List of birds of Panama
This is a list of the bird species recorded in Panama. The avifauna of Panama include a total of 978 species (Angehr & Dean), of which twelve are endemic, six have been introduced by humans and 120 are rare or accidental. Twenty species are globally threatened. The total figure includes a number of species whose occurrence in the country is considered hypothetical; no specimen or photograph has been taken in the country and they are known only from sight records.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) mainly follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 5th edition although a few species have been split or lumped to correspond with the Panama Audubon Society checklist.[1] The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Panama.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.
- (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Panama
- (E) Endemic - a species endemic to Panama
- (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Panama as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
Tinamous
Order: Tinamiformes Family: Tinamidae
The tinamous are one of the most ancient groups of bird. Although they look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, they have no close relatives and are classified as a single family, Tinamidae, within their own order, the Tinamiformes. They are distantly related to the ratites (order Struthioniformes), that includes the rheas, emu and kiwis.
- Great tinamou, Tinamus major
- Highland tinamou, Nothocercus bonapartei
- Little tinamou, Crypturellus soui
- Choco tinamou, Crypturellus kerriae
Penguins
Order: Sphenisciformes Family: Spheniscidae
The penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater.
- Galapagos penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus (A)
Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
- Least grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus
- Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. There are 21 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Panama.
- Wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans (A)
- Waved albatross, Phoebastria irrorata (A)
- Gray-headed albatross, Thalassarche chrysostoma (A)
Shearwaters and petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Galapagos petrel, Pterodroma phaeopygia (A)
- Parkinson's petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni (A)
- Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea (A)
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacificus (A)
- Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus
- Christmas shearwater, Puffinus navitatis (A)
- Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus (A)
- Townsend's shearwater, Puffinus auricularis (A)
- Audubon's shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri
- Galapagos shearwater, Puffinus subalaris
Storm petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
The storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. There are 21 species worldwide and 6 species which occur in Panama.
- Wilson's storm petrel, Oceanites oceanicus (A)
- White-vented storm petrel, Oceanites gracilis (A)
- Least storm petrel, Oceanodroma microsoma
- Wedge-rumped storm petrel, Oceanodroma tethys
- Markham's storm petrel, Oceanodroma markhami (A)
- Black storm petrel, Oceanodroma melania
Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus
- White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)
Boobies
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii
- Peruvian booby, Sula variegata
- Masked booby, Sula dactylatra
- Nazca booby, Sula granti
- Red-footed booby, Sula sula
- Brown booby, Sula leucogaster
Cormorants
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage coloration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colorful.
- Neotropic cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
- Guanay cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (A)
Darters
Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae
Darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.
- Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga
Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens
- Great frigatebird Fregata minor (A)
Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
- American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (A)
- Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis
Bitterns, herons and egrets
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- Capped heron, Pilherodius pileatus
- Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
- Cocoi heron, Ardea cocoi
- Great egret, Ardea alba
- Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (A)
- Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor
- Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
- Snowy egret, Egretta thula
- Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
- Striated heron, Butorides striata
- Green heron, Butorides virescens
- Agami heron, Agamia agami
- Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
- Yellow-crowned night heron, Nyctanassa violacea
- Boat-billed heron, Cochlearius cochlearius
- Bare-throated tiger heron, Tigrisoma mexicanum
- Fasciated tiger heron, Tigrisoma fasciatum
- Rufescent tiger heron, Tigrisoma lineatum
- Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis
- American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus (A)
Ibises and spoonbills
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
- Buff-necked ibis, Theristicus caudatus (A)
- Green ibis, Mesembrinibis cayennensis
- White ibis, Eudocimus albus
- Scarlet ibis, Eudocimus ruber (A)
- Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A)
- Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja
Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
- Wood stork, Mycteria americana
- Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria (A)
Ducks
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Fulvous whistling duck, Dendrocygna bicolor (A)
- White-faced whistling duck, Dendrocygna viduata (A)
- Black-bellied whistling duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis
- Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata
- Comb duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos
- American wigeon, Anas americana
- Green-winged teal, Anas crecca (A)
- Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (A)
- Northern pintail, Anas acuta (A)
- White-cheeked pintail, Anas bahamensis (A)
- Blue-winged teal, Anas discors
- Cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera (A)
- Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata (A)
- Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris
- Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis
- Masked duck, Nomonyx dominica
New World vultures
Order: Cathartiformes Family: Cathartidae
The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carrion.
- Black vulture, Coragyps atratus
- Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura
- Lesser yellow-headed vulture, Cathartes burrovianus
- King vulture, Sarcoramphus papa
Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The Pandionidae family contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
- Osprey, Pandion haliaetus
Hawks, kites and eagles
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Gray-headed kite, Leptodon cayanensis
- Hook-billed kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus
- Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus
- Pearl kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii
- White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus
- Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis
- Slender-billed kite, Rostrhamus hamatus (A)
- Double-toothed kite, Harpagus bidentatus
- Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
- Plumbeous kite, Ictinia plumbea
- Long-winged harrier, Circus buffoni (A)
- Northern harrier, Circus cyaneus
- Tiny hawk, Accipiter superciliosus
- Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus
- Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii (A)
- Bicolored hawk, Accipiter bicolor
- Crane hawk, Geranospiza caerulescens
- Plumbeous hawk, Leucopternis plumbeus
- Barred hawk, Leucopternis princeps
- Semiplumbeous hawk, Leucopternis semiplumbeus
- White hawk, Leucopternis albicollis
- Common black-hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus
- Mangrove black-hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus subtilis
- Great black-hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga
- Savanna hawk, Buteogallus meridionalis
- Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus
- Black-collared hawk, Busarellus nigricollis
- Solitary eagle, Harpyhaliaetus solitarius
- Gray-lined hawk, Buteo nitidus
- Roadside hawk, Buteo magnirostris
- Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus
- Short-tailed hawk, Buteo brachyurus
- Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni
- White-tailed hawk, Buteo albicaudatus
- Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus
- Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis
- Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis
- Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja
- Black-and-white hawk-eagle, Spizaetus melanoleucus
- Black hawk-eagle, Spizaetus tyrannus
- Ornate hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus
Caracaras and falcons
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Red-throated caracara, Ibycter americanus
- Northern caracara, Caracara cheriway
- Yellow-headed caracara, Milvago chimachima
- Laughing falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans
- Barred forest falcon, Micrastur ruficollis
- Slaty-backed forest falcon, Micrastur mirandollei
- Collared forest falcon, Micrastur semitorquatus
- American kestrel, Falco sparverius
- Aplomado falcon, Falco femoralis
- Merlin, Falco columbarius
- Bat falcon, Falco rufigularis
- Orange-breasted falcon, Falco deiroleucus (A)
- Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus
Guans, chachalacas and allies
Order: Galliformes Family: Cracidae
The Cracidae are large birds, similar in general appearance to turkeys. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats. They are generally dull-plumaged, but the curassows and some guans have colorful facial ornaments.
- Gray-headed chachalaca, Ortalis cinereiceps
- Crested guan, Penelope purpurascens
- Black guan, Chamaepetes unicolor
- Great curassow, Crax rubra
New World quails
Order: Galliformes Family: Odontophoridae
The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits.
- Crested bobwhite, Colinus cristatus
- Marbled wood-quail, Odontophorus gujanensis
- Black-eared wood-quail, Odontophorus melanotis
- Tacarcuna wood-quail, Odontophorus dialeucos
- Black-breasted wood-quail, Odontophorus leucolaemus
- Spotted wood-quail, Odontophorus guttatus
- Tawny-faced quail, Rhynchortyx cinctus
Limpkins
Order: Gruiformes Family: Aramidae
The limpkin resembles a large rail. It has drab-brown plumage and a grayer head and neck.
- Limpkin, Aramus guarauna
Rails, crakes, gallinules and coots
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Ruddy crake, Laterallus ruber (A)
- White-throated crake, Laterallus albigularis
- Gray-breasted crake, Laterallus exilis
- Black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis
- Mangrove rail, Rallus longirostris
- Rufous-necked wood rail, Aramides axillaris
- Gray-necked wood rail, Aramides cajaneus
- Uniform crake, Amaurolimnas concolor
- Sora, Porzana carolina
- Yellow-breasted crake, Porzana flaviventer
- Colombian crake, Mustelirallus colombianus
- Paint-billed crake, Mustelirallus erythrops
- Spotted rail, Pardirallus maculatus
- Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus
- Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata
- American coot, Fulica americana
Sungrebe
Order: Gruiformes Family: Heliornithidae
Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots.
- Sungrebe, Heliornis fulica
Sunbittern
Order: Gruiformes Family: Eurypygidae
The sunbittern is a bittern-like bird of tropical regions of the Americas and the sole member of the family Eurypygidae (sometimes spelled Eurypigidae) and genus Eurypyga.
- Sunbittern, Eurypyga helias
Jacanas
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae
The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.
- Northern jacana, Jacana spinosa
- Wattled jacana, Jacana jacana
Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
- American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus
Avocets and stilts
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
- Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus
- American avocet, Recurvirostra americana (A)
Plovers and lapwings
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis
- American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica
- Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
- Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
- Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia
- Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus
- Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus (A)
- Collared plover, Charadrius collaris
Sandpipers and allies
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata
- Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus
- Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus
- Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica (A)
- Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa
- Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
- Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus (A)
- Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda
- Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
- Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes
- Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria
- Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia
- Willet, Tringa semipalmata
- Wandering tattler, Tringa incana (A)
- Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
- Surfbird, Calidris virgata
- Red knot, Calidris canutus
- Sanderling, Calidris alba
- Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla
- Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri
- Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla
- White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis
- Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii
- Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
- Dunlin, Calidris alpina (A)
- Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus
- Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis
- Ruff, Calidris pugnax (A)
- Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor
- Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
Skuas and jaegers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki
- Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
- Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
- Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A)
Gulls, terns and skimmers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, kittiwakes, terns and skimmers. They are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with gray or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish.
- Belcher's gull, Larus belcheri (A)
- Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis
- Kelp gull, Larus dominicanus (A)
- Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus (A)
- Herring gull, Larus argentatus
- Gray-headed gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (A)
- Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (A)
- Gray gull, Leucophaeus modestus (A)
- Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla
- Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan
- Sabine's gull, Xema sabini
- Swallow-tailed gull, Creagrus furcatus (A)
- Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
- Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
- Elegant tern, Thalasseus elegans
- Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
- Royal tern, Thalasseus maxima
- Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (A)
- Common tern, Sterna hirundo
- Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri (A)
- Least tern, Sternula antillarum
- Yellow-billed tern, Sternula superciliaris (A)
- Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
- Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus
- Black tern, Chlidonias niger
- Large-billed tern, Phaetusa simplex (A)
- Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
- Black noddy, Anous minutus (A)
- White tern, Gygis alba (A)
- Inca tern, Larosterna inca (A)
- Black skimmer, Rynchops niger (A)
Pigeons and doves
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock dove, Columba livia (I)
- White-crowned pigeon, Patagioenas leucocephala
- Scaled pigeon, Patagioenas speciosa
- Band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata
- Pale-vented pigeon, Patagioenas cayennensis
- Plumbeous pigeon, Patagioenas plumbea
- Short-billed pigeon, Patagioenas nigrirostris
- Ruddy pigeon, Patagioenas subvinacea
- Dusky pigeon, Patagioenas goodsoni
- Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura
- Eared dove, Zenaida auriculata (A)
- White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica
- Common ground-dove, Columbina passerina
- Plain-breasted ground-dove, Columbina minuta
- Ruddy ground-dove, Columbina talpacoti
- Blue ground-dove, Claravis pretiosa
- Maroon-chested ground-dove, Claravis mondetoura
- White-tipped dove, Leptotila verreauxi
- Gray-headed dove, Leptotila plumbeiceps
- Brown-backed dove, Leptotila battyi (E)
- Gray-chested dove, Leptotila cassinii
- Purplish-backed quail-dove, Geotrygon lawrencii
- Buff-fronted quail-dove, Geotrygon costaricensis
- Russet-crowned quail-dove, Geotrygon goldmani
- Rufous-breasted quail-dove, Geotrygon chiriquensis
- Olive-backed quail-dove, Geotrygon veraguensis
- Violaceous quail-dove, Geotrygon violacea
- Ruddy quail-dove, Geotrygon montana
Parrots, macaws and allies
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae
Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back.
- Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna
- Great green macaw, Ara ambigua
- Scarlet macaw, Ara macao
- Red-and-green macaw, Ara chloroptera
- Chestnut-fronted macaw, Ara severa
- Crimson-fronted parakeet, Psittacara finschi
- Brown-throated parakeet, Eupsittula pertinax
- Olive-throated parakeet, Eupsittula nana
- Azuero parakeet, Pyrrhura eisenmanni (E)
- Sulphur-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura hoffmanni
- Barred parakeet, Bolborhynchus lineola
- Spectacled parrotlet, Forpus conspicillatus
- Orange-chinned parakeet, Brotogeris jugularis
- Red-fronted parrotlet, Touit costaricensis
- Blue-fronted parrotlet, Touit dilectissima
- Brown-hooded parrot, Pionopsitta haematotis
- Saffron-headed parrot, Pionopsitta pyrilia
- Blue-headed parrot, Pionus menstruus
- White-crowned parrot, Pionus senilis
- Red-lored amazon, Amazona autumnalis
- Yellow-crowned amazon, Amazona ochrocephala
- Mealy amazon, Amazona farinosa
Cuckoos and anis
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Dwarf cuckoo, Coccyzus pumilus (A)
- Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
- Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus
- Mangrove cuckoo, Coccyzus minor
- Dark-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus melacoryphus (A)
- Gray-capped cuckoo, Coccyzus lansbergi (A)
- Squirrel cuckoo, Piaya cayana
- Little cuckoo, Piaya minuta
- Greater ani, Crotophaga major
- Smooth-billed ani, Crotophaga ani
- Groove-billed ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris
- Striped cuckoo, Tapera naevia
- Pheasant cuckoo, Dromococcyx phasianellus
- Rufous-vented ground-cuckoo, Neomorphus geoffroyi
Barn owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Barn owl, Tyto alba
Typical owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
- Tropical screech-owl, Megascops choliba
- Bare-shanked screech-owl, Megascops clarkii
- Vermiculated screech-owl, Megascops vermiculatus
- Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus (A)
- Mottled owl, Ciccaba virgata
- Black-and-white owl, Ciccaba nigrolineata
- Crested owl, Lophostrix cristata
- Spectacled owl, Pulsatrix perspicillata
- Costa Rican pygmy-owl, Glaucidium costaricanum
- Central American pygmy-owl, Glaucidium griseiceps
- Ferruginous pygmy-owl, Glaucidium brasilianum
- Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia (A)
- Unspotted saw-whet owl, Aegolius ridgwayi (A)
- Striped owl, Pseudoscops clamator
Oilbird
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Steatornithidae
The oilbird is a slim, long-winged bird related to the nightjars. It is nocturnal and a specialist feeder on the fruit of the oil palm.
- Oilbird, Steatornis caripensis (A)
Potoos
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Nyctibiidae
The potoos (sometimes called poor-me-ones) are large near passerine birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are nocturnal insectivores which lack the bristles around the mouth found in the true nightjars.
- Great potoo, Nyctibius grandis
- Common potoo, Nyctibius griseus
Nightjars
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
- Short-tailed nighthawk, Lurocalis semitorquatus
- Lesser nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis
- Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
- Pauraque, Nyctidromus albicollis
- Ocellated poorwill, Nyctiphrynus ocellatus (A)
- Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis
- Rufous nightjar, Antrostomus rufus
- Eastern whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus (A)
- Dusky nightjar, Antrostomus saturatus
- White-tailed nightjar, Hydropsalis cayennensis
Swifts
Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- Black swift, Cypseloides niger (A)
- White-chinned swift, Cypseloides cryptus (A)
- Chestnut-collared swift, Streptoprocne rutila
- White-collared swift, Streptoprocne zonaris
- Band-rumped swift, Chaetura spinicaudus
- Gray-rumped swift, Chaetura cinereiventris
- Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica
- Vaux's swift, Chaetura vauxi
- Chapman's swift, Chaetura chapmani (A)
- Short-tailed swift, Chaetura brachyura
- Ashy-tailed swift, Chaetura andrei (A)
- Lesser swallow-tailed swift, Panyptila cayennensis
- Costa Rican swift, Chaetura fumosa
Hummingbirds
Order: Trochiliformes Family: Trochilidae
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.
- White-tipped sicklebill, Eutoxeres aquila
- Rufous-breasted hermit, Glaucis hirsuta
- Bronzy hermit, Glaucis aenea
- Band-tailed barbthroat, Threnetes ruckeri
- White-whiskered hermit, Phaethornis yaruqui
- Green hermit, Phaethornis guy
- Western long-tailed hermit, Phaethornis longirostris
- Pale-bellied hermit, Phaethornis anthophilus
- Stripe-throated hermit, Phaethornis striigularis
- Tooth-billed hummingbird, Androdon aequatorialis
- Green-fronted lancebill, Doryfera ludovicae
- Scaly-breasted hummingbird, Phaeochroa cuvierii
- Violet sabrewing, Campylopterus hemileucurus
- White-necked jacobin, Florisuga mellivora
- Brown violetear, Colibri delphinae
- Lesser violetear, Colibri cyanotus
- Green-breasted mango, Anthracothorax prevostii
- Black-throated mango, Anthracothorax nigricollis
- Veraguan mango, Anthracothorax veraguensis (E)
- Ruby-topaz hummingbird, Chrysolampis mosquitus (A)
- Violet-headed hummingbird, Klais guimeti
- Rufous-crested coquette, Lophornis delattrei
- White-crested coquette, Lophornis adorabilis
- Green thorntail, Discosura conversii
- Garden emerald, Chlorostilbon assimilis
- Fiery-throated hummingbird, Panterpe insignis
- White-tailed emerald, Elvira chionura
- Stripe-tailed hummingbird, Eupherusa eximia
- Black-bellied hummingbird, Eupherusa nigriventris
- Rufous-cheeked hummingbird, Goethalsia bella
- Violet-capped hummingbird, Goldmania violiceps
- Crowned woodnymph, Thalurania colombica
- Violet-crowned woodnymph, Thalurania colombica colombica
- Green-crowned woodnymph, Thalurania colombica fannyi
- Violet-bellied hummingbird, Damophila julie
- Sapphire-throated hummingbird, Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
- Blue-throated goldentail, Hylocharis eliciae
- Humboldt's sapphire, Hylocharis humboldtii
- Rufous-tailed hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl
- Escudo hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl handleyi (E)
- Blue-chested hummingbird, Polyerata amabilis
- Charming hummingbird, Polyerata decora
- Snowy-bellied hummingbird, Saucerottia edward
- Snowcap, Microchera albocoronata
- White-vented plumeleteer, Chalybura buffonii
- Bronze-tailed plumeleteer, Chalybura urochrysia
- White-bellied mountain-gem, Lampornis hemileucus
- White-throated mountain-gem, Lampornis castaneoventris
- Purple-throated mountain-gem, Lampornis calolaema
- Green-crowned brilliant, Heliodoxa jacula
- Magnificent hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens
- Greenish puffleg, Haplophaedia aureliae
- Purple-crowned fairy, Heliothryx barroti
- Long-billed starthroat, Heliomaster longirostris
- Magenta-throated woodstar, Calliphlox bryantae
- Purple-throated woodstar, Calliphlox mitchellii
- Ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris (A)
- Scintillant hummingbird, Selasphorus scintilla
- Glow-throated hummingbird, Selasphorus ardens (E)
- Volcano hummingbird, Selasphorus flammula
Trogons and quetzals
Order: Trogoniformes Family: Trogonidae
The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colorful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.
- White-tailed trogon, Trogon viridis
- Baird's trogon, Trogon bairdii
- Gartered trogon, Trogon caligatus
- Collared trogon, Trogon collaris
- Orange-bellied trogon, Trogon aurantiiventris
- Black-throated trogon, Trogon rufus
- Black-tailed trogon, Trogon melanurus
- Slaty-tailed trogon, Trogon massena
- Lattice-tailed trogon, Trogon clathratus
- Resplendent quetzal, Pharomachrus mocinno
- Golden-headed quetzal, Pharomachrus auriceps
Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon
- Ringed kingfisher, Megaceryle torquatus
- Amazon kingfisher, Chloroceryle amazona
- Green kingfisher, Chloroceryle americana
- Green-and-rufous kingfisher, Chloroceryle inda
- American pygmy kingfisher, Chloroceryle aenea
Motmots
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Momotidae
The motmots have colorful plumage and long, graduated tails which they display by waggling back and forth. In most of the species, the barbs near the ends of the two longest (central) tail feathers are weak and fall off, leaving a length of bare shaft and creating a racket-shaped tail.
- Tody motmot, Hylomanes momotula
- Lesson's motmot, Momotus lessonii
- Whooping motmot, Momotus subrufescens
- Rufous motmot, Baryphthengus martii
- Broad-billed motmot, Electron platyrhynchum
Jacamars
Order: Piciformes Family: Galbulidae
The jacamars are near passerine birds from tropical South America, with a range that extends up to Mexico. They feed on insects caught on the wing and are glossy, elegant birds with long bills and tails. They resemble the Old World bee-eaters, although they are more closely related to woodpeckers.
- Dusky-backed jacamar, Brachygalba salmoni
- Rufous-tailed jacamar, Galbula ruficauda
- Great jacamar, Jacamerops aureus
Puffbirds
Order: Piciformes Family: Bucconidae
The puffbirds are related to the jacamars and have the same range, but lack the iridescent colors of that family. They are mainly brown, rufous or gray, with large heads and flattened bills with hooked tips. The loose abundant plumage and short tails makes them look stout and puffy, giving rise to the English common name of the family.
- White-necked puffbird, Notharchus hyperrhynchus
- Black-breasted puffbird, Notharchus pectoralis
- Pied puffbird, Notharchus tectus
- Barred puffbird, Nystalus radiatus
- White-whiskered puffbird, Malacoptila panamensis
- Lanceolated monklet, Micromonacha lanceolata
- Gray-cheeked nunlet, Nonnula frontalis
- White-fronted nunbird, Monasa morphoeus
Barbets
Order: Piciformes Family: Capitonidae
The barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly colored.
- Spot-crowned barbet, Capito maculicoronatus
- Red-headed barbet, Eubucco bourcierii
- Prong-billed barbet, Semnornis frantzii
Toucans
Order: Piciformes Family: Ramphastidae
Toucans are near passerine birds from the Neotropics. They are brightly marked and have enormous, colorful bills which in some species amount to half their body length.
- Collared aracari, Pteroglossus torquatus
- Fiery-billed aracari, Pteroglossus frantzii
- Yellow-eared toucanet, Selenidera spectabilis
- Keel-billed toucan, Ramphastos sulfuratus
- Choco toucan, Ramphastos brevis
- Black-mandibled toucan, Ramphastos ambiguus
- Chestnut-mandibled toucan, Ramphastos ambiguous swainsonii
- Blue-throated toucanet, Aulacorhynchus caeruleogularis
- Violet-throated toucanet, Aulacorhynchus cognatus
Woodpeckers and allies
Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
- Olivaceous piculet, Picumnus olivaceus
- Acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus
- Golden-naped woodpecker, Melanerpes chrysauchen
- Black-cheeked woodpecker, Melanerpes pucherani
- Red-crowned woodpecker, Melanerpes rubricapillus
- Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius
- Hairy woodpecker, Picoides villosus
- Smoky-brown woodpecker, Veniliornis fumigatus
- Red-rumped woodpecker, Veniliornis kirkii
- Rufous-winged woodpecker, Piculus simplex
- Stripe-cheeked woodpecker, Piculus callopterus (E)
- Golden-green woodpecker, Piculus chrysochloros
- Golden-olive woodpecker, Piculus rubiginosus
- Spot-breasted woodpecker, Colaptes punctigula
- Cinnamon woodpecker, Celeus loricatus
- Chestnut-colored woodpecker, Celeus castaneus
- Lineated woodpecker, Dryocopus lineatus
- Crimson-bellied woodpecker, Campephilus haematogaster
- Crimson-crested woodpecker, Campephilus melanoleucos
- Pale-billed woodpecker, Campephilus guatemalensis
Ovenbirds and woodcreepers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Furnariidae
Ovenbirds comprise a large family of small sub-oscine passerine bird species found in Central and South America. They are a diverse group of insectivores which gets its name from the elaborate "oven-like" clay nests built by some species, although others build stick nests or nest in tunnels or clefts in rock. The woodcreepers are brownish birds which maintain an upright vertical posture, supported by their stiff tail vanes. They feed mainly on insects taken from tree trunks.
- Pale-breasted spinetail, Synallaxis albescens
- Slaty spinetail, Synallaxis brachyura
- Red-faced spinetail, Cranioleuca erythrops
- Coiba spinetail, Cranioleuca dissita (E)
- Double-banded graytail, Xenerpestes minlosi
- Spotted barbtail, Premnoplex brunnescens
- Ruddy treerunner, Margarornis rubiginosus
- Beautiful treerunner, Margarornis bellulus (E)
- Plain xenops, Xenops minutus
- Streaked xenops, Xenops rutilans
- Scaly-throated foliage-gleaner, Anabacerthia variegaticeps
- Buffy tuftedcheek, Pseudocolaptes lawrencii
- Streak-breasted treehunter, Thripadectes rufobrunneus
- Lineated foliage-gleaner, Syndactyla subalaris
- Striped woodhaunter, Hyloctistes subulatus
- Buff-fronted foliage-gleaner, Philydor rufus
- Slaty-winged foliage-gleaner, Philydor fuscipennis
- Buff-throated foliage-gleaner, Automolus ochrolaemus
- Ruddy foliage-gleaner, Clibanornis rubiginosus
- Tawny-throated leaftosser, Sclerurus mexicanus
- Gray-throated leaftosser, Sclerurus albigularis
- Scaly-throated leaftosser, Sclerurus guatemalensis
- Sharp-tailed streamcreeper, Lochmias nematura
- Tawny-winged woodcreeper, Dendrocincla anabatina
- Plain-brown woodcreeper, Dendrocincla fuliginosa
- Ruddy woodcreeper, Dendrocincla homochroa
- Long-tailed woodcreeper, Deconychura longicauda
- Olivaceous woodcreeper, Sittasomus griseicapillus
- Wedge-billed woodcreeper, Glyphorynchus spirurus
- Strong-billed woodcreeper, Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
- Northern barred-woodcreeper, Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae
- Black-banded woodcreeper, Dendrocolaptes picumnus
- Cocoa woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus susurrans
- Black-striped woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus
- Spotted woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus erythropygius
- Straight-billed woodcreeper, Dendroplex picus
- Streak-headed woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes souleyetii
- Spot-crowned woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes affinis
- Red-billed scythebill, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris
- Brown-billed scythebill, Campylorhamphus pusillus
Typical antbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Thamnophilidae
The antbirds are a large family of small passerine birds of subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are forest birds which tend to feed on insects at or near the ground. A sizable minority of them specialize in following columns of army ants to eat small invertebrates that leave their hiding places to flee from the ants. Many species lack bright color; brown, black and white being the dominant tones.
- Fasciated antshrike, Cymbilaimus lineatus
- Great antshrike, Taraba major
- Barred antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus
- Black-hooded antshrike, Thamnophilus bridgesi
- Black antshrike, Thamnophilus nigriceps
- Black-crowned antshrike, Thamnophilus atrinucha
- Speckled antshrike, Xenornis setifrons
- Russet antshrike, Thamnistes anabatinus
- Plain antvireo, Dysithamnus mentalis
- Spot-crowned antvireo, Dysithamnus puncticeps
- Moustached antwren, Myrmotherula ignota
- Pacific antwren, Myrmotherula pacifica
- Checker-throated antwren, Myrmotherula fulviventris
- White-flanked antwren, Myrmotherula axillaris
- Slaty antwren, Myrmotherula schisticolor
- Rufous-winged antwren, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus
- Dot-winged antwren, Microrhopias quixensis
- White-fringed antwren, Formicivora grisea
- Rufous-rumped antwren, Terenura callinota
- Dusky antbird, Cercomacroides tyrannina
- Jet antbird, Cercomacra nigricans
- Bare-crowned antbird, Gymnocichla nudiceps
- White-bellied antbird, Myrmeciza longipes
- Chestnut-backed antbird, Myrmeciza exsul
- Dull-mantled antbird, Myrmeciza laemosticta
- Zeledon's antbird, Myrmeciza zeledoni
- Bicolored antbird, Gymnopithys leucaspis
- Wing-banded antbird, Myrmornis torquata
- Spotted antbird, Hylophylax naevioides
- Ocellated antbird, Phaenostictus mcleannani
Antthrushes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Formicariidae
Antthrushes resemble small rails with strong, longish legs, very short tails and stout bills.
- Black-headed antthrush, Formicarius nigricapillus
- Black-faced antthrush, Formicarius analis
- Rufous-breasted antthrush, Formicarius rufipectus
Gnateaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Conopophagidae
- Black-crowned antpitta, Pittasoma michleri
Antpittas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Grallariidae
- Scaled antpitta, Grallaria guatimalensis
- Streak-chested antpitta, Hylopezus perspicillatus
- Fulvous-bellied antpitta, Hylopezus dives
- Ochre-breasted antpitta, Grallaricula flavirostris
Tapaculos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhinocryptidae
The tapaculos are small suboscine passeriform birds with numerous species in South and Central America. They are terrestrial species that fly only poorly on their short wings. They have strong legs, well-suited to their habitat of grassland or forest undergrowth. The tail is cocked and pointed towards the head.
- Pale-throated tapaculo, Scytalopus panamensis
- Silvery-fronted tapaculo, Scytalopus argentifrons
- Choco tapaculo, Scytalopus chocoensis
Cotingas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cotingidae
The cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges in tropical South America. Comparatively little is known about this diverse group, although all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings and strong legs. The males of many of the species are brightly colored or decorated with plumes or wattles.
- Rufous piha, Lipaugus unirufus
- Lovely cotinga, Cotinga amabilis (A)
- Turquoise cotinga, Cotinga ridgwayi
- Blue cotinga, Cotinga nattererii
- Black-tipped cotinga, Carpodectes hopkei
- Yellow-billed cotinga, Carpodectes antoniae
- Snowy cotinga, Carpodectes nitidus
- Purple-throated fruitcrow, Querula purpurata
- Bare-necked umbrellabird, Cephalopterus glabricollis
- Three-wattled bellbird, Procnias tricarunculata
Manakins
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pipridae
The manakins are a family of subtropical and tropical mainland Central and South America, and Trinidad and Tobago. They are compact forest birds, the males typically being brightly colored, although the females of most species are duller and usually green-plumaged. Manakins feed on small fruits, berries and insects.
- Green manakin, Cryptopipo holochlora
- White-collared manakin, Manacus candei
- Orange-collared manakin, Manacus aurantiacus
- Golden-collared manakin, Manacus vitellinus
- White-ruffed manakin, Corapipo altera
- Lance-tailed manakin, Chiroxiphia lanceolata
- White-crowned manakin, Dixiphia pipra
- Blue-crowned manakin, Lepidothrix coronata
- Golden-headed manakin, Ceratopipra erythrocephala
- Red-capped manakin, Ceratopipra mentalis
- Gray-headed piprites, Pipirites griseiceps
Sapayoa
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sapayoidae
- Sapayoa, Sapayoa aenigma
Tyrant flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Tyrannidae
Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, have plain coloring. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.
- Yellow-bellied tyrannulet, Ornithion semiflavum
- Brown-capped tyrannulet, Ornithion brunneicapillus
- Southern beardless-tyrannulet, Camptostoma obsoletum
- Mouse-colored tyrannulet, Phaeomyias murina
- Yellow tyrannulet, Capsiempis flaveola
- Yellow-crowned tyrannulet, Tyrannulus elatus
- Forest elaenia, Myiopagis gaimardii
- Gray elaenia, Myiopagis caniceps
- Greenish elaenia, Myiopagis viridicata
- Yellow-bellied elaenia, Elaenia flavogaster
- Lesser elaenia, Elaenia chiriquensis
- Mountain elaenia, Elaenia frantzii
- Torrent tyrannulet, Serpophaga cinerea
- Ochre-bellied flycatcher, Mionectes oleagineus
- Olive-striped flycatcher, Mionectes olivaceus
- Sepia-capped flycatcher, Leptopogon amaurocephalus
- Slaty-capped flycatcher, Leptopogon superciliaris
- Bronze-olive pygmy-tyrant, Pseudotriccus pelzelni
- Yellow-green tyrannulet, Phylloscartes flavovirens (E)
- Rufous-browed tyrannulet, Phylloscartes superciliaris
- White-fronted tyrannulet, Phyllomyias zeledoni
- Sooty-headed tyrannulet, Phyllomyias griseiceps
- Paltry tyrannulet, Zimmerius vilissimus
- Northern scrub-flycatcher, Sublegatus arenarum
- Black-capped pygmy-tyrant, Myiornis atricapillus
- Scale-crested pygmy-tyrant, Lophotriccus pileatus
- Pale-eyed pygmy-tyrant, Atalotriccus pilaris
- Northern bentbill, Oncostoma cinereigulare
- Southern bentbill, Oncostoma olivaceum
- Slate-headed tody-tyrant, Poecilotriccus sylvia
- Common tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum cinereum
- Black-headed tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum nigriceps
- Brownish twistwing, Cnipodectes subbrunneus
- Eye-ringed flatbill, Rhynchocyclus brevirostris
- Olivaceous flatbill, Rhynchocyclus olivaceus
- Yellow-olive flycatcher, Tolmomyias sulphurescens
- Yellow-margined flycatcher, Tolmomyias assimilis
- Yellow-breasted flycatcher, Tolmomyias flaviventris
- Stub-tailed spadebill, Platyrinchus cancrominus
- Golden-crowned spadebill, Platyrinchus coronatus
- White-throated spadebill, Platyrinchus mystaceus
- Northern royal-flycatcher, Onychorhynchus mexicanus
- Bran-colored flycatcher, Myiophobus fasciatus
- Ruddy-tailed flycatcher, Terenotriccus erythrurus
- Tawny-breasted flycatcher, Myiobius villosus
- Sulphur-rumped flycatcher, Myiobius sulphureipygius
- Black-tailed flycatcher, Myiobius atricaudus
- Black-billed flycatcher, Aphanotriccus audax
- Tufted flycatcher, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
- Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi
- Dark pewee, Contopus lugubris
- Ochraceous pewee, Contopus ochraceus
- Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus
- Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens
- Tropical pewee, Contopus cinereus
- Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris
- Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens
- Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum
- Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii
- White-throated flycatcher, Empidonax albigularis
- Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus (A)
- Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax hammondi (A)
- Yellowish flycatcher, Empidonax flavescens
- Black-capped flycatcher, Empidonax atriceps
- Black phoebe, Sayornis nigricans
- Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus (A)
- Pied water-tyrant, Fluvicola pica
- Long-tailed tyrant, Colonia colonus
- Cattle tyrant, Machetornis rixosus (A)
- Bright-rumped attila, Attila spadiceus
- Western sirystes, Sirystes albogriseus
- Rufous mourner, Rhytipterna holerythra
- Dusky-capped flycatcher, Myiarchus tuberculifer
- Panama flycatcher, Myiarchus panamensis
- Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus
- Lesser kiskadee, Philohydor lictor
- Great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus
- Boat-billed flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua
- Rusty-margined flycatcher, Myiozetetes cayanensis
- Social flycatcher, Myiozetetes similis
- Gray-capped flycatcher, Myiozetetes granadensis
- White-ringed flycatcher, Conopias albovittata
- Golden-bellied flycatcher, Myiodynastes hemichrysus
- Golden-crowned flycatcher, Myiodynastes chrysocephalus
- Streaked flycatcher, Myiodynastes maculatus
- Sulphur-bellied flycatcher, Myiodynastes luteiventris
- Piratic flycatcher, Legatus leucophaius
- Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus
- Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis (A)
- Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus
- Gray kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis
- Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus
- Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana
Tityras and becards
Order: Passeriformes Family: Tityridae
- Speckled mourner, Laniocera rufescens
- Northern schiffornis, Schiffornis veraepacis
- Russet-winged schiffornis, Schiffornis stenorhyncha
- Barred becard, Pachyramphus versicolor
- Cinnamon becard, Pachyramphus cinnamomeus
- White-winged becard, Pachyramphus polychopterus
- Black-and-white becard, Pachyramphus albogriseus
- Cinereous becard, Pachyramphus rufus
- Rose-throated becard, Pachyramphus aglaiae
- One-colored becard, Pachyramphus homochrous
- Masked tityra, Tityra semifasciata
- Black-crowned tityra, Tityra inquisitor
Sharpbill
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oxyruncidae
- Sharpbill, Oxyruncus cristatus
Swallows and martins
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Brown-chested martin, Progne tapera
- Purple martin, Progne subis
- Gray-breasted martin, Progne chalybea
- Southern martin, Progne elegans (A)
- Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (A)
- Mangrove swallow, Tachycineta albilinea
- White-winged swallow, Tachycineta albiventer (A)
- Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thalassina (A)
- Blue-and-white swallow, Notiochelidon cyanoleuca
- White-thighed swallow, Neochelidon tibialis
- Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
- Southern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
- Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
- Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
- Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva (A)
- Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
Pipits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
- Yellowish pipit, Anthus lutescens
Silky-flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ptiliogonatidae
The silky-flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America, although the range of one species extends to central California. They are related to waxwings and like that group, have soft silky plumage, usually gray or pale-yellow. They have small crests.
- Black-and-yellow silky-flycatcher, Phainoptila melanoxantha
- Long-tailed silky-flycatcher, Ptiliogonys caudatus
Waxwings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.
- Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum (A)
Dippers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cinclidae
Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements.
- American dipper, Cinclus mexicanus
Wrens
Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae
The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.
- White-headed wren, Campylorhynchus albobrunneus
- Band-backed wren, Campylorhynchus zonatus
- Black-throated wren, Pheugopedius atrogularis
- Sooty-headed wren, Pheugopedius spadix
- Black-bellied wren, Pheugopedius fasciatoventris
- Rufous-breasted wren, Pheugopedius rutilus
- Riverside wren, Cantorchilus semibadius
- Bay wren, Cantorchilus nigricapillus
- Stripe-breasted wren, Cantorchilus thoracicus
- Stripe-throated wren, Cantorchilus leucopogon
- Rufous-and-white wren, Thryophilus rufalbus
- Isthmian wren, Cantorchilus elutus
- Canebrake wren, Cantorchilus zeledoni
- Buff-breasted wren, Cantorchilus leucotis
- House wren, Troglodytes aedon
- Ochraceous wren, Troglodytes ochraceus
- Sedge wren, Cistothorus platensis
- Timberline wren, Thryorchilus browni
- White-breasted wood wren, Henicorhina leucosticta
- Gray-breasted wood wren, Henicorhina leucophrys
- Scaly-breasted wren, Microcerculus marginatus
- Song wren, Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus
Mockingbirds and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Mimidae
The mimids are a family of passerine birds that includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalizations, especially their ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. Their coloring tends towards dull-grays and browns.
- Gray catbird, Dumetella carolinensis
- Tropical mockingbird, Mimus gilvus (I)
Donacobius
Order: Passeriformes Family: Donacobiidae
- Black-capped donacobius, Donacobius atricapilla
Thrushes and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. There are 335 species worldwide and 16 species which occur in Panama.
- Black-faced solitaire, Myadestes melanops
- Varied solitaire, Myadestes coloratus
- Orange-billed nightingale-thrush, Catharus aurantiirostris
- Slaty-backed nightingale-thrush, Catharus fuscater
- Black-billed nightingale-thrush, Catharus gracilirostris
- Ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush, Catharus frantzii
- Black-headed nightingale-thrush, Catharus mexicanus
- Veery, Catharus fuscescens
- Gray-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus
- Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
- Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina
- Sooty robin, Turdus nigrescens
- Mountain robin, Turdus plebejus
- Pale-vented thrush, Turdus obsoletus
- Clay-colored thrush, Turdus grayi
- White-throated thrush, Turdus assimilis
Gnatcatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Polioptilidae
These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their build and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers and gnatwrens are mainly soft bluish gray in color and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. They are birds of fairly open woodland or scrub, which nest in bushes or trees.
- Tawny-faced gnatwren, Microbates cinereiventris
- Long-billed gnatwren, Ramphocaenus melanurus
- Tropical gnatcatcher, Polioptila plumbea
- Slate-throated gnatcatcher, Polioptila schistaceigula
Crows and jays
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
- Black-chested jay, Cyanocorax affinis
- Brown jay, Psilorhinus morio
- Azure-hooded jay, Cyanolyca cucullata
- Silvery-throated jay, Cyanolyca argentigula
- Common raven, Corvus corax (A)
Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (A)
Vireos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.
- White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus (A)
- Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons
- Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius (A)
- Yellow-winged vireo, Vireo carmioli
- Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus (A)
- Brown-capped vireo, Vireo leucophrys
- Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus
- Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus
- Yellow-green vireo, Vireo flavoviridis
- Black-whiskered vireo, Vireo altiloquus (A)
- Scrub greenlet, Hylophilus flavipes
- Tawny-crowned greenlet, Hylophilus ochraceiceps
- Golden-fronted greenlet, Hylophilus aurantiifrons
- Lesser greenlet, Hylophilus decurtatus
- Green shrike-vireo, Vireolanius pulchellus
- Yellow-browed shrike-vireo, Vireolanius eximius
- Rufous-browed peppershrike, Cyclarhis gujanensis
New World warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae
The New World warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.
- Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera
- Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera
- Tennessee warbler, Oreothlypis peregrina
- Nashville warbler, Oreothlypis ruficapilla (A)
- Virginia's warbler, Oreothlypis virginiae (A)
- Flame-throated warbler, Oreothlypis gutturalis
- Northern parula, Setophaga americana (A)
- Tropical parula, Setophaga pitiayumi
- Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia
- Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica
- Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia
- Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina
- Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens (A)
- Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata
- Golden-cheeked warbler, Setophaga chrysoparia (A)
- Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens
- Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi (A)
- Hermit warbler, Setophaga occidentalis (A)
- Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca
- Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica (A)
- Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor (A)
- Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum
- Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea
- Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata (A)
- Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea
- Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina
- American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla
- Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia
- Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea
- Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorus
- Swainson's warbler, Lymnothlypis swainsonii (A)
- Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla
- Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis
- Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla
- Connecticut warbler, Oporornis agilis (A)
- Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa
- Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia
- MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei (A)
- Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas (A)
- Olive-crowned yellowthroat, Geothlypis semiflava
- Masked yellowthroat, Geothlypis aequinoctialis
- Gray-crowned yellowthroat, Geothlypis poliocephala
- Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla
- Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis
- Slate-throated redstart, Myioborus miniatus
- Collared redstart, Myioborus torquatus
- Golden-crowned warbler, Basileuterus culicivorus
- Rufous-capped warbler, Basileuterus rufifrons
- Black-cheeked warbler, Basileuterus melanogenys
- Pirre warbler, Basileuterus ignotus
- Black-eared warbler, Basileuterus melanotis
- Tacarcuna warbler, Basileuterus tacarcunae
- Buff-rumped warbler, Myiothlypis fulvicauda
- Wrenthrush, Zeledonia coronata
- Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens
Bananaquit
Order: Passeriformes Family: Coerebidae
The bananaquit is a small passerine bird. It has a slender, curved bill, adapted to taking nectar from flowers. It is the only member of the genus Coereba and is normally placed within the family Coerebidae, although there is uncertainty whether that placement is correct.
- Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola
Tanagers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Thraupidae
The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. Many species are brightly colored. They are seed eaters, but their preference tends towards fruit and nectar. Most have short, rounded wings.
- Peg-billed finch, Acanthidops bairdi
- White-eared conebill, Conirostrum leucogenys
- Yellow-backed tanager, Hemithraupis flavicollis
- Nicaraguan seed finch, Oryzoborus nuttingi
- Thick-billed seed finch, Oryzoborus funereus
- Black-and-yellow tanager, Chrysothlypis chrysomelaena
- Rosy thrush-tanager, Rhodinocichla rosea
- Dusky-faced tanager, Mitrospingus cassinii
- Gray-headed tanager, Eucometis penicillata
- White-throated shrike-tanager, Lanio leucothorax
- Sulphur-rumped tanager, Heterospingus rubrifrons
- Scarlet-browed tanager, Heterospingus xanthopygius
- White-shouldered tanager, Tachyphonus luctuosus
- Tawny-crested tanager, Tachyphonus delatrii
- White-lined tanager, Tachyphonus rufus
- Crimson-collared tanager, Ramphocelus sanguinolentus
- Crimson-backed tanager, Ramphocelus dimidiatus
- Passerini's tanager, Ramphocelus passerinii
- Cherrie's tanager, Ramphocelus costaricensis
- Flame-rumped tanager, Ramphocelus flammigerus
- Blue-gray tanager, Thraupis episcopus
- Palm tanager, Thraupis palmarum
- Blue-and-gold tanager, Bangsia arcaei
- Plain-colored tanager, Tangara inornata
- Gray-and-gold tanager, Tangara palmeri
- Emerald tanager, Tangara florida
- Silver-throated tanager, Tangara icterocephala
- Speckled tanager, Tangara guttata
- Bay-headed tanager, Tangara gyrola
- Rufous-winged tanager, Tangara lavinia
- Golden-hooded tanager, Tangara larvata
- Spangle-cheeked tanager, Tangara dowii
- Green-naped tanager, Tangara fucosa (E)
- Scarlet-thighed dacnis, Dacnis venusta
- Blue dacnis, Dacnis cayana
- Viridian dacnis, Dacnis viguieri
- Green honeycreeper, Chlorophanes spiza
- Shining honeycreeper, Cyanerpes lucidus
- Purple honeycreeper, Cyanerpes caeruleus
- Red-legged honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus
- Swallow-tanager, Tersina viridis
Buntings, sparrows, seedeaters and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae
The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.
- Common bush tanager, Chlorospingus flavopectus
- Tacarcuna bush tanager, Chlorospingus tacarcunae
- Pirre bush tanager, Chlorospingus inornatus (E)
- Sooty-capped bush tanager, Chlorospingus pileatus
- Yellow-throated bush tanager, Chlorospingus flavigularis
- Ashy-throated bush tanager, Chlorospingus canigularis
- Blue-black grassquit, Volatinia jacarina
- Slate-colored seedeater, Sporophila schistacea
- Variable seedeater, Sporophila corvina
- White-collared seedeater, Sporophila torqueola
- Lesson's seedeater, Sporophila bouvronides (A)
- Lined seedeater, Sporophila lineola (A)
- Yellow-bellied seedeater, Sporophila nigricollis
- Ruddy-breasted seedeater, Sporophila minuta
- Yellow-faced grassquit, Tiaris olivacea
- Slaty finch, Haplospiza rustica
- Slaty flowerpiercer, Diglossa plumbea
- Saffron finch, Sicalis flaveola (I)
- Grassland yellow-finch, Sicalis luteola
- Wedge-tailed grass-finch, Emberizoides herbicola
- Sooty-faced finch, Lysurus crassirostris
- Yellow-thighed finch, Pselliophorus tibialis
- Yellow-green finch, Pselliophorus luteoviridis (E)
- Large-footed finch, Pezopetes capitalis
- White-naped brush-finch, Atlapetes albinucha
- Chestnut-capped brush finch, Arremon brunneinucha
- Black-headed brush finch, Arremon atricapillus
- Costa Rican brush finch, Arremon costaricensis
- Orange-billed sparrow, Arremon aurantiirostris
- Black-striped sparrow, Arremonops conirostris
- Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus (A)
- Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis (A)
- Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum
- Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii (A)
- White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys (A)
- Rufous-collared sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis
- Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis (A)
- Volcano junco, Junco vulcani
Saltators, cardinals and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cardinalidae
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.
- Olive tanager, Chlorothraupis carmioli
- Lemon-spectacled tanager, Chlorothraupis olivacea
- Red-crowned ant tanager, Habia rubica
- Red-throated ant tanager, Habia fuscicauda
- Hepatic tanager, Piranga flava
- Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea
- Summer tanager, Piranga rubra
- Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana
- Flame-colored tanager, Piranga bidentata
- White-winged tanager, Piranga leucoptera
- Streaked saltator, Saltator striatipectus
- Grayish saltator, Saltator coerulescens
- Buff-throated saltator, Saltator maximus
- Black-headed saltator, Saltator atriceps
- Slate-colored grosbeak, Saltator grossus
- Black-faced grosbeak, Caryothraustes poliogaster
- Yellow-green grosbeak, Caryothraustes canadensis
- Black-thighed grosbeak, Pheucticus tibialis
- Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
- Blue-black grosbeak, Cyanocompsa cyanoides
- Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea
- Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea
- Painted bunting, Passerina ciris
- Dickcissel, Spiza americana
- Blue seedeater, Amaurospiza concolor
Troupials and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteridae
The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds and New World orioles. Most species have black as the predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red.
- Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
- Red-breasted meadowlark, Sturnella militaris
- Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna
- Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (A)
- Great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus
- Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis
- Bronzed cowbird, Molothrus aeneus
- Giant cowbird, Molothrus oryzivorus
- Yellow-backed oriole, Icterus chrysater
- Yellow-tailed oriole, Icterus mesomelas
- Orange-crowned oriole, Icterus auricapillus
- Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
- Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius
- Black-cowled oriole, Icterus prosthemelas
- Yellow-billed cacique, Amblycercus holosericeus
- Yellow-rumped cacique, Cacicus cela
- Scarlet-rumped cacique, Cacicus uropygialis
- Crested oropendola, Psarocolius decumanus
- Chestnut-headed oropendola, Psarocolius wagleri
- Black oropendola, Psarocolius guatimozinus
- Montezuma oropendola, Gymnostinops montezuma
Siskins and goldfinches
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
- Yellow-crowned euphonia, Euphonia luteicapilla
- Thick-billed euphonia, Euphonia laniirostris
- Yellow-throated euphonia, Euphonia hirundinacea (A)
- Elegant euphonia, Euphonia elegantissima
- Spot-crowned euphonia, Euphonia imitans
- Fulvous-vented euphonia, Euphonia fulvicrissa
- Olive-backed euphonia, Euphonia gouldi
- White-vented euphonia, Euphonia minuta
- Tawny-capped euphonia, Euphonia anneae
- Orange-bellied euphonia, Euphonia xanthogaster
- Yellow-collared chlorophonia, Chlorophonia flavirostris (A)
- Golden-browed chlorophonia, Chlorophonia callophrys
- Yellow-bellied siskin, Spinus xanthogastra
- Lesser goldfinch, Spinus psaltria
- American goldfinch, Spinus tristis (A)
Old World sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or gray birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
- House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)
Waxbills and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns.
- Nutmeg mannikin, Lonchura punctulata (I)
- Black-headed munia, Lonchura malacca (I)
See also
References
- ↑ Montañez, Darién (2007). The Birds of Panama: a printable checklist including 972 species. Retrieved on November 7, 2007.
- Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: a Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-934797-16-1.
- Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of birds of Panama". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- Montañez, Darién (1997–2007). Xenornis. Retrieved on November 7, 2007.
- Panama Audubon Society. Checklist of the birds of Panama. Retrieved on November 7, 2007.
- Ridgely, Robert S. & Gwynne, John A., Jr. (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Panama with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras, 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Oxford.
External links
- Birds of Panama - World Institute for Conservation and Environment