Suzhou numerals

Suzhou numerals
Traditional Chinese	蘇州碼子
Simplified Chinese	苏州码子
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin sūzhōu mǎzi Yue: Cantonese Jyutping sou1 zau1 maa5 zi2
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	花碼
Simplified Chinese	花码
Literal meaning	flowery or fancy numbers
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin huāmǎ Yue: Cantonese Jyutping faa1 maa5

Numeral systems
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai
East Asian
Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods
Alphabetic
Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman
Former
Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric
Positional systems by base
2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60
Non-standard positional numeral systems
Bijective numeration (1) Signed-digit representation (Balanced ternary) factorial negative Complex-base system (2i) Non-integer representation (φ) mixed
List of numeral systems

The Suzhou numerals or huama is a numeral system used in China before the introduction of Arabic numerals.

History

The Suzhou numerals for 5 and 9 come from their respective horizontal forms of the rod numerals.

The Suzhou numeral system is the only surviving variation of the rod numeral system. The rod numeral system is a positional numeral system used by the Chinese in mathematics. Suzhou numerals are a variation of the Southern Song rod numerals.

Suzhou numerals were used as shorthand in number-intensive areas of commerce such as accounting and bookkeeping. At the same time, standard Chinese numerals were used in formal writing, akin to spelling out the numbers in English. Suzhou numerals were once popular in Chinese marketplaces, such as those in Hong Kong along with local transportation before the 1990s, but they have gradually been supplanted by Arabic numerals. This is similar to what had happened in Europe with Roman numerals used in ancient and medieval Europe for mathematics and commerce. Nowadays, the Suzhou numeral system is only used for displaying prices in Chinese markets or on traditional handwritten invoices.

Symbols

In the Suzhou numeral system, special symbols are used for digits instead of the Chinese characters. The digits of the Suzhou numerals are defined between U+3021 and U+3029 in Unicode. An additional three code points starting from U+3038 were added later.

The numbers one, two, and three are all represented by vertical bars. This can cause confusion when they appear next to each other. Standard Chinese ideographs are often used in this situation to avoid ambiguity. For example, "21" is written as "〢一" instead of "〢〡" which can be confused with "3" (〣). The first character of such sequences is usually represented by the Suzhou numeral, while the second character is represented by the Chinese ideograph.

Notations

The digits are positional. The full numerical notations are written in two lines to indicate numerical value, order of magnitude, and unit of measurement. Following the rod numeral system, the digits of the Suzhou numerals are always written horizontally from left to right, even when used within vertically written documents.^[1]

Suzhou numerals on banquet invoices issued by restaurants in the 1910 - 1920s. Although the invoices use traditional right-to-left vertical writing, the Suzhou numerals recording the amounts are written horizontally from left to right.

The first line contains the numerical values, in this example, "〤〇〢二" stands for "4022". The second line consists of Chinese characters that represents the order of magnitude and unit of measurement of the first digit in the numerical representation. In this case "十元" which stands for "ten yuan". When put together, it is then read as "40.22 yuan".

Suzhou numerals on a market in Wan Chai

Possible characters denoting order of magnitude include:

• qiān (千) for thousand
• bǎi (百) for hundred
• shí (十) for ten
• blank for one

Other possible characters denoting unit of measurement include:

• yuán (元) for dollar
• máo (毫) or (毛) for 10 cents
• lǐ (里) for the Chinese mile
• any other Chinese measurement unit

Notice that the decimal point is implicit when the first digit is set at the ten position. Zero is represented by the character for zero (〇). Leading and trailing zeros are unnecessary in this system.

This is very similar to the modern scientific notation for floating point numbers where the significant digits are represented in the mantissa and the order of magnitude is specified in the exponent. Also, the unit of measurement, with the first digit indicator, is usually aligned to the middle of the "numbers" row.

Hangzhou misnomer

In the Unicode standard version 3.0, these characters are incorrectly named Hangzhou style numerals. In the Unicode standard 4.0, an erratum was added which stated:^[2]

The Suzhou numerals (Chinese su1zhou1ma3zi) are special numeric forms used by traders to display the prices of goods. The use of "HANGZHOU" in the names is a misnomer.

All references to "Hangzhou" in the Unicode standard have been corrected to "Suzhou" except for the character names themselves, which cannot be changed once assigned, according to the Unicode Stability Policy.^[3] (This policy allows software to use the names as unique identifiers.)

In the episode "The Blind Banker" of the 2010 BBC television series Sherlock, Sherlock Holmes erroneously refers to the number system as "Hangzhou" instead of the correct "Suzhou."

References