidyalaya
- Gour Mahavidyalaya, Maldah
- Govt. Teachers’ Training College, Malda
- Harishchandrapur College
- Kaliachak College
- Malda College
- Malda Women's College
- Manikchak College
- Pakuahat Degree College
- Samsi College
- South Malda College
Murshidabad
- Baharampur College
- Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology, Baharampur
- K.N College
- Baharampur Girls' College
- Kandi Raj College
- salar muzaffar ahmed mahavidyalaya
- Sripath singh college [Jiaganj]
- Rani Dhanya college of commerce [Jiaganj]
Nadia
- Asannagar Madan Mohan Tarkalankar College
- Bethuadahari College
- Chakdaha College
- Chapra Bangaljhi Mahavidyalaya
- Chapra Government College
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College
- Dr. K.R. Adhikary College of Optometry & Paramedical Technology
- Dwijendralal College
- Haringhata Mahavidyalaya
- J.R.S.E.T. College of Law
- Kaliganj Government College
- Kalyani Mahavidyalaya
- Kalyani Technology Academy
- Karimpur Pannadevi College
- Krishnagar Government College
- Krishnagar Women's College
- Nabadwip Vidyasagar College
- Nakashipara Government College
- Plassey College
- Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya
- Ranaghat College
- Santipur College
- Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute Of Law
- Srikrishna College
- Sudhiranjan Lahiri Mahavidyalaya
- Tagore School of Rural Development & Agriculture
- Tehatta Government College
Hooghly
- Tarakeswar Degree College, Hooghly
- Hooghly Engineering and Technology College
- Hooghly Mohsin College
- Hooghly Women's College
- Serampore College, Serampore,
- Chandernagore Government College, Chandannagore
Howrah
- Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur Math
- Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational & Research Institute
- Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Belur, West Bengal
- Bagnan Teachers Training College Bagnan, Howrah
- Bijaya Krishna Girls College, Howrah, West Bengal
Birbhum
Bankura
Purulia
- Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia
- Purulia Government Engineering College
Bardhaman
- Asansol Engineering College, Asansol
- Asansol Girls' College, Asansol
- AYAN ARNAB SIKSHAN SANSTHA AJODHYA BONKATI, PANAGARH BURDWAN
- Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Bardhaman
- University Institute of Technology, Bardhaman
- Burdwan Institute Management and Computer Science (BIMS), Bardhaman
- Burdwan Institute of medical and life sciences (BIMLS), Bardhaman
- Bardhaman Raj College
- Cyber Research & Training Institute (Bardhaman)
- Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya, Chittaranjan
- NSHM Knowledge Campus, Durgapur
- Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol
- Durgapur College of Commerce & Science, Durgapur
- Durgapur Government College
- Durgapur Women's College
- Bengal College of Engineering & Technology, Durgapur
- Dr. B. C. Roy engineering college, Durgapur
- katwa college,katwa
- kandra college,kandra
Pashim Medinipur
- Belda College, Belda, Paschim Medinipur
- Ghatal Rabindra Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya, Ghatal, Paschim Medinipur
- Sevayatan Sikshan Mahavidyalaya, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur
- Midnapore College, Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur
- Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women's College, Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur
- Kharagpur College, Kharagpur, Paschim Medinipur
- Sukumar Sengupta Mahavidyalaya, Keshpur, Paschim Medinipur
- Narajole Raj College, Narajole, Paschim Medinipur
- Garhbeta College, Garhbeta College, Paschim Medinipur
- Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur
- Kharagpur College, Kharagpur
- Debra Thana Sahid Kshudiram Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Debra, Paschim Medinipur
- Vivekananda Satavarshiki Mahavidyalaya, Manikpara, Paschim Medinipur
- Santal Bidroha Sardha Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya, Goaltore, Paschim Medinipur
- Chandrakona Vidyasagar Mahavidyalaya, Chandrakona, Paschim Medinipur
- Gopiballabpur II, Govt. General Degree College, Beliaberah, Paschim Medinipur
- Institute of Science & Technology, Midnapore West
Purba Medinipur
- Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Tamluk, Purba Medinipur
- Panskura Banamali College, Panskura, Purba Medinipur
- Prabhat Kumar College, Contai
- Mahisadal Raj College, Mahisadal
- Mahishadal Girls College
- Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya, Bajkul
- Haldia Government College, Haldia
- Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya, Mugberia
- Egra Sarada Shashi Bhusan College, Egra
- Ramnagar College
- Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, Purba Medinipur
North 24 Parganas
- Adamas Institute of Technology, Barasat
- Basirhat College, North 24 Parganas
- Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, North 24 Parganas
South 24 Parganas
Kolkata
- Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College, Kolkata
- Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore
- Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, Madhyamgram
- Anandamohan College, Kolkata
- Asutosh College, Kolkata
- Brainware Group of Institutions [51]
- B. P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology
- Bangabasi College
- Barasat Government College
- Basanti Devi College, Kolkata
- Bengal Institute of Technology, Kolkata
- Bethune College, Kolkata
- Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Institute Of Management Science, Salt Lake, Kolkata
- Bidhan Nagar College,Salt Lake, Kolkata
- Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata
- Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata
- City College
- City College
- College of Engineering and Management, Kolaghat
- Dinabandhu Andrews College, Kolkata
- Dum Dum Motijheel College
- Fakir Chand College, South 24 Parganas
- Future Institute of Engineering and Management, Sonarpur, Kolkata
- Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata
- Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata
- International Management Institute, Kolkata, Kolkata
- Institute of Engineering and Management
- Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering
- iLead, Kolkata
- Jogamaya Devi College, Kolkata
- Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College, Kolkata
- Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata
- Marine Engineering and Research Institute
- Maulana Azad College, Kolkata
- Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, Kolkata
- National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kolkata
- Netaji Nagar College for Women, Kolkata
- Netaji Nagar Day College, Kolkata
- Netaji Nagar College (Evening)
- Netaji Subhash Engineering College
- Pailan College of Management & Technology, Joka
- Rajabazar Science College, Kolkata
- Rajnagar Mahavidyalaya
- RCC Institute of Information Technology
- Sanaka Educational Trust Group Of Institutions
- Scottish Church College, Kolkata
- Sabita Devi Education Trust- Brainware Group Of Institutions
- St. Thomas college of Engineering & Technology, Kolkata
- St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Kolkata
- Techno India, Salt Lake, Kolkata
- Techno India College of Technology, Rajarhat, Kolkata
- The Heritage Academy, Kolkata
- Vidyasagar College for Women, Kolkata
- Usha Martin Academy, Kolkata
- Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College, Kolkata
- NIPS School of Hotel Management, Kolkata
- Nopany Institute for Professional Studies, Kolkata
- National Institute of Planning Management, Kolkata
References
- ↑ "Universities & Colleges".
- ↑ http://www.bestcollegehunt.com/universities/west-bengal
- ↑ "Welcome to Presidency University". presiuniv.ac.in. Presidency University, Kolkata. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ↑ http://bethuneadmissions.ac.in
- ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica, "Partition of Bengal" http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60754/partition-of-Bengal
- ↑ "Aliah University, Kolkata". aliah.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ↑ "Bankura University". bankurauniv.ac.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ↑ "Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya". www.bckv.edu.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ↑ "Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University". cbpbu.ac.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ↑ "Diamond Harbour Women's University". dhwu.ac.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ↑ "University of Burdwan". buruniv.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ↑ "Calcutta University". caluniv.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ↑ "Jadavpur University". jaduniv.edu.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ↑ "Gaur Banga University". ugb.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ↑ "Kalyani University". klyuniv.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ↑ "North Bengal University". nbu.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Netaji Subhas Open University". www.wbnsou.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Presidency University". www.presiuniv.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Rabindra Bharati University". www.rbu.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University". www.rkmvu.ac.in. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ↑ "Senate of Serampore College (University)". www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ↑ "Sidho Kanho Birsha University". www.skbu.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences". www.nujs.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "West Bengal University of Health Sciences". thewbuhs.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences". wbuafscl.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology". www.wbut.net. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University Of Technology(Formerly known as West Bengal University Of Technology)". wbut.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Vidyasagar University". vidyasagar.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Kazi Nazrul University". knuedu.in. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ↑ "Indian Institute of Foreign Trade". iiftk.iift.ac.in. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ↑ "IIM Calcutta". iimcal.ac.in. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ↑ "IISER Kolkata". iiserkol.ac.in. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ↑ "ISI Kolkata". isical.ac.in/. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ↑ "IIT Kharagpur". iitkgp.ac.in. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ↑ "Bengal Engineering & Science University". becs.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "NIT Durgapur". nitdgp.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "Visva-Bharati University". visva-bharati.ac.in. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ↑ "Welcome to UEM KOLKATA". uem.edu.in.
- ↑ Template:Www.amity.edu/kolkata
- ↑ "Brainware University". brainware-india.com. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ↑ "Techno India University". technoindiauniversity.com. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ↑ "Adamas University". adamasuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ↑ "International Management Institute, Kolkata". Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ↑ "The Neotia University". www.tnu.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ↑ "Seacom Skills University". www.seacomskillsuniversity.org. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ↑ "Home". Siliguri College. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
- ↑ "Welcome to Southfield College, Darjeeling". Southfieldcollege.org. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
- ↑ http://www.accollege.org/
- ↑ "Welcome to Maynaguri College". Maynaguricollege.org.in. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
- ↑ "The Leading ABN Seal College Site on the Net". abnsealcollege.org. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
- ↑ http://%5Bhttp://www.brainwaretechnologies.org%5D