List of local anesthetics

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This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest.

List of local anesthetic agents

Drug Other common names First synthesis Dates of clinical use Chemical/Structural Class Duration of Effect
amylocaine Stovaine 1904 (Ernest Fourneau)
Ambucaine
Ambucaine[1]
articaine Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine
benzocaine Anbesol, Orajel Ester - Aminobenzoic Short
benzonatate Tessalon
bupivacaine Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine 1957 (Ekenstam) 1963 (Widman and Telivuo) Amide Moderate
butacaine
butanilicaine
chloroprocaine Nesacaine Ester - Aminobenzoic
cinchocaine (dibucaine) Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine 1925 (Meischer) 1930 (Uhlmann) Ester - Aminobenzoic
cocaine 1855 (first isolation by Friedrich Gaedcke), 1898 (first synthesis by Richard Willstätter) 1884 (Karl Koller, William Stewart Halsted) Ester - Benzoic
Cyclomethycaine
Ester - Benzoic
Dibucaine
Diperodon
Diperodon[4][5]
Dimethisoquin
dimethocaine (larocaine)
Eucaine α-Eucaine, β-eucaine
α-eucaine β-eucaine

1900. α[7] β[8][9]

etidocaine Duranest 1971 (Takman) 1972 (Lund)
hexylcaine Cyclaine, Osmocaine
Fomocaine
Fomocaine[10]
Fotocaine
Fotocaine[10]
Hydroxyprocaine
Hydroxyprocaine
[11]
Isobucaine
levobupivacaine Chirocaine 1990s (Mather and Tucker) 1995
lidocaine[13][14]

(lignocaine)

Xylocaine
Lidamidine
1943 (Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist)
1947 (Torsten Gordh)
mepivacaine Carbocaine, Polocaine 1956 (Ekenstam and Egner) 1957 (Dhuner)
meprylcaine Epirocain
metabutoxycaine
nitracaine Ester- Aminobenzoic
orthocaine
oxetacaine (oxethazaine)
oxybuprocaine (benoxinate) Novesine
Paraethoxycaine
Paraethoxycaine.[15]
phenacaine Holocaine
piperocaine (metycaine)
Piridocaine
pramocaine (pramoxine)
prilocaine Citanest 1959 (Nils Löfgren and Egner) 1960 (Wielding)
Primacaine
procaine Novocain, borocaine (procaine borate), ethocaine 1904 (Alfred Einhorn) 1905 (Heinrich Braun)
Procainamide
proparacaine (proxymetacaine)
propoxycaine doi:10.1021/ja01123a005
Pyrrocaine
Pyrrocaine[17]
quinisocaine (dimethisoquin)
ropivacaine Naropin 1957 (Ekenstam) 1997
trimecaine Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain
tetracaine (amethocaine) Dicaine, Pontocaine 1928 (O. Eisleb) 1931
Tolycaine
Tolycaine[18]
Tropacocaine doi:10.1039/CT9099501020

See also

References

  1. J. Buchi, E. Stunzi, M. Flurg, R. Hirt, P. Labhart, and L. Ragaz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 34, 1002 (1951).
  2. S. M. McElvain and T. P. Carney, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 68, 2592 (1946).
  3. K. Miescher, Helv. Chim. Acta, 15, 163 (1932).
  4. 44. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
  5. M. S. Raasch and W. R. Brode, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 64, 1112 (1942).
  6. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
  7. Harries, C. (1903). "Ueber ein neues p-Menthadiën aus Dihydrocarvylamin". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 328 (3): 322. doi:10.1002/jlac.19033280303.
  8. G. Meiling, Chem. Ber., 6, 173 (1896).
  9. H. King, J. Chem. Soc, 125, 41 (1924).
  10. 1 2 Schoenberger, Matthias; Damijonaitis, Arunas; Zhang, Zinan; Nagel, Daniel; Trauner, Dirk (2014). "Development of a New Photochromic Ion Channel Blocker via Azologization of Fomocaine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (7): 514–518. doi:10.1021/cn500070w. ISSN 1948-7193. nih.gov article
  11. W. Grimme and H. Schmitz, Chem. Ber., 84, 734 (1917).
  12. J. R. Reasenberg and S. D. Goldberg, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 67, 933 (1945).
  13. "Lignocaine - C14H22N2O". ChemSpider. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  14. "Lidocaine". The Merck Index Online. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  15. W. G. Christiansen and S. E. Harris, U. S. Patent 2,404,691 (1946).
  16. L. A. Walter and R. J. Fosbinder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 61, 1713 (1939).
  17. N. Lofgren, C. Tegner, and B. Takman, Acta Chem. Scand., 11, 1724 (1957).
  18. R. Hiltmann, F. Mietzsch, and W. Wirth, U.S. Patent 2,921,077 (1960).
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