John Gibbon

John Gibbon
Born	(1827-04-20)April 20, 1827 Holmesburg, Pennsylvania
Died	February 6, 1896(1896-02-06) (aged 68) Baltimore, Maryland
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America Union
Service/branch	United States Army Union Army
Years of service	1847 – 1891
Rank	Major General
Commands held	XXIV Corps, Army of the James XVIII Corps Second Division, II Corps Second Division, I Corps Iron Brigade
Battles/wars	Mexican–American War Seminole Wars American Civil War Second Battle of Bull Run Maryland Campaign Battle of Fredericksburg Chancellorsville Campaign Second Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Gettysburg Overland Campaign Siege of Petersburg Appomattox Campaign Great Sioux War Nez Perce War
Relations	John Heysham Gibbon, (great-nephew)

John Gibbon^[1] (April 20, 1827 – February 6, 1896) was a career United States Army officer who fought in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars.

Early life

Gibbon was born in the Holmesburg section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the fourth child of ten born to Dr. John Heysham Gibbons and Catharine Lardner Gibbons.^[2] He is the brother of Lardner Gibbon. When Gibbon was nearly 11 years old the family moved near Charlotte, North Carolina, after his father took a position as chief assayer at the U.S. Mint.^[3] He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1847 and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery. He served in the Mexican-American War without seeing combat,^[4] attempted to keep the peace between Seminoles and settlers in south Florida, and taught artillery tactics at West Point, where he wrote The Artillerist's Manual in 1859. The manual was a highly scientific treatise on gunnery and was used by both sides in the Civil War. In 1855, Gibbon married Francis "Fannie" North Moale. They had four children: Frances Moale Gibbon, Catharine "Katy" Lardner Gibbon, John Gibbon, Jr. (he died at age 12 days) and John S. Gibbon.

Civil War

When war broke out between the states, Gibbon was serving as a captain of Battery B, 4th U.S. Artillery at Camp Floyd in Utah. Despite the fact that his father was a slaveholder and that three of his brothers, two brothers-in-law and his cousin J. Johnston Pettigrew served in the Confederate military, Gibbon decided to uphold his oath to the Union.^[5] Upon arrival in Washington, Gibbon, still in command of the 4th U.S. Artillery, became chief of artillery for Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell. In 1862, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and commanded the brigade of westerners known as King's Wisconsin Brigade. Gibbon quickly set about drilling his troops and improving their appearance, ordering them to wear white leggings and distinctive, black, 1858 regular army, Hardee hats. Their famous hats earned them the nickname, "The Black Hat Brigade". He led the brigade into action against the famous Confederate Stonewall Brigade at the Battle of Brawner's Farm, a prelude to the Second Battle of Bull Run.^[6] He was in command of the brigade during their strong uphill charge at the Battle of South Mountain, where Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker exclaimed that the men "fought like iron". From then on, the brigade was known as the "Iron Brigade". Gibbon led the brigade at the Battle of Antietam, where he was forced to take time away from brigade command to personally man an artillery piece in the bloody fighting at the Cornfield.

Gibbon (far left) at Lee's surrender at Appomattox (Zoom)

Gibbon was promoted to command the 2nd Division, I Corps at the Battle of Fredericksburg, where he was wounded. The wound was minor but kept getting infected, so Gibbon was out of action for a few months. Shortly after returning to duty he learned of the sudden death of his son, John Gibbon, Jr. Gibbon returned for the Battle of Chancellorsville, but his division was in reserve and saw little action. At the Battle of Gettysburg, he commanded the 2nd Division, II Corps and temporarily commanded the corps on July 1 and July 2, 1863, while Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock was elevated to command larger units. At the end of the council of war on the night of July 2, army commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade took Gibbon aside and predicted, "If Lee attacks tomorrow, it will be on your front."^[7] And his division did bear the brunt of fighting during the defense against Pickett's Charge on July 3, when Gibbon was again wounded.^[8] While recovering from his wounds, he commanded a draft depot in Cleveland, Ohio, and attended the dedication of Soldiers' National Cemetery and heard Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address with his close friend and aide Lt. Frank A. Haskell.^[9]

Gibbon was back in command of the 2nd Division at the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor. During the Siege of Petersburg, Gibbon became disheartened when his troops refused to fight at Ream's Station. He briefly commanded the XVIII Corps before going on sick leave, but his service being too valuable, he returned to command the newly created XXIV Corps in the Army of the James. His troops helped achieve the decisive breakthrough at Petersburg, capturing Fort Gregg, part of the Confederate defenses. He led his troops during the Appomattox Campaign and blocked the Confederate escape route at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. He was one of three commissioners for the Confederate surrender.

Indian Wars

Gibbon and Chief Joseph.

Gibbon stayed in the army after the war. He reverted to the regular army rank of colonel and was in command of the 7th Infantry at of the Montana Column consisting of the F,G,H,L of the 2nd Cavalry under Jams S. Brisbane from Fort Ellis and of his own regiment of 7th Infantry stationed at Shaw, Baker and Ellis in the Montana Territory, during the campaign against the Sioux in 1876. Gibbon, General George Crook, and General Alfred Terry were to make a coordinated campaign against the Sioux and Cheyenne, but Crook was driven back at the Battle of the Rosebud, and Gibbon was not close by when Lt. Col. George A. Custer attacked a very large village on the banks of the Little Bighorn River. The Battle of the Little Bighorn resulted in the deaths of Custer and some 261 of his men. Gibbon's approach on June 26 probably saved the lives of the several hundred men under the command of Major Marcus Reno who were still under siege. Gibbon arrived the next day and helped to bury the dead and evacuate the wounded.

Gibbon was still in command in Montana the following year when he received a telegraph from General Oliver O. Howard to cut off the Nez Percé who had left Idaho, pursued by Howard. (See Nez Perce War) Gibbon found the Nez Perce near the Big Hole River in western Montana. At the Battle of the Big Hole Gibbon's forces inflicted and suffered heavy casualties, and Gibbon became pinned down by Indian sniper fire. The Nez Perce withdrew in good order after the second day of the battle. In response to Gibbon's urgent call for help, General Howard and an advance party arrived the next day at the battlefield. Gibbon, because of his casualties and a wound he suffered, was unable to continue his pursuit of the Nez Perce.^[10]

Later career and retirement

Gibbon served temporarily as commander of the Department of the Platte in 1884. He was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army in 1885 and took command of the Department of the Columbia, representing all posts in Pacific Northwest. He placed Seattle, Washington, under martial law during the anti-Chinese riots of 1886. From 1890, Gibbon was also head of the Military Division of the Atlantic. Gibbon retired at the statutory age in 1891.

Gibbon served as president of the Iron Brigade Association, and Commander in Chief of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States from October 1895 until his death the following year. He also gave the commencement address to the West Point Class of 1886.

Death and legacy

John Gibbon died in Baltimore, Maryland, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In addition to his famous and influential Artillerist's Manual of 1859, he is the author of Personal Recollections of the Civil War (published posthumously in 1928) and Adventures on the Western Frontier (also posthumous, 1994) along with many articles in magazines and journals, typically recounting his time in the West and providing his opinions on the government's policy toward Native Americans.

On July 3, 1988, the 125th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, a bronze statue of John Gibbon was dedicated in the Gettysburg National Military Park, near the site of his wounding in Pickett's Charge.^[11]

The town of Gibbon in south central Minnesota is named after him, as are Gibbon, Oregon, Gibbon, Nebraska^[12] and Gibbon, Washington.^[13][14] The Gibbon River^[15] and Falls in Yellowstone National Park also bears his name after his 1872 expedition there.

In popular media

• Gibbon was portrayed in the film Gettysburg by Emile O. Schmidt.
• Gibbon was a character in the alternate history novel Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War (2003) by Newt Gingrich and William Forstchen.

Notes

References

• Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
• Gaff, Alan D. On Many a Bloody Field: Four Years in the Iron Brigade. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-253-21294-8.
• Gibbon, John. Adventures on the Western Frontier. Edited by Alan D. Gaff and Maureen Gaff. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-253-32579-X.
• Haskell, Frank A. The Battle of Gettysburg: A Soldier's First Account. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003. ISBN 978-0-486-42761-4. First published 1908 by MOLLUS, Massachusetts Commandery.
• Herdegen, Lance J. The Men Stood Like Iron: How the Iron Brigade Won Its Name. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-253-33221-9.
• Lavery, Dennis S. "John Gibbon." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
• Lavery, Dennis S., and Mark H. Jordan. Iron Brigade General: John Gibbon, Rebel in Blue. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-313-28576-9.
• Nolan, Alan T. The Iron Brigade, A Military History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961. ISBN 0-253-34102-7.
• Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
• Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.
• Wright, Steven J., and Blake A. Magner. "John Gibbon: The Man and the Monument." Gettysburg Magazine 13 (July 1995).

Further reading

• Gibbon, John. Gibbon on the Sioux Campaign of 1876. Bellevue, NV: The Old Army Press, 1970. OCLC 2806703.
• Gibbon, John. Personal Recollections of the Civil War. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1928. OCLC 1662008.
• Nolan, Alan T., and Sharon Eggleston Vipond, eds. Giants in their Tall Black Hats: Essays on the Iron Brigade. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-253-33457-8.

External links

• The John Gibbon papers, including correspondence, memoirs and commentary on many aspects of his life and the military, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
• Photograph of Gibbon in 1889 with Chief Joseph.
• Photographs of "loved Commander" Gibbon and his grave.
• Several photographs of Gibbon at the Wayback Machine (archived February 8, 2008).
• "John Gibbon". Find a Grave. Retrieved August 15, 2010.