Tübatulabal people

Tübatulabal

Upper fork of Kern River
Total population
(900[1])
Regions with significant populations
 United States ( California)
Languages
English, Tübatulabal
Religion
traditional tribal religion,[2] Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Kawaiisu people

The Tübatulabal people are an indigenous people of Kern River Valley in the Sierra Nevada range of Southern California. They may have been the first people to make this area their permanent home.[3] Today many of them are enrolled in the Tule River Indian Tribe.[4] They are descendants of the people of the Uto-Aztecan language group, separating from Shoshone people about 3000 years ago.[3]

Territory

The Tübatulabal's traditional homelands extended over 1300 square miles including the Kern and South Fork Kern Rivers drainages (located in the Kern Valley area of California) extending from very high mountainous terrain in the north to about 41 miles below the junction of the two rivers in the south. The high mountains in the north (2,500 to 14,500 feet) are interspersed with lakes and meadows. The southern area (2,500 to 3,000 feet) has three connected valleys: Kern Valley, South Fork Kern Valley, and Hot Springs Valley, where summers are hot and winters cold and rainy. The valleys are grasslands and chaparral with cacti, scrub oaks, willows, elderberry, and cottonwoods as primary vegetation with some joshua trees, junipers, piñons, oaks, and sugar pines.[5]

Name

The valley of the Kern River has been the home of three distinct bands which are collectively named Tübatulabal. The name Tübatulabal loosely translates as "Pine-nut Eaters."[2] The name was given to the tribe by the neighboring Yokuts. At one point in history the Yokuts also called the Tübatulabals, "Pitanisha" (place where the rivers fork). The name for the north fork of the river has the Indian name of, Palegewanap or "place of the big river." The south fork of the river conversely was given the name of Kutchibichwanap Palap, or "place of the little river."[6]

Bands

The three bands that comprise the Tübatulabal tribe are the Palagewan (Kern Canyon to Bakersfield), Pahkanapil (Mount Whitney to Lake Isabella to Ridgecrest), and Bankalachi, or Toloim (Greenhorn Mountains and Poso Flats).[4] They are culturally and linguistically closely related. The Pakanapul is the only band which has, to some degree, survived European transgression and occupancy.

Culture

Tübatulabal traditional culture was similar to that of the Yokuts, who occupied most of the southern half of the California's Central Valley. Acorns, piñon nuts, and game animals were key elements in Tubatulabal subsistence.[4] Located in the Kern Valley, the tribe had contact with the Yokuts to the north and west, as well as to Numic groups to the east. On their southern border, the Tübatulabal had ties with Kitanemuk, Serrano, and Tataviam People who spoke the Takic branch of Uto-Aztecan. The Tübatulabal were significant participants and go-betweens in the trade networks connecting the Great Basin, the southern deserts, the Central Valley, and the coastal groups.

Compared to other tribes in the Sierra Nevada, Tübatulabal had higher status and privilege. Though the tribe followed traditional patriarchy, women had an equal voice in decisions. Marriage had to be mutually consensual, and women could practice birth control.[3]

According to the tribe's oral history, the deep crags, crevices, and crooks of the canyon moving upward (east from the mouth of the Kern Canyon) to the upper reaches of the Kern River were “created by hawk and duck as they bounced back and forth, to and from along the canyon walls as they raced up the river."[7]

The Tübatulabal are well known for their red pottery and coiled baskets.[8] Today, many of their baskets are housed at the National Smithsonian Anthropological Archives, University of California Berkeley, California State Parks Archives, and many other museums and universities. Louisa Francisco, a Bankalachi was well known for her wonderful baskets. Some Tübatulabal families in Kern Valley are related to Francisco. Many of their ancestors married into the Tule River Tribe, Tachi Yokuts, and Tejon Indian Tribe. Tribal families shared in their basket making designs, materials, and weaving techniques. Louisa had a brother named Peter, both came from Poso Flat—a Bankalachi (Toloim) Village. Louisa was born 1865 at Poso Flat (Kern County) and died at age 95 in 1954. She was living on the Tule River Indian Reservation just prior to her death.

Estefana Miranda, a Pakanapul, lived in Weldon, California (born in 1895 and died in 1957) on the Miranda Allotment.[9] Estefana was the daughter of Steban Miranda, the last Tübatulabal chief. Estefana knew how to harvest native tobacco, acorns, salt grass, and other native foods of the South Fork of Kern Valley and Kelso Valley areas. She knew how to make “flat round” basket used for both sifting and ceremonies. Her baskets were also used to process piñon nuts picked from Walker Pass, Kennedy Meadows, and Greenhorn Mountain areas. “Estefana was also an excellent horseman—she could make her horses jump side to side and jump over large dirt ditches."[10]

Language

Their ancestral language, Tübatulabal belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family.[4] In the current state of the linguistics of the Uto-Aztecan family, it is classified as a branch unto itself.

Tübatulabal is a Uto-Aztecan language that, although definitely part of the Uto-Aztecan stock, is not closely related to other languages in that group. Unlike the related languages, the Tübatulabal most often ended in consonant sounds. They used individual names and suffixes to denote place in the family and relation to the dead.[3]

Tübatulabal have two dialects "paka'anil" and "bankalachi". Today, in Mountain Mesa, California, the Tübatulabal tribe has a Pakanapul Language Program that teaches the "paka'anil" dialect. The last fluent "paka'anil" dialect speaker was James Andreas, who died in 2009. He lived on the Miranda Allotment, located in Weldon, California. James Andreas spent his last 10 years teaching the Pakanapul Language Team the "paka'anil" dialect. The "bankalachi" dialect is similar to the "paka'anil", however, there is little known about the "bankalachi" dialect.[11]

Population

Further information: Population of Native California

Estimates for the precontact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. By two estimates, the Tübatulabal were a small to very small nation. Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Tübatulabal as 1,000.[12] Erminie W. Voegelin considered Kroeber's estimate too high (Voegelin 1938:39). For the time of initial European-American settlement, around 1850, she estimated 200-300.

Kroeber in 1910 reported the population of the Tübatulabal as 150. Yamamoto in 2000 estimated the population at 900.

Today about 400 Tübatulabal people reside in the Kern River Valley of California. 500 more live in surrounding areas.

Contemporary tribe

Today, a Tübatulabal tribe is seeking federal recognition. They have an office located in Mountain Mesa, California, and include descendants of several tribal families who were awarded allotment lands under the US Dawes Allotment Act 1887. Tribal membership is at 287 members, however, a new open enrollment process has been established as of October 2012. The tribe estimates about 400-600 total members.

Notes

  1. ↑ California Indians and Their Reservations: Populations San Diego State University Library and Information Access. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  2. 1 2 Pritzker 149
  3. 1 2 3 4 Jackson, Louise (2010). The Sierra Nevada Before History. Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 70–87. ISBN 978-0878425679.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Tubatulabal Indians." SDSU: California Indian Tribes and Their Reservations. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  5. ↑ Theodoratus & McBride, 2009
  6. ↑ Gomez, 2009
  7. ↑ Waterman, n.d.
  8. ↑ Pritzker 150
  9. ↑ IND 14
  10. ↑ Otay, 2009
  11. ↑ Miranda-Begay, 2011
  12. ↑ Kroeber 1925:883

References

See also

Further reading

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