José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez

José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez
50th Governor-General of the Philippines
In office
6 July 1765 – July 1770
Preceded by Francisco Javier de la Torre
Succeeded by Simón de Anda y Salazar
Royal Governor of Panama (interim)
In office
1761–1762
Preceded by Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga
Succeeded by José de Arana y Górnica
Personal details
Born c. 1700
Navarre, Spain
Died 4 January 1773
Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines
Spouse(s) Josefa Mondragón
Children José Raón
Josefa Delgado y Amate
Military service
Allegiance  Spain
Service/branch Spanish Army
Rank Brigadier general

José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez (1700-1773) was a Spanish general who served as Royal Governor of Panama, and the 50th Governor-General of the Philippines. He is known as an able administrator despite being perceived as corrupt.

Early life and career

There is not much known about the early career of Raón other than that he was from Navarre and that he was born around 1700.[1] However, there is documentary evidence which suggests that he was married to Josefa Mondragon. They had two children: José Raón, a lieutenant, and Josefa Delgado y Amate. In 1761, he was appointed as interim Royal Governor of Panama, the first appointment made by Charles III of Spain in the colonial administrative district.[2] Before his appointment, he served as a brigadier general in the Spanish Army.[3]

Governor General of the Philippines

Only 6 July 1765, Raón arrived in the Philippines, coincidental with the arrival of the ship Buen Consejo, which went around the Cape of Good Hope. The Buen Consejo was the first Spanish ship to travel through the area since the Dutch took over in 1652.[4] He was responsible for the expulsion of Jesuits in the Philippines, pursuant to the royal decree made by Charles III of Spain in 1767, as well as revising the "Ordinances of Good Government" in 1768, a document drafted by former Governor-General Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban.[5][1] The delay in the arrival of the decree, which was received in the Philippines by 1768, allowed the Jesuit friars to hide all of their possessions and destroy documents that could be held against them, which were supposed to be confiscated. It was said that Raón warned the Jesuits beforehand in exchange of a large amount of money.[6] The first batch of Jesuits, numbered 64, left Manila only by May 17, 1768.[7] Between 1769 and 1771 the Jesuits in the Philippines were transported to Spain and from there deported to Italy.[8] The lack of Jesuits in Spain and the colonies prompted José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca, the reformist chief minister of Charles III of Spain, to undertake a program of hiring new teachers and modernizing the Spanish educational system. In the Philippines, this meant that every village or barrio was allocated a school and a teacher. The implementation of these reforms expanded the reach of basic education in the archipelago.[4] Meanwhile, in his attempt to bring peace to the archipelago, he offered amnesty to Francisco Dagohoy, who was leading the Dagohoy Rebellion in Bohol since 1744. However, the offer was turned down.[9]

The British invasion of Manila encouraged Moro raiders to attack Mariveles, Bataan, a town in the Manila Bay area. During the invasion, Sultan Azim ud-Din I of Sulu was reinstated by the British, and the attack was part of the sultan's revenge on the Spaniards. In response to this, Raón launched a military campaign against the raiders. However, lack of resources dampened Raón's resistance.[6] Meanwhile, the Chinese were ordered to be exiled following a royal decree in 1766. This was in response to the collaboration of a number of Chinese during the British invasion. However, he chose not to implement the decree in full measure, and Chinese and other foreign vessels continued to anchor in Manila Bay. At this time, French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil visited the Philippines. He observed that Raón received "presents" from the respective captains of the vessels, which Raón himself displayed to the French astronomer. This elevated the perception of corruption during the Raón administration. It was also during Le Gentil's visit in 1766 when a powerful storm struck Manila. Raón wrote that this storm "brought great misery to the people."[10] To accommodate commercial operations in the Philippines, a royal decree in 1769 provided for the establishment of a "Manila Consulate." This organization was composed of merchants and tasked with concerning itself with matters of trade. Cases that could not be handled by the consulate were elevated to the Council of the Indies (Consejo Real de las Indias).[1]

Death

Raón Street in 1945

In 1770, the Real Audiencia learned of the corrupt practices being tolerated by the colonial administration in the Philippines, and sent Simón de Anda y Salazar to assume Raón's position. Anda arrived in July 1770 to succeed as Governor-General. The subsequent investigation (residencia) into Raón and three other associates, namely Francisco Henriquez de Villacorta, Domingo Blas de Basaraz (special commissioner for the expulsion of Jesuits), and Juan Antonio Cosio (Raón's secretary), was one of Anda's first acts as the new governor. The first two were members of the Real Audiencia of Manila, while the last one was Raón's secretary.[1] The investigation went for almost three years, but he was never convicted and Raón died in Manila on 4 January 1773 before the investigation could be finalized. Raón Street in Manila was named in his honor. Later on, it was renamed as Gonzalo Puyat Street. The namesake was a Filipino industrialist and father of former Senator Gil Puyat.[11]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume XXXVII, 1669-1676". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  2. ↑ Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche, Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile, Tomo II, (Description Historical Geography of the Kingdom of Chile), Coleccíon de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional Vol. IX, By Diego Barros Arana, Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografía, Francisco Solano Astaburuaga, Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Miguel Luis Amunátegui, Academia Chilena de la Historia, José Toribio Medina, Luis Montt, Published by Imprenta del Ferrocarril, 1875 Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 4 Aug 2005, History of Chile 1542–1788)
  3. ↑ "Jose Raon". Archival Portal Europe Foundation. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  4. 1 2 Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.
  5. ↑ Census of the Philippine Islands: Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903, in Four Volumes ... U.S. Government Printing Office. 1905. p. 322.
  6. 1 2 Foreman, John (1892). The Philippine Islands. Library of Alexandria. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  7. ↑ "Jesuits in the Philippines". Phjesuits.org. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  8. ↑ de la Costa, Horacio (2014). "Jesuits in the Philippines: From Mission to Province (1581–1768)". Philippine Jesuits. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  9. ↑ "FRANCISCO DAGOHOY". Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  10. ↑ Aquino, Tricia. "Flashback: 20 of the Philippines' most destructive typhoons from 1598 to 1934". Interaksyon. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  11. ↑ "Sunday Trivia: Ang Punong Mahistrado". Abante Tonite. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
Preceded by
Francisco Javier de la Torre		 Governor General of the Philippines
1765–1770 		Succeeded by
Simón de Anda y Salazar
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