List of private spaceflight companies
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
This page is a list of non-governmental entities that currently offer – or are planning to offer – equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human spaceflight.
List of abbreviations used in this article |
---|
LEO: Low Earth orbit |
Manufacturers of space vehicles
Crew and cargo transport vehicles
Company name | Craft name | Craft type | Launcher name |
Launcher type |
Maximum reach |
Passenger capacity |
Craft status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARCA | Haas 2b | capsule | Haas 2b | rocket | sub-orbit | 2 | development | [1] |
ARCA | Super Haas | capsule | Super Haas | rocket | orbit | 2 | development | [2] |
Armadillo Aerospace | Black Armadillo | rocket | self-powered | self-powered | sub-orbit | 1-3 | cancelled | [3][4] |
Bigelow Aerospace and Boeing | CST-100 | capsule | Atlas V[5] | rocket | LEO | 7 | testing | First crew flight 2017[6] |
Bigelow Aerospace and Lockheed Martin | Orion Lite | capsule | Atlas 5 CTS or Falcon 9 | rocket | LEO | 6-7 | cancelled | [7] |
Blue Origin | New Shepard | capsule + booster | Propulsion Module | rocket | sub-orbit | 6 | testing | Commercial unmanned flights in 2016[8][9][10] |
Copenhagen Suborbitals | Tycho Brahe | cylinder | HEAT-1X | rocket | sub-orbit | 1 | cancelled | [11] |
Copenhagen Suborbitals | Tycho Deep Space I and II | capsule | - | rocket | sub-orbit | 1 | development | [11] |
EADS Astrium | unnamed craft | spaceplane | self-powered (SSTSO) | self-powered (SSTSO) | sub-orbit | 4 | development | [12] |
AusSpace | LEOT | capsule | LEOT Launcher | rocket | LEO | 1-3 | development | 2021 first flight planned |
Excalibur Almaz | TKS derivative | capsule | multiple | rocket | LEO | 3 | cancelled | [13][14] |
Interorbital Systems | Solaris X | capsule | self-powered (SSTSO) | self-powered (SSTSO) | sub-orbit | 6 | cancelled | [15] |
Interorbital Systems | Crew Module | capsule | Neptune TSAAHTO | rocket | lunar orbit | 6 | development | [16] |
Japanese Rocket Society | Kankoh-maru | rocket | self-powered (SSTO) | self-powered (SSTO) | LEO | 50 | proposed | Sponsors needed[17] |
Orbital ATK | Cygnus | capsule | Antares (rocket) | rocket | LEO | - | operational (3/4) | |
Orbital ATK | Prometheus | spaceplane | Atlas V | rocket | LEO | 4 | cancelled | [18] |
Reaction Engines Ltd. | HOTOL | spaceplane | self-powered (SSTO) | self-powered (SSTO) | LEO | - | cancelled | [19] |
Reaction Engines Ltd. | HOTOL 2 | spaceplane | An 225 | airplane | LEO | - | cancelled | [20] |
Reaction Engines Ltd. | Skylon | spaceplane | self-powered (SSTO) | self-powered (SSTO) | LEO | 5-20 | development | [20] |
Scaled Composites | SpaceShipOne | spaceplane | WhiteKnightOne | airplane | sub-orbit | 2 | retired (3/3) | [21] |
Scaled Composites Virgin Galactic (The Spaceship Company) |
SpaceShipTwo | spaceplane | WhiteKnightTwo | airplane | sub-orbit | 8 | testing | First powered flight test 2013[22] |
Scaled Composites Virgin Galactic (The Spaceship Company) |
SpaceShipThree | spaceplane | WhiteKnightTwo | airplane | LEO (or suborbital passenger-delivery) | ? | proposed | [23] |
Space Adventures Myasishchev Design Bureau |
Explorer (Cosmopolis XXI, C-21) | spaceplane | M-55X | airplane | sub-orbit | 5 | development | [24] |
Sierra Nevada Corporation | Dream Chaser | spaceplane | Atlas V | rocket | LEO | 7 | proposed | [25] |
Sierra Nevada Corporation | Dream Chaser Cargo System | spaceplane | Atlas V | rocket | LEO | 0 | testing | |
SpaceX | Dragon (cargo) | capsule | Falcon 9 | rocket | LEO | 0 | operational (8/9) | [26] |
SpaceX | Dragon (V2) | capsule | Falcon 9 | rocket | LEO | 7 | testing | unveiled 29 May 2014, first crew flight 2017 [6][27] |
SpaceX | Interplanetary Spaceship | capsule | ITS launch vehicle | rocket | deep space (Oort Cloud) | 100-200 | development | [28] |
Starchaser Industries | NOVA | capsule | Starchaser 4 | rocket | sub-orbit | - | testing | [29] |
Starchaser Industries | Thunderstar | capsule | Starchaser 5 | rocket | sub-orbit | 3 | development | [30] |
Starchaser Industries | Thunderbird | capsule | Starchaser 5 | rocket | sub-orbit | 6 | development | [30] |
t/Space | CXV | capsule | QuickReach | rocket | LEO and lunar orbit | 6 | development | [31] |
Venturer Aerospace | S-550 | capsule | Falcon 9 | rocket | LEO | 6 | cancelled | [32] |
World View Enterprises | Voyager | capsule | self-powered | helium balloon | near space | 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots) | development | [33] |
XCOR | Xerus | spaceplane | self-powered (SSTSO) | self-powered (SSTSO) | sub-orbit | 2 | cancelled | [34] |
XCOR | Lynx | spaceplane | self-powered (SSTSO) | self-powered (SSTSO) | sub-orbit | 2 (pilot + passenger) | cancelled | First test flight now planned for Q2 2016.[35][36][37][38] |
zero2infinity | bloon | capsule | self-powered | helium balloon | near space | 6 (4 passenger, 2 pilots) | development | [39] |
Space stations
Private Company name | Space Craft name | Space Craft type | Internal volume |
Passenger capacity |
Craft status | Orbit Around | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axiom Space | Axiom Module? | Rigid Module | ? | 7 | proposed | Earth | [40] |
Bigelow Aerospace | Genesis I | Inflatable module | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[41] | unmanned | currently in LEO | Earth | [42] |
Bigelow Aerospace | Genesis II | Inflatable module | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[43] | unmanned | currently in LEO | Earth | [44] |
Bigelow Aerospace | Galaxy | Inflatable module | 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[45] | unmanned | cancelled | Earth | [46] |
Bigelow Aerospace | Sundancer | Inflatable module | 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft) | 3 | cancelled | Earth | [47] |
Bigelow Aerospace | BA 330 | Inflatable module | 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft) | 6 | testing | Earth | [48] |
Bigelow Aerospace | BA 2100 | Inflatable module | 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft) | 16 | proposed | Earth | |
Excalibur Almaz | Almaz derivative | Rigid module | ? | 3 | inactive | Earth | [13][14] |
Final Frontier Technologies | FFT Earth-Moon-Mars Earth Launch Station 1 | Rigid module | ? | 6 | proposed | Earth | |
Final Frontier Technologies | FFT Earth-Moon-Mars Earth Launch Station 2 | Rigid module | ? | 6 | proposed | Earth | |
Final Frontier Technologies | FFT Earth-Moon-Mars Lunar Launch Station 1 | Rigid module | ? | 3 | proposed | Moon | |
Final Frontier Technologies | FFT Earth-Moon-Mars Lunar Launch Station 2 | Rigid module | ? | 12 | proposed | Moon | |
Final Frontier Technologies | FFT Earth-Moon-Mars Martian Launch Station 1 | Rigid module | ? | 6 | proposed | Mars | |
Final Frontier Technologies | FFT Earth-Moon-Mars Martian Launch Station 2 | Rigid module | ? | 9 | proposed | Mars | |
Galactic Suite Ltd. | Galactic Suite | Rigid module | ? | 6 | proposed | Earth | [49] |
Global Space Organization | GSO Lunar Station One | 3D Printed | ? | 10 | proposed | Earth | [50] |
Orbital Technologies/RSC Energia | Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station | Rigid Module | The first module CSS will be volume about 20 m³. | 7 | development | Earth | [51] |
Gateway Galactic, Inc. | Antaios (Depot) | Propellant Depot | ? | unmanned | development | Earth | [52] |
Launch vehicles
Further information: List of orbital launch systems
Company name | Launcher name |
Launcher type |
No. of stages |
Maximum reach |
Launcher status |
Maiden flight |
Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARCA | Haas 2b | light rocket | 1 | suborbit | development | ? | [1] |
ARCA | Super Haas | medium rocket | 2 | LEO | development | ? | [2] |
Australian space research institute | AUSROCKS | light rocket | 2 | LEO | development | ? | [53] |
Blue Origin | New Glenn | heavy Rocket | 2 or 3 | GTO | development | 2019
(Planned) |
[54] |
Canadian Arrow | Canadian Arrow | rocket | 2 | LEO | cancelled | ? | |
Datiotec Aeroespacial / INMEU A.C. | JFCR-2000A | light rocket | 1 | suborbit | development | 2017 (planned) | [55] |
General Astronautics | Urania | medium rocket | 3 | LEO | cancelled | — | [56] |
Interorbital Systems | NEPTUNE
N series |
light-to-medium rocket | 1-9 | LEO | development | ? | [16] |
Interorbital Systems | NEPTUNE N36 | heavy rocket | 36 | lunar orbit | proposed | ? | [16] |
Interorbital Systems | Neptune TSAAHTO | heavy rocket | 2½ | lunar orbit | proposed | ? | [16] |
Lin Industrial | Taymyr | light rocket | 3 | LEO | proposed | ? | [57] |
Lockheed Martin | VentureStar | reusable spaceplane | 1 | LEO | cancelled | — | [58] |
Lockheed Martin | Athena | medium rocket | 2 or 3 | LEO | development | 1995 | |
Mishaal Aerospace | M-SV | light rocket | 1 | suborbit | development | ? | [59][60] |
Mishaal Aerospace | M-OV | light rocket | 1+2-10 Boosters | LEO | development | ? | [59][60] |
Orbital ATK | Antares | medium rocket | 3 | LEO | operational (4/5) | 2013 | [61] |
Orbital ATK | Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus | light rocket | 4 | LEO | operational (6/9) | 1994 | [62][63][64] |
Orbital ATK | Pegasus | light rocket | 3 | LEO | operational (37/45) | 1990 | |
Orbital Transport & Raketen AG | OTRAG | medium rocket | variable | LEO | retired | 1977 | |
PLD Space | Arion 1 | light rocket | 1 | suborbit | development | 2018 (planned) | [65][66] |
PLD Space | Arion 2 | light rocket | 2 | LEO | development | 2020 (planned) | [66] |
Rocket Lab | ATEA-1 | light rocket | 2 | suborbit | operational (1/1) | 2009 | [67][68] |
Rocket Lab | Electron | light rocket | 2 | LEO | development | 2016 (Planned) | [69] |
Space Services Inc. of America | Percheron | light rocket | 1 | suborbit | cancelled | — | [70] |
Space Services Inc. of America | Conestoga 1620 | medium rocket | 4 | LEO | retired (0/1) | — | [70] |
SpaceLS | Prometheus-1 | light rocket | 2 | LEO | development | ? | [71][72] |
SpaceX | Falcon 1 | light rocket | 2 | LEO | retired (2/5) | 2008 | [73] |
SpaceX | Falcon 1e | light rocket | 2 | LEO | cancelled | ? | [73] |
SpaceX | Falcon 5 | medium rocket | 2 | GTO | cancelled | — | [74] |
SpaceX | Falcon 9 v1.0 | medium rocket | 2 | GTO | retired (5/5) | 2010 | [75] |
SpaceX | Falcon 9 v1.1 | medium rocket | 2 | GTO | retired (14/15) | 2013 | [75] |
SpaceX | Falcon 9 full thrust | medium rocket (first stage reusable) / heavy rocket (expendable configuration) |
2 | TMI[76] | operational (8/8) | 2015 | [75] |
SpaceX | Falcon Heavy | heavy rocket (first stage core and side boosters reusable) / super heavy rocket (expendable configuration) | 2+boosters | deep space (Pluto)[77] | development | 2016 (planned) | [75][78] |
SpaceX | ITS Launch Vehicle | super heavy rocket | 2 | deep space (Oort Cloud)[79] | development | ? | [80] |
United Launch | Atlas V | medium rocket | 2 | GTO | Operational (64/65) | 2002 | [81] |
United Launch | Delta II 6000 | medium rocket | 2 | GTO | Retired (17/17) | 1989 | [82] |
United Launch Alliance | Delta II 7000 | light rocket | 2 | GTO | Operational (128/130) | 1990 | [82] |
United Launch Alliance | Delta II 7000H | heavy rocket | 2 | HCO | Retired (6/6) | 2003 | [82] |
United Launch | Delta IV | medium rocket | 2 | GTO | Operational (32/33 | 2003 | [83] |
United Launch Alliance | Delta IV Heavy | heavy rocket | 2 | GTO | Operational (8/9) | 2004 | [84] |
United Launch Alliance | Vulcan | heavy rocket | 2 | GTO | Development | 2019
(planned) |
[85] |
Ventions | SALVO | light rocket | 2 | LEO | testing | 2015 (planned) | [86][87] |
Virgin Galactic | LauncherOne | light rocket | 2 | LEO | testing | 2016 (planned) | [88] |
zero2infinity | bloostar | Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and in-space rocket launcher) | 3 + high-altitude balloon ascent | LEO | development | 2018 | [89] |
CTA | VLS Alfa | rocket | 3 | LEO | development | ? |
Landers, rovers and probes
See also: Google Lunar X Prize § Competitors
Company name | Craft name | Craft type | Craft status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARCASPACE | ELE | lunar orbiter | development | [90] |
Armadillo Aerospace | unnamed craft | rocket module | testing | [91] |
Astrobotic Technology | Artemis Lander | lunar lander | development | [92] |
Astrobotic Technology | Red Rover | rover | development | [93] |
Astrobotic Technology | Griffin | lunar lander | negotiating | [94] |
Euroluna | ROMIT | development | [95] | |
Golden Spike Company | Manned lunar lander | proposed | [96] | |
Hakuto | Moon Raker | rover | development | [97] |
Hakuto | Tetris | rover | development | [98] |
Independence-X | development | [99] | ||
Interorbital Systems | RIPPER | lander | development | [100] |
Lunar Mission One | unnamed | lunar lander + deep drill | development | [101] |
Mars One | unnamed | lander | development | [102] |
Masten Space Systems | XEUS | lunar lander | negotiating | [94] |
Moon Express | MX-1 family | lunar lander | testing | [94][103] |
Odyssey Moon | MoonOne (M-1) | rover | development | [104] |
Omega Envoy | development | [105] | ||
Part Time Scientists | Audi Lunar quattro | rover | development | |
Puli Space Technologies | Puli | rover | fundraising | [106] |
Team FREDNET | development | [107] | ||
Team Italia | rover | development | [108] | |
Team Indus | HHK1 | lunar lander+ 2 rovers | development | |
TransOrbital | TrailBlazer | lunar orbiter | cancelled | [109] |
Team Plan B | Plan B | development | ||
Space IL | Sparrow | nano-ship | development | |
STELLAR | development | [110] | ||
SYNERGY MOON | Tesla | rover | development | [111] |
Research craft and tech demonstrators
Further information: List of sounding rockets
Company name | Craft name | Craft purpose | Craft status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARCA | Demonstrator 2b | demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine | retired | |
Armadillo Aerospace | Quad | demonstrate VTOL | retired | |
ASRI | AUSROCKS I | systems testing | retired | |
ASRI | AUSROCKS II | payload to 10 km | retired | |
ASRI | AUSROCKS 2.5 | systems testing | testing | |
ASRI | AUSROCKS III | payload of 150 kg to 500 km | development | |
Blue Origin | Goddard | demonstrate VTOL | retired | |
Interorbital Systems | Neutrino | systems testing | operational | |
Interorbital Systems | Tachyon | systems testing | operational | [112] |
Lockheed Martin | X-33 | demonstrate SSTO | cancelled | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1 | demonstrate VTOL | retired | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1B | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 | operational | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights | operational | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E2 | commercial flights | development | |
McDonnell Douglas | DC-X | demonstrate VTOL | retired (11 test flights) | |
Rotary Rocket | Roton ATV | demonstrate VTOL | retired (3 test flights) | |
Space Services Inc. | Conestoga I | systems testing | retired (1 test) | [70] |
SpaceX | Grasshopper | demonstrate VTOL | retired (8 tests) | [113] |
SpaceX | F9R Dev1 | refine VTOL (low altitude) | destroyed (5 flights) | [114] |
SpaceX | F9R Dev2 | refine VTOL (high altitude) | development | |
Swedish Space Corp. | Maxus | payload to 700 km | operational | |
Swedish Space Corp. | Maser | payload to 300 km | operational | |
UP Aerospace | SpaceLoft XL | payload to 140 km | operational | [115] |
World View Enterprises | Tycho Platform | payload up to 46 km and 300 kg | operational | [116] |
zero2infinity | nanobloon 1.0 | payload to 32 km | operational | [117] |
zero2infinity | nanobloon 2.0 | payload to 33 km | operational | |
zero2infinity | microbloon 1.0 | payload to 24 km | operational | |
zero2infinity | microbloon 2.0 | payload to 31 km | operational | |
zero2infinity | microbloon 3.0 | payload to 27 km | operational |
Space mining
Company name | Body to be mined | Mining craft | Mining status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deep Space Industries | Near-Earth asteroids | press conference | ||
Final Frontier Technologies | Moon, Asteroid Belt | proposed | Unknown | |
Global Space Organization | Moon, Near-Earth asteroids | Robotic Systems | proposed | [118] |
Infinite Space Dynamics | Near-Earth Asteroids, Moon, Asteroid Belt | Development | Development | |
Kepler Energy and Space Engineering | Near-Earth Asteroids | proposed | fundraising | [119] |
Moon Express | Moon | Unknown | Unknown | |
Planetary Resources | Near-Earth asteroids | Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300 | development | [120] |
Shackleton Energy Company | Moon | Architecture | Architecture | |
Stott Space Inc. | Near-Earth asteroids | fundraising | [121] | |
Space manufacturing
Company name | Products | Manufacturing craft | status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite Space Dynamics | Propellant, Space Infrastructure, Propellant depot, communications platforms, space solar power satellites | |||
Shackleton Energy Company | propellant, space infrastructure, Propellant depot | |||
Deep Space Industries | propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites | |||
Space settlement
Company name | Colony location | Status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Interplanetary Transport System | Mars | development[122] | |
Final Frontier Technologies | Mars | proposed | |
Final Frontier Technologies | Moon | proposed | |
Mars One | Mars | Fundraising and assessing astronaut applications | [123] |
Propulsion manufacturers
Satellite launchers
Company | Launch vehicles | Private | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
Arianespace | Ariane, Vega | No; Owned by some of the EU | |
Eurockot Launch Services | Rockot | No; 49% owned by Russia, and 51% by Kazakhistan | |
International Launch Services | Proton | No; 51%+ owned by Russia | |
ISC Kosmotras | Dnepr | No; Owned by Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. | |
Orbital ATK | Partial; own launchers, funded by NASA | ||
SpaceX | Yes; own launchers | ||
Sea Launch | Zenit | No; Bankrupt. Owned by Russia. | |
Starsem | Soyuz | No; 25% Owned by Russa, 25% Samara, 35% EADS SPACE Transportation, 15% EU | |
Spaceliner companies
Company name | Contracts for | Craft utilised | Status | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benson Space Company | SpaceDev | Dream Chaser | waiting for hardware | ||
MirCorp | none | Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir | defunct, Mir deorbited | ||
Space Adventures | none | Soyuz and the ISS | active (7 tourists sent) | ||
RocketShip Tours | XCOR | Lynx rocketplane | waiting for hardware | ||
Virgin Galactic | Scaled Composites | SpaceShipTwo | waiting for hardware | ||
Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers
Company | Production | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
Altius Space Machines | |||
Advanced Space | Advanced Space is a software and services company that leverages its unique subject matter expertise to improve the fundamentals of spaceflight. | [137] | |
Andrews Space | |||
EADS Astrium Satellites | |||
EADS Astrium Space Transportation | |||
Made in Space | [138] | ||
NanoRacks | [139] | ||
Rocketstar Robotics, Inc. | [140] | ||
Starsys | merged with SpaceDev | ||
SpaceDev | |||
Space Environment Technologies | Space Environment Technologies provides services, products, and hardware for the operational space environment. It offers operational capabilities for forecasting Low Earth Orbit densities and for specifying surface charging, internal charging, single event effect, and radiation environments. | [141] | |
SpaceQuest, Ltd. | |||
Talis Enterprises, Ltd. | [142] | ||
See also
- Tourism on Moon
- List of government space agencies
- List of spacecraft manufacturers including the "traditional space" companies
- Private spaceflight
- Space industry
References
- 1 2 Haas2b specifications ARCA
- 1 2 Super haas Specifications ARCA
- ↑ Armadillo Aerospace Armadillo Aerospace
- ↑ http://www.engadget.com/2013/08/03/john-carmack-says-armadillo-aerospace-is-in-hibernation/
- ↑ "Boeing Selects Atlas V Rocket for Initial Commercial Crew Launches". 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- 1 2 http://www.parabolicarc.com/2015/09/21/commercial-crew-marks-year-progress/
- ↑ Klamper, Amy (2009-08-14). "Company pitches 'lite' spaceship to NASA : Stripped down version of NASA's future spaceship could be ready 2013". Msnbc.com. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ↑ http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-plans-to-begin-commercial-suborbital-research-flights-in-2016/
- ↑ Blue's Rocket Clues (MSNBC's Cosmic Log, June 24, 2006)
- ↑ https://www.blueorigin.com/technology
- 1 2 Copenhagen Suborbitals Copenhagen Suborbitals
- ↑ Spaceplane – Rocketing into the future EADS-Astrium
- 1 2 Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | Beating swords into plough shares with Soviet Almaz
- 1 2 Excalibur Almaz to Pioneer Private Orbital Manned Space Flight In cooperation with NPOM of Russia | OnOrbit
- ↑ Space racers set sights on orbital frontier MSNBC
- 1 2 3 4 Interorbital Systems Neptune Interorbital Systems
- ↑ 準軌道宇宙旅行 宇宙丸プロジェクト Kankoh-maru
- ↑ Orbital's Cygnus debut mission to the ISS outlined
- ↑ BAe Hotol Cutaway – Pictures & Photos on FlightGlobal Airspace
- 1 2 http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/skylon_overview.html
- ↑ SpaceShipOne Makes Historiy With First Private Spaceflight Space.com Archived October 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "New Heights in Third Supersonic Test Flight". Virgin Galactic. Jan 10, 2014. Retrieved Mar 21, 2014.
- ↑ Entrepreneur Unveils New Tourist Spacecraft Your Industry News
- ↑ New group to Develop Passenger Spacecraft MSNBC
- ↑ Dream Chaser begins test flights SEN TV LIMITED
- ↑ Completed Missions – SpaceX Launch Manifest
- ↑ http://www.spacex.com/news/2015/05/06/crew-dragon-completes-pad-abort-test
- ↑ http://www.spacex.com/mars
- ↑ NOVA Armadillo Aerospace NOVA
- 1 2 Industries Starchaser Industries
- ↑ NASA – Taking the Vision to the Next Step
- ↑ Venturer Aerospace pursues NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services contract
- ↑ World View – The Voyager Experience
- ↑ XCOR Aerospace Unveils Rocket-Powered Lynx Vehicle Design FlightGlobal
- ↑ http://www.mrt.com/business/development/article_59287c2e-5682-11e5-b319-e7ad9e129220.html?mode=jqm
- ↑ Hindman, Nate C. (23 October 2012). "XCOR Lynx: Supersonic Plane To Fly Between NYC And Tokyo In 90 Minutes". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ↑ "XCOR Unveils New Suborbital Rocketship". SPACE.com. 28 March 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ↑ "XCOR Breaking Down Walls with Midland – One Step Closer to Space". xcor.com. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ↑ Cruddas, Sarah (March 6, 2015). "Near-space 'ballooning' could become next space travel trend". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ↑ "Former NASA ISS manager planning commercial space station venture - SpaceNews.com". SpaceNews.com. 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ "Genesis I Specs". Bigelow Aerospace. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ↑ "Genesis I". Bigelow Aerospace. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ↑ "Genesis 2 Specs". Bigelow Aerospace. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ↑ "Genesis II". Bigelow Aerospace. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ↑ Developing a galaxy – WebCite query result
- ↑ Knapp, George (2007-08-17). "I-Team: Bigelow Aerospace Makes Giant Leap Towards Commercial Space Travel". Las Vegas Now. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ↑ "Bigelow Aerospace Expediting BA 330 Development". BigelowAerospace.com. July 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ↑ The Five-Billion-Star Hotel, 1 Mar 2005
- ↑ Staff (2007-08-10). "Spanish venture aims to build space hotel". MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ↑ "GSO Lunar Station One". gso-space.org. 2013-12-18. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- ↑ Malik, Tariq (2010-09-29). "World's First Commercial Space Station Planned in Russia". space.com. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ↑ Myers, Justin (2015-06-24). "Gateway Galactic". gateway-galactic.com. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
- ↑ "AUSROC 4 | Australian Space Research Institute". www.asri.org.au. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ↑ "Blue Origin Announces Big 'New Glenn' Rocket for Satellite & Crew Launches". Space.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ https://cuantumlabs.com/portfolio/aeroespacial/
- ↑ General Astronautics Urania 2001-02-01
- ↑ "Pioneers of Private Astronautics in Russia: Lin Industrial — The Dialogue". The Dialogue. 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ↑ X-33/VentureStar – What really happened | NASASpaceFlight.com
- 1 2 Mishaal Aerospace – Launch Vehicles
- 1 2 http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/10/23/mishaal-aerospace/
- ↑ http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=852
- ↑ "Taurus". archive.org. 22 Nov 2013. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved 23 Sep 2014.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (24 February 2014). "Taurus rocket on the market with new name, upgrades". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 Sep 2014.
- ↑ "Minotaur C". orbital.com. Retrieved 23 Sep 2014.
- ↑ Giménez, Jorge (March 16, 2015). "PLD Space fabricará los primeros motores de combustible líquido de España". Defensa global y avances en el desarrollo argentino (in Spanish).
- 1 2 http://www.pldspace.com/
- ↑ "NZ's first space launch saved by $6 replacement part". The New Zealand Herald. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ↑ http://www.rocketlab.co.nz/atea-1.html/
- ↑ "Electron • Rocket Lab". www.rocketlabusa.com. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
- 1 2 3 TSE – Conestoga
- ↑ http://www.spacels.com/
- ↑ http://www.theengineer.co.uk/aerospace/news/spacels-develops-commercial-rocket-to-launch-small-satellites/1021111.article
- 1 2 Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 1
- ↑ Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Press
- 1 2 3 4 Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 9
- ↑ http://www.spacex.com/falcon9
- ↑ http://www.spacex.com/falcon-heavy
- ↑ http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/05/falcon-heavy-dragon-solar-system-explorer/
- ↑ https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/spacex-reveals-mars-game-changer-colonization-plan/
- ↑ "SpaceX's Elon Musk Unveils Interplanetary Spaceship to Colonize Mars". Space.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ Kyle, Ed. "Atlas 5 Data Sheet". www.spacelaunchreport.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- 1 2 3 Kyle, Ed. "Delta II Data Sheet". www.spacelaunchreport.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ Kyle, Ed. "Delta IV Data Sheet". www.spacelaunchreport.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ "Delta IV Heavy – Rockets". spaceflight101.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ Ray, Justin. "ULA unveils its future with the Vulcan rocket family – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ http://www.americaspace.com/?p=83211
- ↑ "Ventions, LLC to launch liquid-fueled rocket from Wallops this week". NewSpace Watch. 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ http://spacenews.com/virgin-galactics-launcherone-on-schedule-for-2016-first-launch/
- ↑ Reyes, Tim (October 17, 2014). "Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars". Universe Today. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ Armadillo Aerospace: Scaling Up for Modularized Spaceships Space.com Space News
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ Astrobotic reveals moon mission plans msnbc.msn.com
- 1 2 3 "About Lunar CATALYST". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ Lindsey, Clark (2013-01-03). "Golden Spike contracts Northrop Grumman for lunar lander design". NewSpace Watch. Retrieved 2013-01-04. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ "HISTORY". ispace technologies, inc. July 20, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ "Lunar Missions_1". www.interorbital.com. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
- ↑ "Lunar Mission One: A New Lunar Mission for Everyone". British Interplanetary Society. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ↑ Mars One
- ↑ https://www.nasa.gov/content/moon-express-testing-compact-lunar-lander-at-kennedy-space-center
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ Team Puli | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ BBC News: Moon opens for business
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ The Teams | Google Lunar X PRIZE
- ↑ Advantages of using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as an oXidizer in rockets [lunarlander.spaceracenews.com]
- ↑ Klotz, Irene (2011-09-27). "A rocket that lifts off — and lands — on launch pad". MSNBC. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
- ↑ Rhian, Jason (2014-08-22). "SpaceX F9R explodes in the skies above Texas in recent test flight". www.spaceflightinsider.com. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
- ↑ Private rocket launches ashes of Star Trek's Scotty, astronaut to suborbital space [www.space.com]
- ↑ World View- Research and Education Mission
- ↑ López-Urdiales, José Mariano (March 12, 2014). "NEAr-Space high-altitude balloons: the alternative for space tourism and science" (PDF). European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid (Spain). Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ↑ "GSO".
- ↑ "Welcome to Kepler Energy & Space Engineering LLC | Kepler Energy & Space Engineering LLC". www.kesellc.com. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ↑ "Technology". Retrieved 19 August 2012.
- ↑ "Technology". Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ↑ Richardson, Derek (2016-09-27). "Elon Musk Shows Off Interplanetary Transport System". Spaceflight Insider. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
- ↑ http://mars-one.com/en/mission/summary-of-the-plan
- ↑ http://www.accion-systems.com/tile/
- ↑ http://www.accion-systems.com/accion-tech/
- ↑ Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR® Propulsion 2013
- ↑ HIRE 2009
- ↑ Hybrid Ion Rocket Engine/AE Aerospace owner Andrew Edwards 2010
- ↑ Scearamjet 2009
- ↑ "Advances in Microcavity Discharge Thruster Technology", AIAA 2010-6616.
- ↑ "Geometric Optimization of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thuster", AIAA 2003-5025.
- ↑ CU Aerospace Propulsion Module Specifications
- ↑ "The SABRE Engine". Retrieved 2010-08-10.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (2008-09-28). "Sweet success at last for Falcon 1 rocket". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
- ↑ Whitesides, Loretta Hidalgo (2007-11-12). "SpaceX Completes Development of Rocket Engine for Falcon 1 and 9". Wired Science. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
- ↑ Leone, Dan (2013-10-25). "SpaceX Could Begin Testing Methane-fueled Engine at Stennis Next Year". Space News. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
- ↑ http://advanced-space.com
- ↑ Biggs, John (2013-08-14). "Made In Space, Makers Of The Only 3D Printer In Orbit, Answer Some Pressing Questions About Manufacturing And Yoda". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
- ↑ "NASA - NanoRacks Platforms". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ http://www.rocketstarrobotics.com/products.html
- ↑ http://spacewx.com
- ↑ http://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=14324
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