India–United Kingdom relations

Indo-British relations

United Kingdom
India
Envoy
High Commissioner Dominic Asquith High Commissioner Navtej Sarna
Former British Prime Minister David Cameron welcomes Indian Prime Minister Modi to 10 Downing Street; November 2015.

Indian–British relations are foreign relations between Republic of India and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. India has a high commission in London and two consulates-general in Birmingham and Edinburgh.[1] The United Kingdom has a high commission in New Delhi and five deputy high commissions in Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kolkata.[2] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Historically, the UK ruled India for nine decades before Indians gained independence in 1947.

The UK has an ethnic Indian population of over 1.6 million. Former UK prime minister David Cameron described Indian – British relations as the "New Special Relationship" in 2010.[3][4]

History

East India Company (1600–1857)

Trade was established between Tudor England and Mughal India in 1600 when Elizabeth I granted the newly formed East India Company a royal charter. After the Mughal Empire's decline in 1707, India was a leading manufacturing country in the world in the early 18th century. It had 22.6 percent share of the world's GDP, by the time British left the country its GDP was near 4%. During 18th century East India Company began to gain greater influence in India. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 led to the conquest of Bengal while by 1857, following various treaties and wars with Indian kingdoms (such as the Anglo-Mysore Wars with Tipu Sultan, the Anglo-Maratha Wars and the Anglo-Sikh wars), the East India Company controlled most of the Indian subcontinent. Following the Indian Mutiny of 1857, where Indian sepoys rebelled against their British officers, the East India Company was dissolved the following year. The assets of the British East India Company became so huge that the British government decided to step in. India served as the main base for the British Empire's expansion across Asia and would remain the empire's most important colony until independence. Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1858. From a small trading outpost, India became the jewel in the British crown.

British Raj (1858–1947)

In 1858, the British Government assumed direct control of the territories and treaty arrangements of the former East India Company. In 1876, the area, which included modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, became "The Indian Empire" (often known historically as the 'British Raj') with British Monarch Queen Victoria proclaimed as "Empress of India" (a title held by her successors until 1947). The British Indian Army was established and assisted Britain in many wars, including the Anglo-Afghan Wars, the Anglo-Gurkha Wars, the Anglo-Burmese Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, and both World Wars.

End of the British Raj

The Indian independence movement gained traction following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The severe treatment of Indians by British rulers led to the support for independence. The British were taxing the Indians to their breaking point. Much of the tax revenue was sent to Britain and no development of Indians. Massacres of Indians protesting were carried out by British such as at Jallianwala Bagh and the infamous Bengal famines where five million Bengalees were starved to death by stoping food aid from other parts of India reaching them.The British had developed apartheid policies of segregation against Indians with signs on their clubs "indians and dogs not allowed". These policies led to the beginning of the end of British Raj. The British press collaborated by not accurately reporting and at times falsely blaming the Indians, exonerating and covering up the British atrocities in India. Opposition to British rule increased, both through violent revolutions (as exemplified by Sardar Bhagat Singh and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) and through nonviolent resistance (as exemplified by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) eventually led to Indian independence in 1947. Partition of India created new entities out of the erstwhile British Raj : India & Pakistan.

Dominion of India (1947–1950)

Further information: Dominion of India

Independence came in 1947 with the Partition of India into the union of India, and the Dominion of Pakistan, within the Commonwealth of Nations. King George VI, who as British Monarch had been "Emperor of India", abandoned this title in 1947, and served as India's ceremonial head of state as 'King of India' (in much the same way, he also served as 'King of Pakistan'). In 1950 India became a Republic and the link with the British crown was severed.

The Dominion was part of the Sterling Area (the Republic of India finally leaving in 1966).

Republic of India (since 1950)

Narendra Modi delivering his statement to the media with David Cameron, at Foreign and Commonwealth Office, in London on 12 November 2015.

India decided to remain in the Commonwealth of Nations after becoming a Republic. Both Britain and India have since pursued quite divergent diplomatic paths.

In particular, India became a major force within the Non-Aligned Movement, which initially sought to avoid taking sides during the Cold War. This contrasted with Britain's position as a founding member of NATO, and key ally of the United States.

Political and diplomatic relations between the two countries have generally been cordial but lacking in depth. Former Indian Prime-Minister I. K. Gujral made a scathing assessment of Britain's relationship with India saying that the UK was a third rate power not worth cultivating.[5]

Economy

India is the third largest foreign investor in the UK, and the UK is the largest investor in India within the G20.[6] There are many bilateral trade agreements between the two nations designed to strengthen ties. For example, in 2005, the Joint Economic and Trade Committee (JETCO) was inaugurated in New Delhi aimed at boosting two-way bilateral investments.

The growth of India's multinational companies contributed greatly to UK's business and economy. As of 2014, Indian companies in the UK generated over 19 billion pounds.[7] Also, they have employed more than 100,000 people in the UK. Tata group alone employed over 55,000 people in the UK.[7] This kind of phenomena, where non-Western countries impact the West, has been commented on by sociologist Anthony Giddens as "reverse colonialism." The British government has chosen India as one of its most influential trade partners because it is one of the "fastest growing economies in the world."[8] In 2013, Cameron formed the biggest trade delegation by accommodating more than 100 representatives that varied from multinational corporations, medium-to-small-sized corporations, and universities to India.[9] Compared to the 2010 trade mission, the UK and India negotiated to double the trade volume by 2015.[10] Following the trade delegation, total UK goods and services exports to India increased by 14% from January to September 2013. Between November 6 and 8, current British PM Theresa May would visit India for a bilateral trip.[11] The key topic of discussions would be May's plan for post-Brexit relations with India. Discussion on a possible free-trade agreement is also in the agenda. According to a MEA(Ministry of External Affairs, India) spokesperson, there is "substantial scope for further strengthening bilateral cooperation across a range of sectors, including science & technology, finance, trade & investment, and defence & security."

Education

Various Indian students have gone to the UK to attain higher levels of education. From 2004 to 2009, the number of Indian students studying in the UK doubled from 10,000 to over 20,000.[12] By 2009, India was one of the top ten countries sending students to study in the UK.[13] Because the number of students grew, the British government and the Indian government agreed to cooperate.

During the 2010 UK-India Summit, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and India came into agreement to support education by implementing the India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI). In this summit, Cameron stated that "Education is an area where India and the UK could pool some of the advantages for mutual benefit." He continued by stating that a higher quality of education would lead to providing opportunities for all, thus encouraging economic growth and overcoming poverty for India.[14] However, after its implementation, the number of Indian students studying in the UK did not increase as expected by both governments. In 2010, the then Home Secretary Theresa May announced a stricter immigration law. This included tighter rules for international students. Students were forced to return to their homeland after earning their degree.[15] Since the immigration law, there has been a rapid decrease of 25% in the number of first year students from India during the year 2012-2013.[16] Theresa May's action has been criticised by people such as historian Edward Acton. Acton stated that this action is "butchering" the Anglo-Indian friendship because it is "treating university students as immigrants."[16] The continuous drop in the number of international students, including Indians, has become controversial. Business leaders such as Sir James Dyson have commented that forcing international students to move back to their homeland can be detrimental to the British economy in the long term.[17] In March 2015, Phillip Hammond stated during an interview with DD News that Theresa May's policy has been cancelled. Starting from 2015, Indian students are able to stay in the UK for six years after their graduation.[18]

Political

Politically, relations between India and the UK occur mostly through the multilateral organisations of which both are members, such as the Commonwealth of Nations, the World Trade Organisation and the Asian Development Bank.

Three Presidents of India have paid state visits to the United Kingdom: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in June 1963,[19] Ramaswamy Venkataraman in October 1990,[19] and Pratibha Patil in 2009.[19]

HM Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid state visits to India in November 1963, April 1990, and in October 1997.[20][21]

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the UK in 2006.

Since becoming the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Cameron has been actively involved in enhancing the Indian-British relationship on various dimensions, such as "business, energy security, climate change, education, research, security and defense, and international relations."[22] His effort can be seen in his political visits in India on February 18–20, 2013 [23] and on November 14, 2013.[24] Following his visit, other politicians such as Former UK Foreign Secretary William Hague and the then Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne visited India to accomplish a trade mission in July 2014.[25] During their visit, Osborne announced that a statue of Gandhi would be erected in London's Parliament Square to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's return to India from South Africa. Upon unveiling the statue on March 14, 2015, Cameron stated that "Our ties with India have remained close throughout history and continue to go from strength to strength – through mutual respect as equals, through cooperation, trade, and of course through the one-and-a-half million Indian diasporas living in Britain today who bring our two nations closer, to the benefit of both." He further commented that the statue will "enrich the firm bond of friendship between the world's oldest democracy and its largest."[26]

In terms of political forces behind economic development, Western powers look to India as a case study contrasting democracy-led growth and state-guided growth, the latter of which has been the modus operandi for China.[27]

Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the UK from 12–16 November 2015. During the visit, Modi became the first Indian Prime Minister to address the British Parliament.[28] The Times of India reported that agents from Mossad and MI5 were protecting Prime Minister Narendra Modi who was heading to the 2015 G-20 Summit in Antalya, Turkey. The paper reported that the agents had been called in to provide additional cover to Modi's security detail, composed of India's Special Protection Group and secret agents from RAW and IB, in wake of the November 2015 Paris attacks.[29][30]

Prime Minister Theresa May visited India on 6 November 2016 in her first bilateral visit to a non-European country since becoming Prime Minister. Explaining the decision, May said, "It [the visit] matters now more than ever. India is the fastest-growing major economy." May had previously referred to India as a "key strategic partner" in the aftermath of Britain voting to leave the European Union. She was accompanied by Trade Secretary Liam Fox and a delegation of 33 business leaders aiming to boost trade and investment between the India and the United Kingdom.[31][32]

See also

Perceptions

BBC World Service Country Rating Poll Data for UK & India

According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 43% of Indians view the United Kingdom's influence positively, 30% neutral and 27% expressing a negative view, while 45% of the British view India's influence positively, 9% neutral and 46% expressing a negative view.[33]

Results of 2014 BBC World Service poll.
Views of India's influence by country[34]
Sorted by Pos-Neg
Country polled Positive Negative Neutral Pos-Neg
 Germany 16 68 16 -52
 Pakistan 21 58 21 -37
 Spain 20 50 30 -30
 Israel 9 34 57 -25
 Mexico 26 37 37 -11
 South Korea 36 47 17 -11
 France 40 49 11 -9
 China 27 35 38 -8
 Canada 38 46 16 -8
 Peru 26 31 43 -5
 Australia 44 46 10 -2
 United Kingdom 45 46 9 -1
 United States 45 41 14 4
 Brazil 41 36 23 5
 Turkey 35 29 36 6
 Chile 35 21 44 14
 Indonesia 47 24 29 23
 Japan 34 9 57 25
 Kenya 53 23 24 30
 Ghana 53 22 25 31
 India 56 22 22 34
 Russia 45 9 46 36
 Nigeria 64 22 14 42
Results of 2014 BBC World Service poll.
Views of the United Kingdom's influence by country[34]
Sorted by Pos-Neg
Country polled Positive Negative Neutral Pos-Neg
 Pakistan 39 35 26 4
 Spain 41 36 23 5
 Turkey 39 30 31 9
 China 39 26 35 13
 Mexico 40 25 35 15
 India 43 27 30 16
 Germany 51 34 15 17
 Peru 41 21 38 20
 Brazil 45 25 30 20
 Russia 44 16 40 28
 Chile 45 15 40 30
 Indonesia 59 26 15 33
 Israel 50 6 44 44
 Japan 47 2 51 45
 Nigeria 67 22 11 45
 United Kingdom 72 23 5 49
 France 72 20 8 52
 Australia 73 18 9 54
 South Korea 74 14 12 60
 Kenya 74 10 16 64
 Ghana 78 9 13 69
 Canada 80 9 11 71
 United States 81 10 9 71

References

  1. ↑ High Commission of India in the UK Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ British embassy in India
  3. ↑ Morris, Chris (27 July 2010). "Does India want a 'special relationship' with UK?". BBC News.
  4. ↑ Nelson, Dean (7 July 2010). "Ministers to build a new 'special relationship' with India". The Daily Telegraph.
  5. ↑ "Trade is booming; will diplomacy follow?". The Hindu. 3 July 2015.
  6. ↑ "UK to end financial aid to India by 2015". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  7. 1 2 Anuj Chande, "India meets Britain, Tracking the UK's top Indian companies" "Grant Thorton" Retrieved April 6, 2015
  8. ↑ UK Government Website Retrieved March 31, 2015
  9. ↑ Nicholas Watt, "David Cameron's India trade delegation: who's in it" "The Guardian" February 18, 2013
  10. ↑ George Parker,"Cameron bats for British trade in India" "FT" February 18, 2013
  11. ↑ "India, UK to explore free trade deal during Theresa May's trip - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  12. ↑ "Non-UK domicile students" "Higher Education Statistics Agency" Retrieved April 4, 2015
  13. ↑ "Why students prefer to study in UK Colleges or Universities" "The Sunday Times" May 30, 2010
  14. ↑ UK Government Website Retrieved April 5, 2015
  15. ↑ Tom Whitehead "Tens of thousands of foreign students face the axe to the cut immigration numbers" "The Telegraph" November 22, 2010
  16. 1 2 Chris Parr "Anglo Indian ties have been butchered by May" "Times Higher Education" January 23, 2014
  17. ↑ John Bingham "Sir James Dyson: Theresa May risks ‘long-term economic decline’ over foreign students" "The Telegraph" January 4, 2015
  18. ↑ "British Foreign Secy Philip Hammond endorses 'Make in India' ""DD News" March 13, 2015
  19. 1 2 3 "Ceremonies: State visits". Official web site of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  20. ↑ "OUTWARD STATE VISITS MADE BY THE QUEEN SINCE 1952". Official web site of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  21. ↑ "OUTWARD STATE VISITS MADE BY THE QUEEN SINCE 1952". Official web site of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
  22. ↑ UK Government website Retrieved April 1, 2015
  23. ↑ "David Cameron in India" Retrieved April 2, 2015
  24. ↑ "David Cameron's visit to India" Retrieved April 2, 2015
  25. ↑ "William Hague and George Osborne visit India" Retrieved April 3, 2015
  26. ↑ UK Government Website "Gandhi statue to be unveiled in Parliament Square on March 14" Retrieved March 31, 2015
  27. ↑ Eric Deville, Op-Ed: Cameron’s visit to India — Pounds, rupees and democracy, Digital Journal, 20 February 2013
  28. ↑ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indias-message-from-jaguar-factory-before-modis-uk-visit-we-are-job-makers-not-job-takers/
  29. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mossad-MI5-roped-in-to-shield-Prime-Minister-Narendra-Modi-in-Turkey/articleshow/49786782.cms
  30. ↑ http://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/mossad-may-be-protecting-modi-at-turkey-g-20-summit-paper-claims/
  31. ↑ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-06/may-flies-to-india-to-prepare-ground-for-post-brexit-trade-deal
  32. ↑ http://in.reuters.com/article/india-britain-idINKBN1310IP
  33. ↑ 2014 World Service Poll BBC
  34. 1 2 "BBC World Service poll" (PDF). BBC. 3 June 2014.

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