List of Red Dwarf episodes

Red Dwarf is a British comedy franchise which primarily comprises eleven series (the ninth being a mini-series) of a television science fiction sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1993 and from 1997 to 1999, and on Dave in 2009 and 2012 and from 2016 to the present, gaining a cult following. The series was created by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor.^[1]

The first six series were written by co-creators Rob Grant and Doug Naylor, while Series VII and VIII were written by Naylor with collaborations from other writers, and Series IX-XII were written by Naylor alone. Series I and II were produced by Paul Jackson Productions (with Grant Naylor Productions taking over from Series III) for BBC North, and broadcast on BBC2. Red Dwarf first aired on 15 February 1988^[2] and ended its original run on BBC2, by then rebranded BBC Two, on 5 April 1999 after eight series,^[3] with some PBS stations in the United States airing the entire eighth series earlier on 7 March.^[4] From 2009, Grant Naylor Productions produced new episodes for UKTV, which were broadcast on the TV channel Dave.

The series follows the fortunes of Dave Lister who is stranded three million years in the future, together with the hologrammatic representation of his former bunkmate and immediate superior Arnold Rimmer; a creature known only as Cat; and the ship's computer Holly.^[5] During Series II, the crew encounter a mechanoid called Kryten, who joins them from Series III onwards.^[6] In Series VI the Red Dwarf ship has been stolen from the crew, forcing them to travel in the smaller Starbug craft for two series.^[7] In Series VII Kristine Kochanski, Lister's former love interest, joins the crew, following the departure of Rimmer.^[8] In series VIII the entire crew of the Red Dwarf ship – including a pre-accident Rimmer – are resurrected, but the Starbug crew, along with Rimmer, find themselves sentenced to two years in the ship's brig for "abusing classified information".^[9] Series IX (Red Dwarf: Back to Earth) involves Lister, Rimmer (back as a hologram), Cat, and Kryten hallucinating that they've arrived on Earth in another dimension in the early 21st century, and Series X and XI sees the same four crew members continue their adventures back on Red Dwarf.

As of 27 October 2016, 67 episodes of Red Dwarf have aired, concluding the eleventh series. A twelfth series of Red Dwarf was confirmed along with the announcement of an eleventh series on 2 May 2015,^[10] and is expected to air at some point in 2017 on Dave.^[11]

Series overview

Episodes

Red Dwarf I (1988)

The pilot script was written in 1983; the writing duo team of Grant and Naylor handed the finished script to their agent Paul Jackson who had trouble convincing the BBC to take on the series.^[12][13] Three years after the initial rejections, the script was accepted by BBC North West.^[14] The series almost did not happen due to an electricians' strike at the BBC in 1987 which prevented filming and the project was shelved.^[15] Filming eventually went ahead after the industrial action was resolved.^[16] A remastered version of this series was produced and broadcast in some countries.

Red Dwarf II (1988)

Realising that they were limited with stories based on the huge, but empty, mining ship of Red Dwarf, writers Grant and Naylor decided to go in a different direction for Series II. A small shuttle ship, Blue Midget, was designed to ferry the crew to and from different locations.^[17] The mechanoid, Kryten, appeared in the first episode as a one off. The writers had resisted using robot characters as they had considered the practice a sci-fi cliché.^[17] A remastered version of this series was produced and broadcast in some countries.

Red Dwarf III (1989)

With Grant and Naylor directly involved with the series' production, under Grant Naylor Productions, they radically changed the look of the show.^[18] The opening credits sequence was changed. A new upbeat version of the theme tune played over clips from the series.^[19] A new official Red Dwarf logo also appeared at the end of the credit sequence.^[18] Starbug was introduced as the new spaceship in place of Blue Midget.^[20] The look of the show had been overhauled with the incoming Mel Bibby who had re-designed the old grey sets.^[21] Costumes were overhauled as well as Costume designer Howard Burden brought in a new stylish look to the crew.^[22] A remastered version of this series was produced and broadcast in some countries.

There were a number of loose ends from the first two series, and changes in the third series, that were explained off by a text intro to the first show of Series III. This was done in the form of scrolling text across outer space, in a parody of the introductions to the Star Wars movies. The loose ends included the return of Kryten, Lister being pregnant, delivering twins Jim and Bexley, who grow up in a matter of days, then wind up in the parallel universe with the female version of Lister.

The regular cast changed for Series III: Robert Llewellyn came in as Kryten, and Hattie Hayridge replaced the departing Lovett.^[23] Craig Charles, Chris Barrie and Danny John-Jules remained as Lister, Rimmer and Cat respectively.^[24]

The character of Kryten was originally intended as a one-off appearance in the series-two episode "Kryten", but had returned mainly to broaden the story potential. The show was becoming difficult to write for. At the insistence of Naylor, Kryten returned to complete the team.^[25] They had approached David Ross with the intention of bringing him back to play the regular role of Kryten. Ross, however, was in a stage play Flea In Her Ear and was not available, so they went to see Robert Llewellyn. Llewellyn was also in a stage show called Mammon: Robot Born of Woman, playing a robot. They saw his performance and were impressed.^[25]

Red Dwarf IV (1991)

Due to the old studio in Manchester undergoing refurbishment, the recording of Series IV moved to Shepperton Studios.^[26] Series IV was not broadcast as originally intended. The BBC had decided to start off with the romantic story of "Camille" for Valentine's Day.^[27] The Gulf War outbreak also affected the series running order as both the anti-war "Meltdown" and heroic Ace Rimmer's "Dimension Jump" episodes were postponed.^[28]

Red Dwarf V (1992)

The series returned without regular director Ed Bye, who had agreed to direct his wife Ruby Wax's television show The Full Wax.^[29] New director Juliet May found it hard to work with the science fiction elements of the series^[30] and left before the series had completed. The remaining episodes were directed by Grant and Naylor.^[31]

Red Dwarf VI (1993)

The writing of Series VI was rushed due to the fact that the BBC wanted the episodes completed as soon as possible. Grant and Naylor had originally hoped to both write and direct Series VI, but the rapid production schedule meant this was unfeasible, and Andy de Emmony was brought in to direct the series. The writers decided to make changes for the new series – Red Dwarf itself was written out, thus removing Hattie Hayridge's Holly – and the series was set entirely aboard Starbug. During the series Rimmer would also obtain "hardlight", which would effectively give him a physical presence. For the first time in the series history a story arc was introduced and followed throughout the episodes leading up to the series cliffhanger.^[32]

Red Dwarf VII (1997)

After Series VI, co-creator and writer Rob Grant had decided to leave the series to pursue other non-Red Dwarf projects.^[33] Naylor continued with the series to build towards the often discussed movie. To help with the expanding episode number, Naylor brought in the help of other writers like Paul Alexander. Chris Barrie, disappointed with the hectic workload of series VI, had decided to only take part in four of the episodes. Kochanski (now played by Chloë Annett) was brought back as a regular character.^[34]

Changes to the show itself were evident with the mix of science fiction and sit-com episodes throughout. This was an attempt by Naylor to move away from the "monster of the week" format that he felt Series VI suffered from.^[34] Ed Bye also returned to direct the series after leaving due to scheduling clashes during Series V. The studio audience was now removed from the series and, much like feature-length films, the episodes were mostly shot using one camera.^[35] Episodes were still videotaped, but were digitally processed to look like film, and although there was no live audience, a laughter track was later recorded at a screening of the episodes before an audience.^[36]

Red Dwarf VIII (1999)

Having changed the look and format for Series VII, Naylor returned to the show's roots for Series VIII. Writing the series himself, Naylor resurrected the original Red Dwarf crew, along with Holly, played again by Norman Lovett, and Chris Barrie as Rimmer.^[37] With the old cast and Red Dwarf back, the series moved back to being videotaped in front of a studio audience.^[38] The series ended on a cliffhanger that has still to be resolved.^[37] With 52 episodes the show was now in a good position for international syndication and the prospect of a feature-length film increased.^[4]

KTEH, a PBS station in San Jose, California, broadcast the entire series on 7 March 1999. As a result, they broadcast the last five episodes of Series VIII before they were aired in the UK. "Cassandra" was also broadcast on other PBS stations on 7 March 1999 as well.^[39]

Red Dwarf: Back to Earth (2009)

In 2009, UKTV channel Dave screened three new 25-minute specials to celebrate the 21st anniversary of the show. The new episodes form part of an effort by Dave to screen more original programming, instead of just repeats. The specials were made up of a three-part story, "Back to Earth", as well as a "Making-of" special. Originally, there were to be two episodes, a "Making-of" and a live show titled Red Dwarf: Unplugged. However, according to Robert Llewellyn on 'Twitter', the Live Show had been cancelled due to time and money and there would be three episodes instead.^[40] As with series 7, these episodes were not filmed in front of a live studio audience; however, unlike the seventh series, it was not shown to an audience at a later date to record the audience laughter.

Red Dwarf X (2012)

Red Dwarf returned for its first full series since 1999 in October 2012 for six new episodes written by Doug Naylor filmed before a live audience.^[41] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 19 November 2012.^[42][43] All four original cast members from Back to Earth reprised their roles.

Red Dwarf XI (2016)

It was confirmed on 2 May 2015 that an eleventh and twelfth series of Red Dwarf (consisting of six episodes each) would be filmed in late 2015 and early 2016 for Dave. After the announcement, Craig Charles resigned his role on Coronation Street to focus on filming for both new series. Red Dwarf XI began broadcast in September 2016.^[44]

Unproduced scripts

"Bodysnatcher"

Originally to be the second episode of Series I, and would have involved Rimmer going insane trying to deal with his intangibility and attempting to build himself a new body by stealing parts of Lister's, and Lister trying to live with a hologram of himself. The former idea was, in a way, used in the episode "Bodyswap" in Series III, and the latter became the basis for "Me²" (with the plotline transferred from Lister to Rimmer), which filled the sixth spot in the first series after "Bodysnatcher" was dropped.^[45]

"Dad"

This would have been the opening episode to Series III. It was to be a direct continuation of the earlier episode "Parallel Universe" (the last episode of Series II), and would deal primarily with Lister's pregnancy. The idea was ultimately rejected by Grant and Naylor who felt that the script was unfunny and possibly sexist. The events were referenced in the pre-title sequence of the episode "Backwards".^[46]

"Identity Within"

This episode was going to be in Series VII but was replaced by "Duct Soup" for budgetary reasons. A reconstructed version of the episode, (read by Chris Barrie), appears on the Series VII DVD release.^[45][47] The Cat is fatally ill, with only one cure: he has to have sex. They travel to a GELF village, where a female cat called Aura is being held prisoner for auction. Lister, Rimmer and Kryten have to save Aura and get her to fall in love with the Cat before he dies from being a virgin. This was somewhat used as a plot in the 6th episode of Red Dwarf XI where Cat falls in love with a Polymorph rescued from a prison ship where it was sentenced to execution by being flown into a sun and gives birth to several Polymorph children by cesarean section.

Feature film

Once Series VIII ended in 1999, Doug Naylor attempted to make a feature-length version of the show. A script was written, by Naylor, and flyers began circulating around certain websites.^[48] The flyer outlined the movie's plot, set in the distant future where Homo Sapienoids – a fearsome flesh-machine hybrid race – had taken over the solar system and were wiping out the human race. Spaceships that tried to escape Earth were hunted down until only one remained... Red Dwarf.^[49] Pre-production began in 2004 and filming was planned for 2005.^[49] However, sufficient funding has not been forthcoming and production was put on hold.^[50]

American pilots

See Red Dwarf#U.S. version

Two versions of a pilot episode for a proposed NBC version of Red Dwarf were produced in 1992—a complete episode and a partial episode compiled with different cast members. Neither has been televised, though excerpts from the first pilot have been released on the Red Dwarf V DVD set.

References

Bibliography

• "Red Dwarf – Episode Guide". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 2009-04-15. 
• "Red Dwarf episode guide". www.reddwarf.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 
• Howarth, Chris; Lyons, Steve (1993). Red Dwarf Programme Guide. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-86369-682-1. 

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Red Dwarf

• List of Red Dwarf episodes at TV.com
• List of Red Dwarf episodes at British Comedy Guide
• List of Red Dwarf episodes at the Internet Movie Database
• List of Red Dwarf: Back to Earth episodes at the Internet Movie Database

Red Dwarf
Characters	Dave Lister Arnold Rimmer Holly The Cat Kryten Kristine Kochanski
Media	Red Dwarf Remastered Prelude to Nanarchy Dave Hollins: Space Cadet
Books	Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers Better Than Life Last Human Backwards
Concepts	Felis sapiens GELF Silicon Heaven Space Corps Directives
Other	List of episodes Grant Naylor Dimension Jump Red Dwarf spacecraft Smeg (vulgarism)
Category:Red Dwarf