Klamath language

Klamath /ˈklæməθ/,^[3] also Klamath–Modoc /ˈklæməθ ˈmoʊdɒk/ and historically Lutuamian /ˌluːtuːˈæmiən/, is a Native American language that was spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. As of April 1998, it was spoken by only one person.^[4] As of 2003, the last fluent Klamath speaker in Chiloquin, Oregon was 92 years old.^[5] As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects. ^[6]

Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family. Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut, much like Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-Yokuts retroflexes */ʈ ʈʼ/ correspond to Klamath /tʃ tʃʼ/, and the Proto-Yokuts dentals */t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ/ correspond to the Klamath alveolars /t tʰ tʼ/.

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Obstruents in Klamath except for /s/ all come in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective sounds.^[8] Sonorant triplets are voiced, voiceless, and "laryngealized" sounds, except for /h/ and /ʔ/.^[9]

Most consonants can be geminated. The fricative /s/ is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change.^[10] Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded geminated /sː/ in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated /s/ by M. A. R. Barker in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, */sː/ may have degeminated into /s/.

Syntax

Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.^[11]

See also

• List of extinct languages of North America

Notes

1. 1 2 Klamath at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Klamath-Modoc". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
3. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
4. ↑ Chen, 1998; Maudlin, 1998.
5. ↑ Haynes, Erin F. "Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs, Klamath, and Grand Ronde" (PDF). Coyote Papers. 8: 87–102. Retrieved 2012-08-30. 
6. ↑ Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley/Los Angeles, California : University of California Press. ISBN 9780520266674
7. ↑ Language. The Klamath Tribes http://klamathtribes.org/language/.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
8. ↑ Blevins, 2004, p. 279.
9. ↑ Blevins, 2004, pp. 279–80.
10. ↑ Blevins, 2004.
11. ↑ Rude, 1988.

References

• Barker, M. A. R. (1963a). Klamath Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics, volume 30. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• ———. (1963b). Klamath Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics 31. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• ———. (1964). Klamath Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics 32. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• Barker, Philip. (1959). The Klamath language. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
• Blevins, J. (2004, July). Klamath sibilant degemination: Implications of a recent sound change. IJAL, 70, 279–289.
• Chen, D. W. (1998, April 5). Blackboard: Lost languages; Kuskokwim not spoken here. New York Times.
• de Angulo, Jaime (1931). The Lutuami language (Klamath-Modoc). Société des Américanistes. Retrieved 2012-08-30. 
• Maudlin, W. S. (1998, April 17). Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages. The Yale Herald. Retrieved May 6, 2008
• Rude, Noel (1987). Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 12:67-83.
• Rude, Noel (1988). Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath. In In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics, ed. by William Shipley, pp. 651–73. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Rude, Noel (1991). Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath. In Approaches to Grammaticalization, ed. by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine. Typological Studies in Language 19:185-199. New York and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Online texts

• Coville, Frederick Vernon (1897). Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon. Retrieved 2012-08-30.  Includes Klamath language plant names.
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1890). "The Klamath Indians of southwestern Oregon". Retrieved 2012-08-30. 
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1880). The numeral adjective in the Klamtah language of southern Oregon. Retrieved 2012-08-30. 
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1878). "Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon". Retrieved 2012-08-30. 

External links

• The Klamath Tribes Language Project
• Languages of Oregon: Klamath
• Klamath-Modoc language, native-languages.org
• Modoc language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• Klamath language, California Language Archive
• OLAC resources in and about the Klamath-Modoc language
• Klamath Bibliography

Languages of California
Indigenous	Algic Wiyot Yurok Athabascan Tolowa Hupa Mattole Kato Wailaki Chumashan Obispeño Island Chumash Purisimeño Ineseño Barbareño Ventureño Ohlone Karkin Chochenyo Ramaytush Tamyen Awaswas Mutsun Rumsen Chalon Hokan Chimariko Karuk Achomawi Atsugewi Northeastern Pomo Eastern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Central Pomo Southern Pomo Kashaya Washo Mojave Kumeyaay Yana Yahi Penutian Klamath-Mudoc Yokuts Wintu Bay Miwok Coast Miwok Lake Miwok Plains Miwok Central Sierra Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Valley Maidu Northeast Maidu Northwest Maidu Nisenan Shastan Konomihu New River Shasta Okwanuchu Shasta Uto Aztecan Cahuilla Cupeño Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño-Juaneño Mono Northern Paiute Panamint Serrano Tataviam Tongva Ute Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Southern Patwin Wintu Yokutsan Buena Vista Yokuts, Chukchansi, Gashowu Yokuts, Kings River Yokuts, Palewyami, Tule-Kaweah Yokuts, Valley Yokuts Yukian Yuki, Wappo Language isolates and Unclassified Esselen, Chimariko, Karuk, Salinan, Takelma Plains Sign Talk
Non-Indigenous	Indo-European American English California English Chicano English Spanish Armenian Punjabi Russian Asian Chinese Korean Tagalog Vietnamese Francosign American Sign Language
Italics indicate extinct languages

Languages of Oregon
Italics indicate extinct languages
Indigenous	Alsean Alsea (Alséya) Yaquina (Yakwina, Yakona) Athabaskan Siletz Dee-ni Galice language (Galice-Applegate) Chinookan Chinook Jargon Kathlamet language Lower Chinook Upper Chinook (Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, Wasco-Wishram) Coosan Hanis (Coos) Miluk (Lower Coquille) Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya (Santiam) Northern Kalapuya (Tualatin dialect (Tfalati, Atfalati)) Northern Kalapuya (Yamhill dialect (Yamell)) Yoncalla (Southern Kalapuya) Oregon Coast Penutian Siuslaw Plateu Penutian Klamath-Modoc (Klamath, Lutuamian) Molala language Sahaptian Sahaptin (Shahaptin, Sħáptənəxw, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit) Umatilla Salishan Tillamook language Unclassified Plains Sign Talk Plateau Sign Language Cayuse language Takelma language Uto-Aztecan Northern Paiute (Numu and Paviotso)
Non-Indigenous	Indo-European American English Dutch German Russian Spanish Swedish French Sign American Sign Language Uralic Finnish