Árpád dynasty

Árpád dynasty
Country Principality of Hungary,
Kingdom of Hungary
Titles King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Cumania, Slavonia, Bulgaria, Lodomeria, Duke of Styria
Founded around 855
Founder Álmos
Final ruler Andrew III
Dissolution 1301

The Árpáds or Arpads (Hungarian: Árpádok, Croatian: Arpadovići, Serbian: Арпадовци/Arpadovci, Slovak: Arpádovci, Turkish: Arpatlar) was the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301. The dynasty was named after Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the Hungarian tribal federation during the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, c. 895. It is also referred to as the Turul dynasty, but rarely.

Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Álmos) and the first King of Hungary (Saint Stephen) were members of the dynasty.

Seven members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Roman Catholic Church; therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Kindred of the Holy Kings". Two Árpáds were canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

The dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary, while the last member of the House of Árpad, Andrew's daughter, Blessed Elizabeth of Töss, died in 1336 or 1338. All of the subsequent kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were cognatic descendants of the Árpáds dynasty. The House of Croÿ [1] and the Drummond family of Scotland[2] claim to descend from Princes Geza and George, sons of medieval Hungarian kings: Geza II and Andrew I, respectively.

9th and 10th centuries

Flag of the Árpád dynasty (9th century – 1301)

Medieval chroniclers stated that the Árpáds' forefather was Ügyek, whose name derived from the ancient Hungarian word for "holy" (igy).[3] The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians") mentioned that the Árpáds descended from the gens (clan) Turul,[4] and the Gesta Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Hungarians") recorded that the Árpáds' totemic ancestor was a turul (a large bird, probably a falcon).[5] Medieval chroniclers also referred to a tradition that the Árpáds descended from Attila the Hun – the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum, for example, has Árpád say:

The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila.
— Gesta Hungarorum[6]

The first member of the dynasty mentioned by a nearly contemporary written source was Álmos. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII recorded in his De Administrando Imperio that Álmos was the first Grand Prince of the federation of the seven Magyar tribes (megas Turkias arkhon.[7] Álmos probably accepted the supremacy of the Khagan of the Khazars in the beginning of his rule, but, by 862, the Magyar tribal federation broke free from the Khazar Khaganate.[8] Álmos was either the spiritual leader of the tribal federation (kende) or its military commander (gyula).[9]

Statue of Árpád at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park, Hungary
Árpád's wife, oil on canvas
The bust of Árpád at Pest County, Árpád park

Around 895, the women and cattle of the Magyar warriors battling in the west were attacked by the Pechenegs, forcing them to leave their territories east of the Carpathian Mountains; the Magyars moved into the Carpathian Basin.[10] Álmos's death was probably ritual sacrifice, practiced by steppe peoples when the spiritual ruler lost his charisma, and he was followed by his son, Árpád.[11]

The Magyar tribes gradually occupied the whole territory of the Carpathian Basin between 895 and 907.[12] Between 899 and 970, the Magyars frequently conducted raids into the territories of present-day Italy, Germany, France and Spain and into the lands of the Byzantine Empire.[13] Such activities continued westwards until the Battle of Lechfeld (955), when Otto, King of the Germans destroyed their troops; their raids against the Byzantine Empire ended in 970.[14]

From 917, the Magyars made raids into several territories at the same time, which may have led to the disintegration their tribal federation.[15] The sources prove the existence of at least three and possibly five groups of tribes within the tribal federation, and only one of them was led directly by the Árpáds.[16]

The list of the Grand Princes of the Magyars in the first half of the 10th century is incomplete, which may also prove a lack of central government within their tribal federation.[17] The medieval chronicles mention that Grand Prince Árpád was followed by his son, Zoltán, but contemporary sources only refer to Grand Prince Fajsz (around 950).[18] After the defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld, Grand Prince Taksony (in or after 955 – before 972) adopted the policy of isolation from the Western countries – in contrast to his son, Grand Prince Géza (before 972–997) who may have sent envoys to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 973.[19]

Géza was baptised in 972, and although he never became a convinced Christian, the new faith started to spread among the Hungarians during his reign.[20] He managed to expand his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam (today Hron in Slovakia), but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders.[21]

Géza was followed by his son Stephen (originally called Vajk), who had been a convinced follower of Christianity.[22] Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, Koppány, who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Magyar tradition of agnatic seniority.[23] He was able to defeat Koppány with the assistance of the German retinue of his wife, Giselle of Bavaria.[24]

11th century

Statue of St. Stephen in Esztergom

The Grand Prince Stephen was crowned on December 25, 1000, or January 1, 1001), becoming the first King of Hungary (1000–1038) and founder of the state.[25][26] He unified the Carpathian Basin under his rule by 1030, subjugating the territories of the Black Magyars and the domains that had been ruled by (semi-)independent local chieftains (e.g., by the Gyula Prokuj, Ajtony).[27][28] He introduced the administrative system of the kingdom, based on counties (comitatus), and founded an ecclesiastic organization with two archbishoprics and several bishoprics.[29] Following the death of his son, Emeric (September 2, 1031), King Stephen I assigned his sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo as his heir which resulted in a conspiracy led by his cousin, Vazul, who had been living imprisoned in Nyitra (today Nitra in Slovakia). Vazul was blinded on King Stephen's order and his three sons (Levente, Andrew and Béla) were exiled.[30][31]

When King Stephen I died on August 15, 1038, Peter Orseolo ascended to the throne, but he had to struggle with King Stephen's brother-in-law, Samuel Aba (1041–1044).[32] King Peter's rule ended in 1046 when an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians broke out and he was captured by them.[33]

With the assistance of the pagans, Duke Vazul's son, Andrew, who had been living in exile in the Kievan Rus' and had been baptized there, seized power and was crowned; thus, a member of a collateral branch of the dynasty seized the crown.[34][35] King Andrew I (1046–1060) managed to pacify the pagan rebels and restore the position of Christianity in the kingdom.[36] In 1048, King Andrew invited his younger brother, Béla to the kingdom and conceded one-third of the counties of the kingdom (Tercia pars regni) in appanage to him.[37] This dynastic division of the kingdom, mentioned as the first one in the Chronicon Pictum (prima regni huius divisio), was followed by several similar divisions during the 11th through 13th centuries, when parts of the kingdom were governed by members of the Árpád dynasty.[38] In the 11th century, the counties entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty did not form a separate province within the kingdom, but they were organized around two or three centers.[39] The dukes governing the Tercia pars regni accepted the supremacy of the kings of Hungary, but some of them (Béla, Géza and Álmos) rebelled against the king in order to acquire the crown and allied themselves with the rulers of the neighboring countries.[40]

Ladislaus I of Hungary

King Andrew I was the first king who had his son, Solomon crowned during his life in order to ensure his son's succession (1057).[41] However, the principle of agnatic primogeniture was not able to overcome the tradition of seniority, and following King Andrew I, his brother, King Béla I (1060–1063) acquired the throne despite the claims of the young Solomon.[42] From 1063 until 1080 there were frequent conflicts between King Solomon (1057–1080) and his cousins, Géza, Ladislaus and Lampert who governed the Tercia pars regni.[43] Duke Géza rebelled against his cousin in 1074 and was proclaimed king by his partisans in accordance with the principle of seniority.[44] When King Géza I died (April 25, 1077) his partisans, disregarding his young sons, proclaimed his brother Ladislaus king.[45][46] King Ladislaus I (1077–1095) managed to persuade King Solomon, who had been ruling in some western counties, to abdicate the throne.[47] During his reign, the Kingdom of Hungary strengthened and Ladislaus I was able to expand his rule over neighboring Croatia (1091), which became a province of Hungary.[48] He entrusted the government of the newly occupied province to his younger nephew, Álmos.[49]

On 20 August 1083, two members of the dynasty, King Stephen I and his son, Duke Emeric, were canonized in Székesfehérvár upon the initiative of King Ladislaus I.[50][51] His daughter Eirene, the wife of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos, is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.[52]

When King Ladislaus I died, his elder nephew Coloman was proclaimed king (1095–1116), but he had to concede the Tercia pars regni in appanage to his brother Álmos.[53] King Coloman defeated an uprising led by Petar Svačić in 1097.

12th century

King Coloman deprived his brother Álmos of his duchy (the Tercia pars regni) in 1107.[54] He caught his second wife, Eufemia of Kiev, in adultery; she was divorced and sent back to Kiev around 1114.[55] Eufemia bore a son, named Boris in Kiev, but King Coloman refused to accept him as his son.[56] Around 1115, the king had Duke Álmos and his son, King Béla, blinded in order to ensure the succession of his own son, King Stephen II (1116–1131).[57]

King Stephen II did not father any sons, and his sister's son Saul was proclaimed heir to his throne instead of the blind Duke Béla.[58] When King Stephen II died on March 1, 1131, his blind cousin managed nevertheless to acquire the throne.[59] King Béla II (1131–1141) strengthened his rule by defeating King Coloman's alleged son, Boris, who endeavoured to deprive him of the throne with foreign military assistance.[60] King Béla II occupied some territories in Bosnia, and he conceded the new territory in appanage to his younger son, Ladislaus.[61] Henceforward, members of the Árpád dynasty governed southern or eastern provinces (i.e., Slavonia, and Transylvania) of the kingdom instead of the Tercia pars regni.[62]

King Saint Stephen – a flag with the "double cross"

During the reign of King Géza II (1141–1162), the Bishop Otto of Freising recorded that all the Hungarians "are so obedient to the monarch that not only irritating him by open opposition but even offending him by concealed whispers would be considered a felony by them".[63] His son, King Stephen III (1162–1172) had to struggle for his throne against his uncles, Kings Ladislaus II (1162–1163) and Stephen IV (1163–1165), who rebelled against him with the assistance of the Byzantine Empire.[64] During his reign, the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos occupied the southern provinces of the kingdom on the pretext that the king's brother, Béla (the Despotes Alexius) lived in his court.[65] As the fiancé of the Emperor's only daughter, Despotes Alexius was the heir presumptive to the Emperor for a short period (1165–1169).[66]

The coat of arms of Halych

Following the death of King Stephen III, King Béla III (1173–1196) ascended the throne, but he had imprisoned his brother Géza in order to secure his rule.[67] King Béla III, who had been educated in the Byzantine Empire, was the first king who used the "double cross" as the symbol of the Kingdom of Hungary.[68] In 1188, Béla occupied Halych, whose prince had been dethroned by his boyars, and granted the principality to his second son Andrew, but his rule became unpopular and the Hungarian troops were expelled from Halych in 1189.[69]

On June 27, 1192, the third member of the dynasty, King Ladislaus I was canonized in Várad (today Oradea in Romania).[70]

King Béla III bequeathed his kingdom intact to his elder son, King Emeric (1196–1204), but the new king had to concede Croatia and Dalmatia in appanage to his brother Andrew, who had rebelled against him.[71]

13th century

King Emeric's coat-of-arms

King Emeric married Constance of Aragon, from the house of Barcelona, and he may have followed Barcelonese (Catalan) patterns when he chose his coat-of-arms that would become the Árpáds' familiar badget (an escutcheon barry of eight Gules and Argent).[72] His son and successor, King Ladislaus III (1204–1205) died in childhood and was followed by his uncle, King Andrew II (1205–1235).[73]

His reign was characterized by permanent internal conflicts: a group of conspirators murdered his queen, Gertrude of Merania (1213); discontent noblemen obliged him to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 establishing their rights (including the right to disobey the king); and he quarreled with his eldest son, Béla who endeavoured to take back the royal domains his father had granted to his followers.[74] King Andrew II, who had been Prince of Halych (1188–1189), intervened regularly in the internal struggles of the principality and made several efforts to ensure the rule of his younger sons (Coloman or Andrew) in the neighboring country.[75] One of his daughters, Elizabeth was canonized during his lifetime (July 1, 1235) and thus became the fourth saint of the Árpáds.[76] King Andrew's elder sons disowned his posthumous son, Stephen, who would be educated in Ferrara.[77]

Members of the family reigned occasionally in the Principality (later Kingdom) of Halych (1188–1189, 1208–1209, 1214–1219, 1227–1229, 1231–1234) and in the Duchy of Styria (1254–1260).

The coat-of-arms of Styria

King Béla IV (1235–1270) restored the royal power, but his kingdom became devastated during the Mongol invasion (1241–1242).[78] Following the withdrawal of the Mongol troops, several fortresses were built or enstrengthened on his order.[79] He also granted town privileges to several settlements in his kingdom, e.g., Buda, Nagyszombat (today Trnava in Slovakia), Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica in Slovakia) and Pest received their privileges from him.[80] King Béla IV managed to occupy the Duchy of Styria for a short period (1254–1260), but later he had to abandon it in favour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia.[81] During his last years, he was struggling with his son, Stephen who was crowned during his lifetime and obliged his father to concede the eastern parts of the kingdom to him.[82] Two of his daughters, Margaret and Kinga were canonized (in 1943 and 1999 respectively) and a third daughter of his, Yolanda was beatified (in 1827).[83][84] His fourth daughter, Constance was also venerated in Lviv.[85]

When King Stephen V (1270–1272) ascended the throne, many of his father's followers left for Bohemia.[86] They returned during the reign of his son, King Ladislaus IV the Cuman (1272–1290) whose reign was characterized by internal conflicts among the members of different aristocratic groups.[87] King Ladislaus IV, whose mother was of Cuman origin, preferred the companion of the nomadic and semi-pagan Cumans; therefore, he was excommunicated several times, but he was murdered by Cuman assassins.[88] The disintegration of the kingdom started during his reign when several aristocrats endeavoured to acquire possessions on the account of the royal domains.[89]

When King Ladislaus IV died, most of his contemporaries thought that the dynasty of the Árpáds had come to an end, because the only patrilineal descendant of the family, Andrew, was the son of Duke Stephen, the posthumous son of King Andrew II who had been disowned by his brothers.[90] Nevertheless, Duke Andrew "the Venetian" was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary and most of the barons accepted his rule.[91] During his reign, King Andrew III (1290–1301) had to struggle with the powerful barons (e.g., with members of the Csák and Kőszegi families).[92] The male line of the Árpáds ended with his death (January 14, 1301); one of his contemporaries mentioned him as "the last golden twig".[93] His daughter, Elizabeth, the last member of the family, died on May 6, 1338; she is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church.[94]

Following the death of King Andrew III, several claimants started to struggle for the throne; finally, King Charles I (the grandson of King Stephen V's daughter) managed to strengthen his position around 1310.[95] Henceforward, all the kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were matrilineal or cognate descendants of the Árpáds. Although the agnatic Árpáds have died out, their cognatic descendants live everywhere in the aristocratic families of Europe.

Dynasty tree

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Álmos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
House of Árpád
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Árpád
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
House of Árpád
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Zoltán
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
House of Aba
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Taksony
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
House of Orseolo
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Michael
 
 
 
 
 
Géza
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vazul
 
Stephen I
1001–1038
 
Helen?
 
Sarolta?
 
Samuel
1041–1044
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Andrew I
1046–1060
 
 
 
Béla I
1060–1063
 
 
Peter
1038–1041
1044–1046
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Solomon
1063–1074
 
Géza I
1074–1077
 
Ladislaus I
1077–1095
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Coloman
1095–1116
 
Álmos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stephen II
1116–1131
 
Béla II
1131–1141
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Géza II
1141–1162
 
Ladislaus II
1162–1163
 
Stephen IV
1163–1164
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stephen III
1162–1172
 
Béla III
1172–1196
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Emeric
1196–1204
 
 
 
Andrew II
1205–1235
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ladislaus III
1204–1205
 
Béla IV
1235–1270
 
Stephen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stephen V
1270–1272
 
Andrew III
1290–1301
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ladislaus IV
1272–1290

Saints

The following members of the dynasty were canonized:

Coat of arms of Hungary

See also

Citations

  1. ↑ Transatlantic, Marconi (1913-04-20). "Croy-Leishman match a romance" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  2. ↑ Moravský historický sborník: ročenka Moravského národního kongresu, Moravský národní kongres, 2002, p. 523
  3. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 9.
  4. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 693.
  5. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 693.
  6. ↑ Kristó 1996 Hungarian p. 71.
  7. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 13.
  8. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 14.
  9. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 40.
  10. ↑ Tóth 1998 Levediától pp. 189–211.
  11. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 15.
  12. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 266.
  13. ↑ Bóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 29-65.
  14. ↑ Bóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 62-65.
  15. ↑ Kristó 1995 A magyar állam p. 304.
  16. ↑ Kristó 1995 A magyar állam pp. 308-309.
  17. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 22.
  18. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 23.
  19. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 25, 28.
  20. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 28.
  21. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 30.
  22. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 32.
  23. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 35.
  24. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 35-36.
  25. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 39.
  26. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 290.
  27. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40-41, 47.
  28. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai pp. 216, 245.
  29. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40-41.
  30. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 49-50.
  31. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 721.
  32. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 83-84.
  33. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 85.
  34. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 70-71.
  35. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 42.
  36. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 72.
  37. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai.
  38. ↑ Kristó 1979 A feudális p. 44.
  39. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai.
  40. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 85-100.
  41. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 87.
  42. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 79-81.
  43. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 88-92.
  44. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 90.
  45. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 126.
  46. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai.
  47. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 95.
  48. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 112-124.
  49. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 94.
  50. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 119.
  51. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 93.
  52. ↑ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 159-160.
  53. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 96.
  54. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 261.
  55. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 102.
  56. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 146.
  57. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai.
  58. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 158.
  59. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 105.
  60. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 166-169.
  61. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 106.
  62. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai.
  63. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 181.
  64. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 190-196.
  65. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 206-208.
  66. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 207-208.
  67. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 117-121.
  68. ↑ Bertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 67.
  69. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 121.
  70. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 122.
  71. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 124.
  72. ↑ Bertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 70.
  73. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 127.
  74. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 229-245.
  75. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 127-144.
  76. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 144.
  77. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 294.
  78. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 254-260.
  79. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 711.
  80. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai pp. 130, 479, 543, 598, 716–717.
  81. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 154, 157.
  82. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 294.
  83. ↑ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178-179.
  84. ↑ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Blessed Margaret of Hungary
  85. ↑ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178-192.
  86. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 272.
  87. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 277.
  88. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 278-282.
  89. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 663.
  90. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 282-283.
  91. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 283-284.
  92. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 285-288.
  93. ↑ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 288.
  94. ↑ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 179.
  95. ↑ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 188-192.

References

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