TPG Capital

"TPG" redirects here. For other uses, see TPG (disambiguation).
TPG Capital
Private
Industry Private equity
Predecessor Texas Pacific Group
Founded 1992
Founder David Bonderman
James Coulter
William S. Price III
Headquarters Fort Worth, Texas
San Francisco, California
United States
Products Leveraged buyouts, growth capital, venture capital
Total assets US$ 75 billion
Website www.tpg.com

TPG Capital (abbrev. for Texas Pacific Group) is an American investment company, it is one of the largest private equity investment firms in the world, focused on leveraged buyouts, growth capital and leveraged recapitalization investments in distressed companies and turnaround situations. TPG also manages investment funds specializing in growth capital, venture capital, public equity, and debt investments. The firm invests in a broad range of industries including consumer/retail, media and telecommunications, industrials, technology, travel/leisure and health care.

The firm was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter and William S. Price III. Since inception, the firm has raised more than $50 billion of investor commitments across more than 18 private equity funds.[1]

TPG is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, and San Francisco, California.[2] The company has additional offices in Europe, Asia, Australia and other parts of North America.

Private equity funds

TPG has historically relied primarily on private equity funds, pools of committed capital from pension funds, insurance companies, endowments, fund of funds, high-net-worth individuals, sovereign wealth funds, and from other institutional investors. As of the end of 2008, TPG had completed fundraising for over 20 funds with total investor commitments of over $50 billion.

The firm manages investment funds in a number of distinct strategies including:

  • TPG's flagship leveraged buyout funds
  • Venture capital funds, particularly focused on biotechnology investments
  • Distressed debt and other credit strategies invested through a series of funds raised in 2007[3]
  • Asian and Latin American funds, including the firm's Newbridge and TPG Asia fund family
  • Other private equity funds. This includes TPG's T3 Partners funds, which invest in technology focused deals alongside the firm's main buyout funds.[4][5] TPG Star has a broad investment mandate including buyouts, venture capital and growth capital, however all of its investments are at the smaller end of the range, compared to TPG's traditional investments.[6]
Fund Vintage
Year		 Committed
Capital ($m)
TPG's Flagship Leveraged Buyout Funds
Texas Pacific Group Partners 1994 $721
Texas Pacific Group Partners II 1997 $2,500
Texas Pacific Group Partners III 2000 $3,414
Texas Pacific Group Partners IV 2003 $5,300
Texas Pacific Group Partners V 2006 $15,000
TPG Partners VI 2008 $19,800
Venture capital funds
TPG Ventures 2001 $339
TPG Biotechnology Partners 2002 $70
TPG Biotechnology Partners II 2006 $402
TPG Biotechnology Partners III 2008 $550
Distressed debt funds
TPG Credit Management I 2007 $1,000
TPG Credit Strategies 2007 $443
Newbridge and TPG Asia funds
Newbridge Investment Partners 1995 $120
Newbridge Latin America 1995 $300
Newbridge Andean Partners 1996 $150
Newbridge Asia II 1998 $392
Newbridge Asia III 2001 $724
Newbridge Asia IV 2005 $1,500
TPG Asia V 2008 $4,250
Other private equity funds
T3 Partners 1999 $1,000
T3 Partners II 2001 $378
TPG Star 2007 $1,500

Source: Preqin[1]

History and notable investments

Founding

The Texas Pacific Group, as it was originally known, was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter and William S. Price III. Prior to founding TPG, Bonderman and Coulter had worked for Robert M. Bass making leveraged buyout investments during the 1980s. In 1993, Coulter and Bonderman partnered with William S. Price III, who was Vice President of Strategic Planning and Business Development for GE Capital, to complete the buyout of Continental Airlines.[7] At the time, TPG was virtually alone in its conviction that there was an investment opportunity with the airline. The plan included bringing in a new management team, improving aircraft utilization and focusing on lucrative routes. By 1998, TPG had generated an annual internal rate of return of 55% on its investment.

Texas Pacific Group in the late 1990s

In 1997, TPG completed fundraising for its second private equity fund, with over $2.5 billion of investor commitments. In June 1996, TPG acquired the AT&T Paradyne unit, a multimedia communications business, from Lucent Technologies for $175 million.[8] Also in 1996, TPG invested in Beringer Wine, Ducati Motorcycles and Del Monte Foods.

TPG's most notable 1997 investment was its takeover of J. Crew. TPG acquired an 88% stake in the retailer for approximately $500 million,[9] however the investment struggled due to the relatively high purchase price paid relative to the company's earnings.[10] The company was able to complete a turnaround beginning in 2002 and complete an initial public offering in 2006.[11]

The following year, in 1998, TPG led an investor group in a minority investment in Oxford Health Plans. TPG and its co-investors invested $350 million in a convertible preferred stock that can be converted into 22.1% of Oxford.[12] The company completed a buyback of the TPG's PIPE convertible in 2000 and would ultimately be acquired by UnitedHealth Group in 2004.[13]

As the decade came to a close, TPG was once again fundraising, for its third private equity fund. This time, however TPG was raising not only a new buyout fund, but also a new fund, T3 Partners that would invest alongside the main fund in technology oriented investments. In 1999, TPG invested in Piaggio S.p.A, Bally International (including Bally Shoe), and ON Semiconductor.

TPG has also become recognized for its dedicated operations group that has become a major part of the process from investment to sale in many of their portfolio companies. The group is led by Dick Boyce and involves itself in tricky turnaround situations, operations improvement and other tasks that help create value in the company. Other major private equity firms have begun to develop operations group as well, attempting to recreate the model at TPG but most have had trouble creating as expansive a program.

Texas Pacific Group in the early 2000s

In 2000 TPG and Leonard Green & Partners invested $200 million to acquire Petco, the pet supplies retailer as part of a $600 million buyout.[14] Within two years they sold most of it in a public offering that valued the company at $1 billion. Petco’s market value more than doubled by the end of 2004 and the firms would ultimately realize a gain of $1.2 billion. Then, in 2006, the private equity firms took Petco private again for $1.68 billion.[15]

That same year, in 2000, TPG completed the controversial acquisition of Gemplus SA, one of the leading smart card manufacturers. TPG won a struggle with the company's founder, Marc Lassus, for control of the company.[16] Also in 2000, TPG completed an investment in Seagate Technology.

In 2001, TPG acquired Telenor Media, a Norwegian phone-directory company, for $660 million, and shortly thereafter acquired a controlling interest in the third largest silicon-wafer maker MEMC Electronic Materials.[17]

In July 2002, TPG, together with Bain Capital and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, announced the high-profile $2.3 billion leveraged buyout of Burger King from Diageo.[18] However, in November the original transaction collapsed, when Burger King failed to meet certain performance targets. In December 2002, TPG and its co-investors agreed on a reduced $1.5 billion purchase price for the investment.[19] The TPG consortium had support from Burger King's franchisees, who controlled approximately 92% of Burger King restaurants at the time of the transaction. Under its new owners, Burger King underwent a major brand overhaul including the use of The Burger King character in advertising. In February 2006, Burger King announced plans for an initial public offering.[20]

TPG's San Francisco offices at 345 California Street

In November 2003, TPG provided a proposal to buy Portland General Electric from Enron. However, concerns about debt and local politics led to Oregon's Public Utilities Commission regulators to deny permission for the purchase March 10, 2005.Oregon Public Utility Commission (March 10, 2005). "ORDER NO. 05-114" (PDF). Retrieved February 1, 2008. 

TPG ventured into the film business in late 2004 in the major leveraged buyout of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. A consortium led by TPG and Sony completed the $4.81 billion buyout of the film studio. The consortium also included media-focused firms Providence Equity Partners and Quadrangle Group as well as DLJ Merchant Banking Partners.[21] The transaction, which was announced in September 2004, was completed in early 2005.

Also in 2005, TPG was one of seven private equity firms involved in the buyout of SunGard in a transaction valued at $11.3 billion. TPG's partners in the acquisition were Silver Lake Partners, Bain Capital, Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, Providence Equity Partners, and Blackstone Group. This represented the largest leveraged buyout completed since the takeover of RJR Nabisco at the end of the 1980s leveraged buyout boom. Also, at the time of its announcement, SunGard would be the largest buyout of a technology company in history, a distinction it would cede to the buyout of Freescale Semiconductor. The SunGard transaction is also notable in the number of firms involved in the transaction, the largest club deal completed to that point. The involvement of seven firms in the consortium was criticized by investors in private equity who considered cross-holdings among firms to be generally unattractive.[22][23]

On 15 May 2006, Smurfit-Stone reported the definitive sale for $1.04 billion in cash of its Consumer Packaging division to the Texas Pacific Group.[24]

TPG and 2006–2007 buyout boom

In early 2006, as TPG was completing fundraising for its fifth private equity fund and the buyout boom was entering full swing, TPG co-founder Bill Price announced that he would scale back his work at the firm to focus on personal pursuits including his holdings in wine vineyards.[25]

On December 1, 2006, it was announced TPG and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts had been exploring the possibility of a record $100 billion leveraged buyout of the second-largest retailer in the U.S. Home Depot.[26] Although this massive buyout was never actually completed, TPG was a leading investor during the 2006-2008 buyout boom, completing some of the largest transactions in this period.

Investment Year Company Description Ref.
Neiman Marcus 2005 TPG, together with Warburg Pincus acquired Neiman Marcus Group, the owner of luxury retailers Neiman Marcus and Bergdorf Goodman, in a $5.1 billion buyout in May 2005. [27][28]
Freescale Semiconductor 2006 TPG together with The Blackstone Group, The Carlyle Group and Permira completed the $17.6 billion takeover of the semiconductor company. At the time of its announcement, Freescale would be the largest leveraged buyout of a technology company ever, surpassing the 2005 buyout of SunGard. [29]
Harrah's Entertainment 2006 On December 19, 2006, TPG and Apollo Management announced an agreement to acquire the gaming company for $27.4 billion, including the assumption of existing debt. [30][31]
Sabre Holdings 2006 TPG and Silver Lake Partners announced a deal to buy Sabre Holdings, which operates Travelocity, Sabre Travel Network and Sabre Airline Solutions, for approximately $4.3 billion in cash, plus the assumption of $550 million in debt. Earlier in the year, Blackstone acquired Sabre's chief competitor Travelport. [32]
Univision Communications 2006 A consortium of TPG, Madison Dearborn Partners, Providence Equity Partners, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Haim Saban (Saban Entertainment) acquired The Spanish-language broadcaster on March 12, 2006 in a $13.7 billion leveraged buyout. The buyout left the company with a debt level of twelve times its annual cash flow. [33][34][35]
Alltel 2007 TPG and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners announced the acquisition of Alltel Wireless in a $27 billion buyout in May 2007. The transaction was approved by the Federal Communications Commission and closed on November 16, 2007. However just over six months later, on June 5, 2008, TPG and Goldman agreed to sell Alltel to Verizon for slightly more than it had paid for the company amidst a deteriorating economic outlook. [36][37]
Avaya 2007 TPG and Silver Lake Partners completed an $8.2 billion leveraged buyout of the enterprise telephony and call center technology company that was formerly a unit of Lucent Technologies [38]
Biomet 2007 TPG, The Blackstone Group, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners acquired the medical devices company for $11.6 billion. [39]
First Data 2007 TPG and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts completed the $29 billion buyout of the credit and debit card payment processor and former parent of Western Union. Michael Capellas, previously the CEO of MCI Communications and Compaq was named CEO of the privately held company. [40][41]
Midwest Air Group 2007 On August 12, 2007 Agreed to purchase Midwest Air Group and its subsidiaries including Midwest Airlines ending the hostile takeover attempt by AirTran Airways. Northwest Airlines also invested in the transaction alongside TPG as a passive equity co-investor. On August 14, 2007 Increased its offer to purchase Midwest after a late attempt by Airtran to increase its bid for Midwest. The purchase price was $452 million. Midwest lost money during TPG's ownership having to accept a loan from Republic Airways Holdings to avoid bankruptcy. Republic took over Midwest's fleet. Eventually TPG sold the company to Republic for $31 million.[42] [43]
Surgical Care Affiliates 2007 In June 2007, TPG completed the carveout of HealthSouth Corporation's ambulatory surgery business for $920 million [44]
TXU 2007 An investor group, led by TPG and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, and together with Goldman Sachs Capital Partners completed the $44.37 billion buyout of the regulated utility and power producer.[45] The investor group had to work closely with ERCOT regulators to gain approval of the transaction but had significant experience with the regulators from their earlier buyout of Texas Genco. TXU is the largest buyout in history, and retained this distinction when the announced buyout of BCE failed to close in December 2008. The deal is also notable for a drastic change in environmental policy for the energy giant, in terms of its carbon emissions from coal power plants and funding alternative energy. [46][47]

In early 2007, the firm, officially changed its name to TPG Capital, rebranding all of its funds across different geographies. The firm's Asian funds, which had historically been managed by TPG Newbridge, a joint venture with Blum Capital.[48]

TPG and the credit crisis

On April 7, 2008, TPG led a $7 billion investment in Washington Mutual. On September 25, 2008, Washington Mutual was taken over by the U.S. government, costing TPG a 1.35 Billion dollar investment.

On March 12, 2010, Gretchen Morgensen in the New York Times discussed TPG's role as a private equity investor in Greek mobile phone operator WIND Hellas, formerly TIM Hellas, which filed for bankruptcy protection late last year.[49] Morgensen raises some interesting questions about the circumstances in which TPG and fellow private equity investors Apax Partners of London redeemed a significant quantity of "convertible preferred equity certificates" held by them to repay their own "deeply subordinated shareholder loans" during a period in which a significant and apparently unexplained spike occurred in the market value of the certificates.

Post-recession activity

On June 10, 2010, TPG announced an acquisition of Vertafore, a provider of software for the insurance industry, for $1.4 billion.[50]

On July 13, 2011, affiliates of TPG Capital acquired PRIMEDIA for approximately $525 million, or $7.10 per share in cash.[51] TPG and fellow private equity firm Apollo Global Management are set to IPO their stake in Norwegian Cruise Lines in 2013.[52]

In July 2013, TPG announced it would buy global education publisher TSL Education (now called TES Global, publishers of TES magazine) from Charterhouse Group for a fee of around $600 million.[53][54]

The Financial Times reported in February 2014 that TPG co-founder David Bonderman was "contemplating" an initial public offering for the private equity group.[55]

TPG and movie producer Robert Simonds, Jr., announced in March 2014 that they had entered a partnership with China's Hony Capital to produce as many as ten "star-driven" films a year, with mid-range budgets (on the order of $40 million per film).[56]

In April 2014, it was announced that TPG had invested £200 million in Victoria Plumb after buying a majority stake.[57][58]

In November 2014, Prezzo (group) agreed to a £303.7 million takeover by TPG.[59]

The company is considered a newcomer to the real-estate investment arena. In the first half of 2014, it started to raise funds for a real-estate specific fund. It had a goal of $1.5 billion to $2 billion. By October 2015, the company had exceeded its goal, raising more than $2 billion.[60]

Newbridge Capital

In 1994, TPG, Blum Capital and ACON Investments created Newbridge Capital, a joint-venture to invest in emerging markets, particularly Asia and later Latin America. At its peak, Newbridge managed over $3.2 billion. Newbridge was headquartered alongside TPG in Fort Worth and San Francisco with investment offices across the Asia-Pacific region in Hong Kong, Melbourne, Mumbai, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, and Tokyo. In 1995, Newbridge also ventured into Latin America, raising a $300 million fund and then a follow up $150 million fund in 1996. After its debut funds in the mid-1990s, Newbridge did not continue to focus on Latin America.

Since its founding, Newbridge developed a specialization in five broad industry groups: financial services, technology and telecom, healthcare, consumer, and industrials. Newbridge was involved in a number of the largest and most notable private equity transactions in Asia including:

In the early 2000s, TPG assumed full ownership and control over the Newbridge joint venture, renaming the firm TPG Newbridge. At the beginning of 2007, when the firm officially changed its name from Texas Pacific Group to TPG Capital, TPG Newbridge's Asian funds were also rebranded as the TPG Asia Funds.

TPG remained active in Asia in 2008. On August 4, TPG, along with Global Infrastructure Partners, offered to buy Asciano Limited for AUD 2.9 billion in an unsuccessful attempt to complete an unsolicited takeover. On October 31, 2008, TPG completed the purchase of a 35% interest in P.T. Bumi Resources, from its previous owner Bakrie & Brothers, Indonesia, for $1.3 billion.

Criticisms

Hellas Telecommunications (2015)

In 2006, during the Apax fraud, Nikesh Arora was placed by investors TPG and Apax on the board of WIND Hellas (formerly TIM Hellas).[61] Under Arora's direction, €1.6 billion were embezzled from TIM Hellas by misuse of company debts, a ransack operation codenamed ‘Project Troy’ by the official liquidator.[62][63] TPG and Apax were condemned in 2014 by a NY court to repay $565 million to the private investors.[64] In 2014, the Luxembourg liquidator sued TPG and Apax for 1.3 billion corresponding to the amount not recovered from the Arora embezzlement.[65] The Greek general prosecutor opened an investigation against TPG, Apax and all main implicated parties including Nikesh Arora under art.1608/1950 of the Greek criminal code for "Crimes against the people of Greece”.[66][67][68]

In the meantime, the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales reprimanded Ernst & Young (now EY) for its involvement in the Wind Hellas scandal reportedly being charged with signing off the big increase in debt and payments to TPG and Apax Partners in 2006-07, and of allegedly acting as an administrator when Hellas was put into liquidation.[62][63][65][69]

Notable employees

References

  1. 1 2 Source: Preqin
  2. ↑ "Contact TPG."
  3. ↑ Cargill alum to lead $1B fund here. Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal, April 14, 2006
  4. ↑ TPG Prepares To Launch Its Sixth Large Buyout Fund, Buyouts (magazine), December 3, 2007
  5. ↑ Texas Pacific Group closes at half original target. [AltAssets, March 2002
  6. ↑ TPG raises $1.2b for downstream deals. Private Equity Week, October 22, 2007
  7. ↑ Little-known S.F. firm specializes in complex buyouts. San Francisco Chronicle, June 2, 2002
  8. ↑ LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES AGREES TO SELL AT&T PARADYNE UNIT. New York Times, June 20, 1996
  9. ↑ STEINHAUER, JENNIFER. "J. Crew Caught in Messy World of Finance as It Sells Majority Stake." New York Times, October 18, 1997
  10. ↑ KAUFMAN, LESLIE and ATLAS, RIVA D. "In a Race to the Mall, J. Crew Has Lost Its Way." New York Times, April 28, 2002.
  11. ↑ ROZHON, TRACIE. "New Life for a Stalwart Preppy: J. Crew's Sales Are Back." New York Times, December 9, 2004.
  12. ↑ Norris, Floyd. "SHAKE-UP AT A HEALTH GIANT: THE RESCUERS; Oxford Investors Build In Some Insurance, in Case Things Don't Work Out." New York Times, February 25, 1998.
  13. ↑ "COMPANY NEWS; PROFITS TRIPLE AT OXFORD; TEXAS PACIFIC BUYBACK SET." New York Times, October 26, 2000.
  14. ↑ "COMPANY NEWS; MANAGEMENT-LED GROUP TO BUY PETCO FOR $505 MILLION." New York Times, May 18, 2000
  15. ↑ "2 Equity Firms to Acquire Petco ." Bloomberg L.P., July 15, 2006.
  16. ↑ Gemplus falls to the enemy within, December 1, 2002
  17. ↑ "Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com.
  18. ↑ U.S. Investors Agree to Buy Burger King From Diageo for $2.26 Billion. New York Times, July 26, 2002
  19. ↑ A Lower Price Is Said to Revive Burger King Sale, New York Times, December 12, 2002
  20. ↑ Grace Wong (May 12, 2006). "Burger King IPO set to fire up". CNN Money. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
  21. ↑ SORKIN, ANDREW ROSS. "Sony-Led Group Makes a Late Bid to Wrest MGM From Time Warner." New York Times, September 14, 2004
  22. ↑ "Capital Firms Agree to Buy SunGard Data in Cash Deal." Bloomberg L.P., March 29, 2005
  23. ↑ Do Too Many Cooks Spoil the Takeover Deal?. New York Times, April 3, 2005
  24. ↑ whattheythink.com: "Smurfit-Stone Container Corporation Announces Sale Of Its Consumer Packaging Segment To Texas Pacific Group", 15 May 2006
  25. ↑ Texas Pacific founder to scale back involvement with firm, San Francisco Business Times, February 28, 2006
  26. ↑ "Report: Texas Pacific eyeing Home Depot". Dallas Business Journal.
  27. ↑ 2 Equity Firms Set to Acquire Neiman Marcus. New York Times, May 2, 2005
  28. ↑ Neiman Marcus in $5.1B buyout CNN Money, May 2, 2005
  29. ↑ SORKIN, ANDREW ROSS and FLYNN, LAURIE J. "Blackstone Alliance to Buy Chip Maker for $17.6 Billion." New York Times, September 16, 2006
  30. ↑ Sorkin, Andrew Ross. "Harrah’s Is Said to Be in Talks to Accept $16.7 Billion Buyout." New York Times, December 18, 2006. Purchase price includes purchase of the outstanding equity for $16.7 billion and assumption of $10.7 billion of outstanding debt.
  31. ↑ "Harrah's Entertainment board agrees to $90 a share buyout bid", Las Vegas Sun, December 19, 2006.
  32. ↑ Sorkin, Andrew Ross. "2 Firms Pay $4.3 Billion for Sabre." New York Times, December 12, 2006.
  33. ↑ Univision to Be Acquired by Madison Dearborn Partners, Providence Equity Partners, Texas Pacific Group, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Saban Capital Group for $13.7 Billion Univision Press Release, June 27, 2006
  34. ↑ Behind Buyout Surge, A Debt Market Booms. Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2007
  35. ↑ "Univision sale approved, Abercrombie & Fitch to replace it on the S&P 500,"
  36. ↑ http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-07-185A1.pdf
  37. ↑ "News Releases". corporate-ir.net.
  38. ↑ "Investment Firms Pick Up Avaya For $8.2 Billion". InformationWeek.
  39. ↑ de la MERCED, MICHAEL J. "Biomet Accepts Sweetened Takeover Offer." New York Times, June 8, 2007.
  40. ↑ "K.K.R. Offer of $26 Billion Is Accepted by First Data." Reuters, April 3, 2007.
  41. ↑ Kohlberg Kravis to Buy First Data for $29 Billion. NY Times, April 3, 2007
  42. ↑ Tom Daykin. "Republic Airways to buy Midwest Airlines". jsonline.com.
  43. ↑ Behind the Battle for Midwest Air. New York Times, September 28, 2007
  44. ↑ HealthSouth To Sell Surgery Division To TPG - News - MSNBC.com
  45. ↑ Source: Thomson Financial
  46. ↑ Lonkevich, Dan and Klump, Edward. KKR, Texas Pacific Will Acquire TXU for $45 Billion Bloomberg, February 26, 2007.
  47. ↑ "KKR, Texas Pacific-led group to buy TXU Corp". Reuters. February 26, 2007.
  48. ↑ ‘Sorry, Sir. Texas Pacific Group Isn’t Here Anymore’. Wall Street Journal, March 1, 2007
  49. ↑ Morgenson, Gretchen (March 13, 2010). "Private Equity and Wind Hellas: A Tale of Debt". The New York Times.
  50. ↑ Grocer, Stephen (June 11, 2010). "Deal Profile: TPG Agrees to Acquire Vertafore". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  51. ↑ PRIMEDIA INC. Acquired by TPG CAPITAL
  52. ↑ Norwegian Cruise Line Sets Price Range for I.P.O.
  53. ↑ Sebastian Sadr-Salek, Anjuli Davies and Claire Ruckin (July 8, 2013). "U.S. buyout firm TPG to buy TSL Education for $600 million". Reuters.
  54. ↑ "TSL Education Announces Acquisition by TPG". TES Global. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 26 Mar 2016.
  55. ↑ The Financial Times by Anne-Sylvaine Chassany, February 25, 2014
  56. ↑ The Hollywood Reporter March 10, 2014
  57. ↑ "Victoria Plumb set for £200 million boost as housing market picks up". Daily Mirror. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  58. ↑ Armstrong, Ashley (April 1, 2014). "Victoria Plumb sells stake to TPG". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  59. ↑ Martin, Ben (November 7, 2014). "Hedge fund takes Prezzo position". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  60. ↑ http://www.wsj.com/articles/tpg-raises-2-billion-in-real-estate-fund-1444172401
  61. ↑ http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=11341911&ticker=GOOG Nikesh Arora - Executive summary
  62. 1 2 http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21654680-pressure-mounts-two-private-equity-giants-did-very-well-out-disastrous Another Greek Tragedy - The Economist
  63. 1 2 http://www.chadbourne.com/files/upload/Hellas_Adversary_Complaint.pdf United States Bankruptcy Court Southern District of New York
  64. ↑ http://www.cnbc.com/id/102201516 Greek tragedy: Telecom focus of bloody PE fight
  65. 1 2 http://www.financialexpress.com/article/companies/greek-co-wants-damages-from-indian-origin-investor-and-softbank-vc-nikesh-arora/95853/ Greek company wants damages from Indian-origin investor and Softbank VC Nikesh Arora
  66. ↑ https://medium.com/@DailyNews/nikesh-arora-vs-hellas-intervention-by-the-public-prosecutor-after-the-revelations-of-the-%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD-3c5703a1be47 Nikesh Arora VS Hellas: Intervention by the Public Prosecutor after the revelations of the “ΝΕΩΝ”
  67. ↑ http://www.tanea.gr/news/economy/article/5252394/o-doyreios-ippos-twn-ksenwn-funds-kai-o-indos-megistanas/ «Σχέδιο Τροία» κατά ΤΙΜ: Ο δούρειος ίππος των ξένων funds και ο ινδός μεγιστάνας
  68. ↑ http://www.ceelegalmatters.com/index.php/legal-analysis-white-collar-crime/item/2738-recent-developments-regarding-white-collar-crime-in-greece Recent Developments Regarding White Collar Crime in Greece
  69. ↑ http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/16/ernst-young-hellas-fine-idUSL5N0Z242H20150616 EY fined for conflict of interest over Hellas
  70. ↑ TPG hires Mary Ma for China push 07 Sep 2007

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