Nanking (1938 film)

Nanking
Nurse comforting a wounded soldier
Produced by	Keiji Matsuzaki[1]
Music by	Jiang Wen-Ye
Cinematography	Shigeru Shirai
Edited by	Ken Akimoto
Release dates	20 January 1938 (1938-01-20)
Running time	56 minutes
Country	Japan
Language	Japanese

Nanking is a Japanese documentary film released in the year 1938. It was composed of footage shot inside and outside the walls of the city of Nanking just after the end of the Battle of Nanking during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

The movie was planned out in conjunction with the documentary Shanghai on the Battle of Shanghai in anticipation that the advance on Nanking would follow. After the shooting of Shanghai wrapped up the equipment used for that movie was passed on to Nanking's camera crew who departed for Nanking before dawn on December 12, 1937. They arrived on December 14 the day after the city's fall, spent New Year's there, and continued shooting until January 4.^[2][3]

Considered for a long time as a lost film, it was discovered in Beijing, China, in the year 1995, though about ten minutes of footage is missing.^[4] A DVD copy has been released by Nippon Eiga Shinsha.

Contents

Nanking includes commentary on the locations of each military confrontation during the battle interspersed with footage of Japanese soldiers giving cigarettes to Chinese POWs, the Japanese Army's victory parade through the city, a joint service for the war dead, the refugee area set up by the International Committee known as the Nanking Safety Zone, rebuilding by the Japanese Army and residents of Nanking of battle damage to the city, civilians returning to their homes, the work of nurses from the Red Cross,^[5] the Japanese Army's issuing of identification papers to the Chinese they deemed to be law-abiding citizens,^[6] preparations for the new year and New Year's Day in the Japanese Army, Chinese children playing with firecrackers on New Year's Day, and the inaugural ceremony of the Nanking Self-Government Committee.^[7][8]

A message in the film's subtitles reads "Even within our glorious history full of battles fought as one nation, our entry into Nanking with remain as a brilliant chapter in world history. We gift this film to future generations in memory of that day. This film was completed with the support and guidance of the Army Ministry, Navy Ministry, and officers and men in the field."

• 
  Victory parade of December 17
• 
  Service for the war dead on December 18
• 
  A nurse cuts the hair of an injured soldier
• 
  Inaugural ceremony of the Nanking Self-Government Committee on January 1, 1938

Behind the scenes of the filming

Nanking fell on December 13, for the camera crew the day before they would enter Nanking, and according to the journal of production clerk Akiyoshi Yonezawa they had heard stories about attacks by Chinese stragglers and feared that their equipment would get robbed.^[9] His journal then notes that they entered Nanking on the 14th as mopping-up operations were being undertaken in the northern half of the city and that they heard bursts of gunfire which they assumed to be the Japanese Army battling remnants of the Chinese Army.^[10] Filming inside Nanking started on the 15th and even then mopping-up operations were still taking place in the vicinity of Yijiang Gate which they visited that day.^[11] On the 16th they shot footage of the foothills of Purple Mountain, the suburban recreational garden containing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, and a nearby concert hall where dogs were wanderingly freely.^[9] On the 17th they filmed the Japanese Army's victory parade through Nanking, the footage of which was immediately airlifted to Japan for presentation before Emperor Hirohito.^[12] According to Yonezawa's journal, the film crew witnessed the plight of Nanking's refugees to preserve the story in images, but also noted the kindness with which the refugees were treated by the Japanese Army.^[13] The journal also notes that the camera crew filmed the construction of water supply facilities^[14] and the provision of medical treatment to Chinese POWs.^[15]

Yonezawa wrote in his journal that, while about 120 Japanese newspaper journalists and cameramen had entered Nanking at the start of the occupation and were doing reporting work there, among them it was Nanking's camera crew which was permitted unfettered access even in places where the press teams of newspapers were not allowed to take pictures because his camera crew was connected with the Military Special Affairs Department.^[16]

On the other hand, cinematographer Shigeru Shirai stated in his memoirs that it was not the case that they filmed everything they saw and even some of what they shot was cut out.^[17] After Shirai arrived in Nanking on December 14 he saw long lines of Chinese who were being taken to the banks of the Yangtze River to be shot, but he was not allowed to start his movie camera. Shirai was stunned by what he saw and said that he suffered nightmares for many nights after.^[2][18]

Staff

Reviews

Kinema-Junpo Co.'s database introduces it as a highly discussed work relevant to the debate on the Nanking Massacre which records real-life images of the devastated city and of Japan's occupying army.^[19]

Documentary film director Shinkichi Noda has pointed out that, though they had filmed the situation in Nanking immediately after the fall of the city in a variety of ways, because the taping of the massacres was completely forbidden the movie does not go beyond being a standard propaganda newsreel. He received the impression that the movie was reporting on slivers of light in the darkness of Nanking with the Japanese soldiers all being filmed in cheerful settings behind the front lines and with no trace of the nervousness of the Chinese people who were forced to remain silent.^[20]

The historian Tokushi Kasahara has said that there was almost no chance that Japanese cameramen could have captured the massacres on film given the Japanese Army's censorship guidelines,^[21] but though footage of scenes portraying the Japanese Army unfavorably were naturally avoided, some unavoidable traces of the backdrop of the Nanking Massacre were caught on camera, such as the devastation of a city that had been damaged, looted, and put to flame following the occupation as well as the exhausted and spiritless expressions on the faces of the Chinese refugees. He believes that these are, upon closer inspection, pieces of photographic evidence of the Nanking Massacre.^[22]

Film critic Jinshi Fujii has indicated that the movie's most distinctive characteristic lies in its unbalanced nature full of contradiction, which he calls "a stylized chaos". Throughout the movie the images of Nanking as a city lack clarity and daily life of the city is completely missing. The Japanese soldiers just conduct one function after another and the Chinese are rarely seen with the exception of the scene of Chinese people lining up to get identification papers, but if the camera crew had gone a short distance from the whereabouts of the Japanese Army then what they would have portrayed would have been just desolate ruins. Fujii states that because this was a reality that the camera crew saw but was not able to film, Nanking is a documentary telling the story of a hard-fought battle without showing the reality behind it.^[23]

By contrast, movie director Satoru Mizushima argues that the movie contains many scenes which pan over a wide area and that if there had been many unfavorable sights then they would have opted for one shots on a narrow frame. He notes that one can see in the images that the inhabitants of Nanking have no fear on their faces and the fact that they lined up in an orderly manners also shows that they were not afraid of the Japanese soldiers.^[24]

Sankei Shimbun published a movie review highlighting the scenes where Chinese civilians stroll calmly before groups of kempeitai who one would expect they should have been afraid of, as well as the children unconcernedly having fun with firecrackers on New Year's Day even while Japanese soldiers pass by and the thousands of Chinese rushing to get licenses from the Japanese after seeing notices stating that those bearing such identification would be protected by the Japanese Army. The reviewer argued that if the number of Chinese massacred in Nanking by the Japanese Army had really reached 200,000 or 300,000 in the six weeks after the occupation of the city then such things could never have happened.^[25]

Military analyst Mamoru Sato also argues that the extremely calm and peaceful situation depicted within the city of Nanking in the film is contrary to Chinese assertions that 300,000 people were murdered in massacres. He believes that such footage could not have been taken if the relatively few Japanese troops in Nanking were massacring 300,000 people and that the expressions on the faces of the Chinese children playing and setting off firecrackers on New Year's Day amply suggest that law and order had been restored within Nanking at that time.^[26]

See also

• The Battle of China
• The Truth about Nanjing – A movie that uses footage from the film Nanking to deny the existence of the Nanking Massacre.

References

External links

• entry on Nanking at the Internet Movie Database