Apocalypse of Paul

The Apocalypse of Paul (Apocalypsis Pauli, more commonly known in the Latin tradition as the Visio Pauli or Visio sancti Pauli) is a third-century text of the New Testament apocrypha.[1] The original version of the Apocalypse is lost and must be reconstructed from later versions and translations, but must originally have been in Greek.[2] The text is not to be confused with the gnostic Coptic Apocalypse of Paul, which is unlikely to be related.

The text purports to present a detailed account of a vision of Heaven and Hell experienced by Paul the Apostle; "its chief importance lies in the way it helped to shape the beliefs of ordinary Christians concerning the afterlife".[3]

Origins and content

The text appears to be an elaborate expansion and rearrangement of the Apocalypse of Peter, and is essentially a description of a vision of Heaven, and then of Hell – although it also contains a prologue describing all creation appealing to God against the sin of man, which is not present in the Apocalypse of Peter. At the end of the text, Paul/Mary manages to persuade God to give everyone in Hell a day off every Sunday.

The text extends the Apocalypse of Peter by framing the reasons for the visits to heaven and hell as the witnessing of the death and judgement of one wicked man, and one who is righteous. The text is heavily moralistic, and adds, to the Apocalypse of Peter, features such as:

The plan of the text is:

Versions

Greek copies of the texts are rare; those existing containing many omissions. Of the Eastern versions – Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Georgian – the Syriac are considered to be the most reliable. There is an Ethiopic version of the Apocalypse which features the Virgin Mary in the place of Paul the Apostle, as the receiver of the vision, known as the Apocalypse of the Virgin.

The lost Greek original was translated into Latin as the Visio Pauli, and was widely copied, with extensive variation coming into the tradition as the text was adapted to suit different historical and cultural contexts; by the eleventh century, there were perhaps three main independent editions of the text. From these diverse Latin texts, many subsequent vernacular versions were translated, into most European languages, prominently including German and Czech.[4]

The Visio Pauli also influenced a range of other texts again. It is particularly noted for its influence in the Dante's Inferno (ii. 28[5]), when Dante mentions the visit of the "Chosen Vessel"[6] to Hell.[7] The Visio is also considered to have influenced the description of Grendel's home in the Old English poem Beowulf (whether directly or indirectly, possibly via the Old English Blickling Homily XVI).[8]

Further reading

External links

References

  1. ↑ Ehrman, Bart (2003), Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew, Oxford Press, pp. xiv, ISBN 9780195141832
  2. ↑ Harry O. Maier, review of: Lenka Jiroušková, Die Visio Pauli: Wege und Wandlungen einer orientalischen Apokryphe im lateinischen Mittelalter, unter Einschluf/ der alttschechischen und deutschsprachi gen Textzeugen, Mittellateinische Studien und Texte, 34 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), Speculum, 82 (2004), 1000-2, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20466112.
  3. ↑ Harry O. Maier, review of: Lenka Jiroušková, Die Visio Pauli: Wege und Wandlungen einer orientalischen Apokryphe im lateinischen Mittelalter, unter Einschluf/ der alttschechischen und deutschsprachi gen Textzeugen, Mittellateinische Studien und Texte, 34 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), Speculum, 82 (2004), 1000-2 (p. 1000), http://www.jstor.org/stable/20466112.
  4. ↑ Harry O. Maier, review of: Lenka Jiroušková, Die Visio Pauli: Wege und Wandlungen einer orientalischen Apokryphe im lateinischen Mittelalter, unter Einschluf/ der alttschechischen und deutschsprachi gen Textzeugen, Mittellateinische Studien und Texte, 34 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), Speculum, 82 (2004), 1000-2, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20466112.
  5. ↑ Several versions and commentaries on Inferno, Canto II, 28 of the Divine Comedy. Pietro Alighieri thinks it is an allusion to 2 Corinthians 12.
  6. ↑ Acts 9:15: But the Lord said unto him, Go thy way: for he is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel:
  7. ↑ Harry O. Maier, review of: Lenka Jiroušková, Die Visio Pauli: Wege und Wandlungen einer orientalischen Apokryphe im lateinischen Mittelalter, unter Einschluf/ der alttschechischen und deutschsprachi gen Textzeugen, Mittellateinische Studien und Texte, 34 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), Speculum, 82 (2004), 1000-2 (p. 1000), http://www.jstor.org/stable/20466112.
  8. ↑ Andy Orchard, Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf-Manuscript, rev. edn (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), pp. 38-41.
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