International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone

From left to right: Ernest Forster, Lewis Strong, John Rabe, Casey Smythe, Eduard Sperling, George Fitch

The International Committee was established in order to establish and manage the Nanking Safety Zone.

Many Westerners were living in the city at that time, conducting trade or on missionary trips. As the Japanese army began to approach Nanking, most of them fled the city.[1] A small number of Western businessmen, journalists and missionaries, however, chose to remain behind. The missionaries were primarily Americans from the Episcopal, Disciples of Christ, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches. To coordinate their efforts, the Westerners formed a committee, called the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone.

German businessman John Rabe was elected as its leader, partly because of his status as a member of the Nazi party and the existence of the German-Japanese bilateral Anti-Comintern Pact. Rabe and other refugees from foreign countries tried to protect the civilians from getting killed by the Japanese. The Japanese didn't recognize the Safety Zone, and hundreds of men and women were raped and killed. Due to Rabe's efforts some 250,000 people were protected during Nanking Massacre.

In February 1938 as violence by the Japanese Army abated, the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone was reorganized as the Nanking International Relief Committee, which did humanitarian work in Nanking until at least 1941. There are no records of any activity by the Committee after 1941 and it is believed likely that it was forced to discontinue its operations after the United States entered World War II.[2]

Establishment of the Nanking Safety Zone

Main article: Nanking Safety Zone

The Westerners who remained behind established the Nanking Safety Zone, a score of refugee camps bordered by roads on all four sides that occupied an area of about 2 square miles.[3] This is approximately the same size as Central Park in New York.

Members

The fifteen members of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone were as follows:[4]

Name Nationality / Occupation Organization
Miner Searle Bates American professor University of Nanking
JM Hansen Danish businessman Texas Oil Co.
J. Lean American businessman Asiatic Petroleum Co.
Iver Mackay British businessman Butterfield and Swire
John Magee American missionary American Church Mission
Rev. W. Plumer Mills American missionary American Church Mission
P. H. Munro-Faure British businessman Asiatic Petroleum Co.
J.V. Pickering American businessman Standard-Vacuum Co.
John Rabe German businessman Siemens Co.
Charles Riggs American professor University of Nanking
G. Schultze-Pantin German businessman Shingming Trading Co.
P.R. Shields British businessman International Export Co.
Lewis S. C. Smythe American professor University of Nanking
Eduard Sperling German businessman Shanghai Insurance Co.
Dr. CS Trimmer American doctor Nanking University Hospital
Dr. George Ashmore Fitch American YMCA

George Ashmore Fitch, was general secretary of the "Foreign YMCA" in Shanghai, advisor to OMEA, active in the humanitarian work, named by John Rabe (Chairman) to be director of the ICNSZ, and served as acting mayor of Nanking after Mayor General Ma Shao-chuan turned over to him treasury resources, some police, and food stores. Most lists do not mention him as a formal member.[4] Perhaps this is because he was elected director while he had been travelling and before he returned to Nanjing.[5] These individuals are not to be confused with the members of the International Red Cross Committee of Nanking, which did similar work. Its 17 members included Robert O. Wilson, an American doctor at Drum Tower Hospital of Nanking University Hospital, James McCallum, an American missionary at the same institution, and Minnie Vautrin, an American missionary at Ginling Girls' College.[6]

Activities

When Nanking fell, the Nanking Safety Zone housed over 250,000 refugees.[7] The committee members of the Zone found ways to provide these refugees with the basic needs of food, shelter, and medical care.

Whenever Japanese soldiers entered the Zone, they were closely shadowed by one of the Westerners. The Westerners repeatedly refused to comply with demands made of them by Japanese Army soldiers, placing themselves between Japanese soldiers and Chinese civilians.

Committee members frequently contacted Consul-General Okazaki Katsuo, Second Secretary (later Acting Consul-General) Fukui Kiyoshi and Attaché Fukuda Tokuyasu to deal with the anarchic situation.

Miner S. Bates

Main article: Miner Searle Bates

Miner Searle Bates was one of the leaders of the Committee and worked to secure the safety of the population of Nanking. This task was dangerous and his life was put at risk on many occasions, most notably when he was shoved down a flight of stairs by Japanese military police after inquiring about the fate of a student who had been abducted by Japanese soldiers.[8]

According to the testimony of Bates before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, he visited the Japanese embassy daily for the next three weeks after first protesting there against Japanese atrocities. He testified that the Japanese authorities appeared to him to be "honestly trying to do what little they could in a bad situation". However, as Bates testified, the embassy officials were themselves terrified by the military and could do nothing except forward these communications through Shanghai to Tokyo.

Robert O. Wilson

Main article: Robert O. Wilson

Along with John Rabe and Minnie Vautrin, Robert O. Wilson was instrumental in the establishment of the Nanjing Safety Zone. He was the sole surgeon responsible for treating the victims of the ongoing atrocities. The selfless work of Dr. Wilson and his associates saved the lives of countless civilians and POWs who would have otherwise perished at the hands of the aggressors.

Role in documenting the Nanking Massacre

Several eyewitness accounts of the Nanking Massacre were provided by members of the committee.

Protests to the Japanese Consulate

The Committee sent 61 letters to the Japanese Consulate which report various incidents which occurred during the period starting Dec 13, 1937 to Feb 9, 1938.

These letters are quoted in H.J. Timperley’s book “What war means: Japanese terror in China: ” (Compiled and edited by H.J. Timperley / Victor Gollancz, July 1938).

Other documents

Miner Bates, John Magee and George A. Fitch, the head of the YMCA at Nanking, actively wrote of the chaotic conditions created by the Japanese troops, mimeographed or retyped their stories over and over and sent them to their friends, government officials, and Christian organizations so as to let the world, especially the American public, know what was going on in the terrorized city.

They hoped that the U. S. government would intervene, or at least apply the Neutrality Act of 1937 to the "China Incident," which would have made it illegal for any American business to sell war materials to Japan.

For example, a letter of Miner S. Bates to the American Consul in January 1938 explained how the Safety Zone had been "tenaciously maintained" and needed help "amid dishonor by soldiers, murdering, wounding, wholesale raping, resulting in violent terror."

In the United States, the Committee on the Far East of the Foreign Missions Conference received scores of letters from missionaries in Nanking. After weeks of consideration, they decided to release the letters in February 1938 despite the possible adverse effect on the Christian movement in Japan, which led to the eventual publication of their letters in some magazines such as Reader's Digest in mid-1938.

Magee films

George Fitch succeeded in smuggling the films shot by John Magee out of China when he temporarily left the country in January 1938. That year he traveled throughout the United States, giving speeches about what he witnessed in Nanking along with the films that showed haunting images of Chinese victims.

Testimony before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

Several members of the Committee took the witness stand to testify about their experiences and observations during the Nanking Massacre. These included Robert Wilson, Miner Searle Bates and John Magee. George A. Fitch, Lewis Smythe and James McCallum filed affidavits with their diaries and letters.

Historiography

During the Korean War (1950–53), the government of the People's Republic of China used records of the International Committee to portray its members as part of a propaganda campaign to arouse patriotic anti-American fervor. As part of this propaganda campaign, the Westerners who remained in Nanking were characterized as foreigners who sacrificed Chinese lives in order to protect their property, guided the Japanese troops into the city and collaborated with them to round up prisoners of war in the refugee camps.

As a result of this anti-American propaganda, a detailed study carried out by the researchers at the University of Nanking in 1962 went so far as to assert that Westerners had assisted the Japanese in executing Chinese in Nanking. The study harshly criticized those foreigners for not having made any effort to prevent the ongoing atrocities.

This erroneous perception of the International Committee was eventually corrected in the 1980s as more historical documents became accessible and more thorough studies were published. Today many of the missionaries' private diaries and letters that meticulously documented the scale and character of the Nanking Massacre are archived at the Yale Divinity School Library.

Timeline

See also

External links

Sources

References

  1. ↑ David Askew, "The International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone: An Introduction," Sino-Japanese Studies, April 2002, 3.
  2. ↑ David G. Kim, Missionaries At War: The Humanitarian Effort of the Nanking International Relief Committee During the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 (unpublished Yale University senior thesis, 1988), 44-45.
  3. ↑ Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 62.
  4. 1 2 David Askew, "The International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone: An Introduction," Sino-Japanese Studies, April 2002, 13.
  5. ↑ George A. Fitch, 1974. My Eighty Years in China, revised ed., p. 92.
  6. ↑ David Askew, "The International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone: An Introduction," Sino-Japanese Studies, April 2002, 14.
  7. ↑ Hsü, ed., Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, p. 86, 90
  8. ↑ Chang, 139.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/19/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.