Newport Rising

Newport Rising
The attack of the Chartists on the Westgate Hotel
Date 4 November 1839 Location Newport, Wales Result Rising defeated March leaders arrested
Belligerents
Chartists	Newport Council Newport Borough Police British Army
Commanders and leaders
John Frost Zephaniah Williams William Jones	Thomas Phillips  (WIA)
Units involved
	45th Regiment of Foot
Strength
1,000–5,000	60 soldiers 500 special constables
Casualties and losses
22 dead 50+ wounded	4 wounded

The Newport Rising was the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in Great Britain, and one of the largest civil massacres committed by the British government in the 19th century, when, on 4 November 1839, almost 10,000^[1] Chartist sympathisers, led by John Frost, marched on the town of Newport, Monmouthshire. The men, including many coal-miners, most with home-made arms, were intent on liberating fellow Chartists who were reported to have been taken prisoner in the town's Westgate Hotel. About 22 demonstrators were killed when troops opened fire on them. The leaders of the rebellion were convicted of high treason and were sentenced to a traitor's death. The sentence was later commuted to transportation for life.

Causes

The origins of Chartism in Wales can be traced to the foundation in the autumn of 1836 of Carmarthen Working Men's Association.^[2]

Among the factors that precipitated the rising were the House of Commons' rejection of the first Chartist petition, the People's Charter of 1838, on 12 July 1839, and the conviction of the Chartist Henry Vincent for unlawful assembly and conspiracy on 2 August.^[3]

Some kind of rising had been in preparation for a few months and the march had been gathering momentum over the course of the whole weekend, as John Frost and his associates led the protesters down from the industrialised valley towns to the north of Newport. Some of the miners who joined the march had armed themselves with home-made pikes, bludgeons and firearms.

The march was headed by Frost leading a column into Newport from the west, Zephaniah Williams leading a column from Blackwood to the northwest and William Jones leading a column from Pontypool to the north.

The exact rationale for the confrontation remains opaque, although it may have its origins in Frost's ambivalence towards the more violent attitudes of some Chartists, and the personal animus he bore towards some of the Newport establishment. The Chartist movement in southeast Wales was chaotic in this period and the feelings of the workers were running extremely high.

Events leading up to the Rising

Heavy rainfall delayed the marchers and there were delays in the planned meeting of each contingent at the Welsh Oak in Rogerstone. Jones and his men from Pontypool in fact never arrived, delaying the final march into Newport into the daylight hours and thus contributing to its defeat. As the march progressed down the valleys on the Sunday morning, even one entire chapel congregation was pressed into swelling the ranks of the marchers.

After spending Sunday night mostly out of doors in the rain, the commitment of many of the marchers was lukewarm. Many had been ambivalent to the Chartist cause in the first place, more concerned with the immediate problems of their own employment conditions. Thus many marchers did not participate in the final assault on Newport and simply waited in the outskirts of the town.

Westgate Hotel, Newport

Rumours of a possible Chartist rising and previous violence elsewhere, following the earlier arrest of Chartist leader Henry Vincent and his imprisonment at the gaol in Monmouth, meant that the authorities had suspected there might be a riot. The sheer scale of the rising, however was not fully appreciated until November 3, the day before the riot. The authorities then quickly started to prepare. The Mayor of Newport Thomas Phillips had sworn in 500 Special Constables and asked for more troops to be sent. There were about 60 soldiers stationed in Newport already, and he gathered 32 soldiers of the 45th (Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot in the Westgate Hotel where the Chartist prisoners were held.

Climax of the Rising

The Chartists were convinced that some of their fellows had been imprisoned at the Westgate Hotel. Filing quickly down the steep Stow Hill, the Chartists arrived at the small square in front of the hotel at about 9.30 a.m. The flash point came when the crowd demanded the release of the imprisoned Chartists. A brief, violent and bloody battle ensued. Shots were fired by both sides, contemporary accounts indicating that the Chartists attacked first. But the soldiers defending the hotel despite being greatly outnumbered by the large and very angry crowd, had vastly superior firepower, training and discipline, all of which soon broke the crowd. The Chartists did manage to enter the building temporarily, but were forced to retreat in disarray. After a fiercely fought battle, lasting approximately half an hour, between 10 and 24 of their number (a fair estimate is 22) had been killed by the troops and upwards of 50 had been wounded.

Amongst the defenders of the hotel, Mayor Thomas Phillips was badly wounded and one soldier was seriously hurt, along with two of the special constables.^[4] As the chartists fled they abandoned many of their weapons, a selection of which can still be seen in Newport Museum.

An eye-witness report spoke of one man, wounded with gunshot, lying on the ground, pleading for help until he died an hour later.

Some of the Chartist dead were buried in St Woolos parish church (now Newport Cathedral) in the town where there is still a plaque to their memory. Some of the bullet holes from the skirmish remained in the masonry of the hotel entrance porch until well into modern times.

Aftermath

Dramatisation of the trial of the Chartists at Shire Hall, including background information.

In the aftermath 200 or more Chartists were arrested for being involved and twenty-one were charged with high treason. All three main leaders of the march, John Frost, Zephaniah Williams, and William Jones, were found guilty on the charge of high treason and were sentenced at the Shire Hall in Monmouth to be hanged, drawn and quartered. They were to be the last people to be sentenced to this punishment in England and Wales.

After a nationwide petitioning campaign and, extraordinarily, direct lobbying of the Home Secretary by the Lord Chief Justice the government eventually commuted the sentences of each to transportation for life.^[5] Other Chartists involved in some way included James Stephens, John Lovell, John Rees and William Price, and according to some accounts Allan Pinkerton.

Testimonies exist from contemporaries, such as the Yorkshire Chartist Ben Wilson, that a successful rising at Newport was to have been the signal for a national uprising. Older histories suggested that Chartism slipped into a period of internal division after Newport. In fact the movement was remarkably buoyant (and remained so until late 1842). Initially, while the majority of Chartists, under the leadership of Feargus O'Connor, concentrated on petitioning for Frost, Williams and Jones to be pardoned, significant minorities in Sheffield, East End of London and Bradford planned their own risings in response. Samuel Holberry led an aborted rising in Sheffield on 12 January; police action thwarted a major disturbance in the East End of London on 14 January, and on 26 January a few hundred Bradford Chartists staged a rising in the hope of precipitating a domino effect across the country.^[6] After this Chartism turned to a process of internal renewal and more systematic organisation, but the transported and imprisoned Newport Chartists were regarded as heroes and martyrs amongst workers.

Meanwhile the Establishment and middle classes became convinced that the rising meant all Chartists were dangerously violent. Newport Mayor Thomas Phillips was proclaimed a national hero for his part in crushing the rising and was knighted by Queen Victoria barely six weeks later.

Frost himself was eventually given an unconditional pardon in 1856 and allowed to return to Britain, receiving a triumphant welcome in Newport.^[7] But he never lived in Newport again, settling instead in Stapleton near Bristol, where he continued to publish articles advocating reform until his death, aged 93, in 1877.

Commemoration

^[8] Interest in the Newport Rising was kept alive through occasional articles in the Monmouthshire Merlin and South Wales Argus.^[9] In 1939, to commemorate the centenary of the Rising, Newport Borough Council erected a plaque on the Post Office building near the birthplace of John Frost. In the 1960s, redevelopment of Newport led to the creation of a central square which was named John Frost Square. The Chartist mural (see below) was situated in an underpass leading to the square. Newport Museum has a display relating to the uprising which includes homemade weapons. In 1991 three statues, 'Union, Prudence, Energy' by Christopher Kelly, commemorating the uprising were installed on Commercial Street at the front of the Westgate Hotel. In 2015 it was announced that Duffryn High School was to be renamed John Frost School. An annual 'Chartist Convention' is held in the city.

Commemorative sites in other communities includes a 26 ft tall statue of a Chartist marcher designed by Sebastian Boyson, erected by Caerphilly County Borough Council near the Chartist Bridge at Blackwood. The Shire Hall in Monmouth, scene of the Chartist trial in 1840, has a preserved courtroom and displays relating to the trial. A plaque commemorating the departure of Frost, Williams and Jones from Chepstow by ship to Portsmouth on the first stage of their transportation voyage is situated on the Chepstow river front.

John Frost Square mural

In the 1960s, as part of a redevelopment scheme, a new square was named John Frost Square to commemorate the leader of the Rising,^[10] and in 1978 a 35 metres (115 ft) long mosaic mural, by Kenneth Budd, was created in a pedestrian underpass in the square. In 2007, an introductory panel was removed, and it was proposed that, as part of a further redevelopment scheme, the mural would be removed.^[10] Proposals to demolish the mural were restated in 2012.^[11] Despite a campaign to protect the mural, the council's contractors demolished it on 3 October 2013.^[12][13][14] A trust is to be set up to commission a new memorial with £50,000 of funding provided by Newport City Council.^[15]

In popular culture

In literature, the events of the Rising are portrayed in Alexander Cordell's 1959 novel Rape of the Fair Country. the novel Children of Rebecca by Vivien Annis Bailey, a novel published by Honno Press in 1995, also features the Newport Rising.

The 2016 ITV biographical TV series Victoria offers a fictionalized account of the Newport Rising in which Queen Victoria is depicted as ordering the drawing and quartering of the ringleaders to be commuted to deportation to Australia, after learning that one of the men is the brother of a member of her household staff. The commutation is intended as a signal to the people that her reign is to be a merciful one.^[16]

Further reading

• Davies, James (1981), The Chartist Movement in Monmouthshire, The Starling Press, ISBN 0 903434 45 8
• Finn, Margot C. (1993). After Chartism. Class and nation in English radical politics, 1848–1874, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 40496 7
• Hammond, J.L. and Hammond, Barbara (1930). The Age of the Chartists 1832–1854. A Study of Discontent. Longmans, Green and Co.
• Harrison, David J. Monmouth and the Chartists
• Harrison, J.F.C. and Thompson, Dorothy (1978). Bibliography of the Chartist Movement, 1837–1976, The Harvester Press, ISBN 0 85527 334 8
• Johns, W.N. (1889). The Chartist Riots at Newport, W.N. Johns.
• Jones, David (1975). Chartism and the Chartists, Allen Lane, ISBN 0 7139 0921 8
• *Jones, David V.J. (1999). The Last Rising:The Newport Chartist Insurrection of 1839, University of Wales Press, ISBN 978-0-7083-1451-7 ()
• Thompson, Dorothy (1984). The Chartists, Temple Smith, ISBN 0 85117 229 6
• Warner, John and Gunn, W.A. (1939). John Frost and the Chartist Movement in Monmouthshire. Catalogue of Chartist Literature, Prints and Relics etc., Newport Public Libraries, Museum and Art Gallery. Newport Chartist Centenary Committee.
• Wilks, Ivor (1989). South Wales and the Rising of 1839, Gomer Press, ISBN 0 86383 605 4
• Williams, Chris, 'Popular Movements 1780–1850' in Chris Williams and Sian Rhiannon Williams, eds. Gwent County History Vol 4 Industrial Monmouthshire 1780–1914, University of Wales Press, 2011
• Williams, David (1939). John Frost, a Study in Chartism, University of Wales Press Board.
• Gwent Local History: Chartist Anniversary Edition (2014) number 116

Footnotes and citations

References

• www.thepeoplescharter.co.uk
• National Archives

External links

• The Chartists of South East Wales