Haplogroup O-M176

Haplogroup O-M176
Possible time of origin	6,300 [95% CI 600–37,000] years ago (Katoh 2004) 12,200 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 14,700] years before present (YFull^[1])
Possible place of origin	Korean Peninsula, Manchuria or a nearby part of northern East Asia^[2]^[3]
Ancestor	O-P31
Defining mutations	M176/SRY465, P49, 022454
Highest frequencies	Japanese, Koreans, Ryukyuans, Manchus: Japanese 32%^{[Footnote 1]} 26% (Jin 2003) (Jin 2009)-36% (Katoh 2004) Koreans 30%^{[Footnote 2]} 19% (Jin 2003) -37% (Park 2013) Okinawans 27%^{[Footnote 3]} 22% (Hammer 2006)-31% (Mizuno 2008) Manchus 19%^{[Footnote 4]} 4% (Karafet 2001)-34% (Katoh 2004)

In human population genetics, Y-Chromosome haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Haplogroup O-M176 (aka O-SRY465) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is best known for its part in the settlement of Korea and Japan. It is a descendant of Haplogroup O-P31, and it has been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, Haplogroup O-K18, approximately 28,500 [95% CI 26,100 <-> 30,900] years before present.^[4]

Distribution

Haplogroup O-M176 is found mainly in the northernmost parts of East Asia, from the Uriankhai and Zakhchin peoples of western Mongolia (Katoh 2004) to the Japanese of Japan, though it also has been detected sporadically in the Buryats (Jin 2003) and Udegeys (Jin 2010) of southern Siberia, very rarely among populations of Southeast Asia including Indonesia (Hammer 2006 and Jin 2003), the Philippines (Jin 2003), Thailand (Jin 2003), and Vietnam (Hammer 2006 and Jin 2003), and Micronesians (Hammer 2006). This haplogroup is found with its highest frequency and diversity values among modern populations of Japan and Korea and is absent from most populations in China, but it has been detected in some samples of Han Chinese from Beijing (Jin 2003), Xi'an (1/34, Kim 2011), Jiangsu (Lu 2008), Wuhan (1/160),^[5] South China outside of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai (1/65),^[6] and Taiwan (1/34 Hakka and 1/258 other miscellaneous Han),^[7] and Daurs (Xue 2006), Hezhes (Xue 2006), Koreans in China (Xue 2006 and Katoh 2004), Manchus (Xue 2006, Katoh 2004, and Karafet 2001), Sibes (Xue 2006), and Kham Tibetans.^[8]

Subclade distribution

Paragroup O-M176*

Only branches of this haplogroup that are labeled as Haplogroup O-M176*, i.e., those that do not exhibit the 47z mutation, have been detected among the indigenous populations of Inner Mongolia and northern Manchuria, and even then they are found only at very low frequencies. However, Haplogroup O-M176* Y-chromosomes have been detected with high frequency in Korea, where they account for between 14% (Jin 2003, Jin 2009, and Xue 2006) to 33% (Hammer 2006) of the Korean male population.

O-47z

Haplogroup O-47z
Possible time of origin	7,870 [95% CI 5,720–12,630] years ago (Hammer 2006)
Possible place of origin	Japanese Archipelago(Hammer 2006)　or　Korean Peninsula(see Jin 2003)
Ancestor	O-M176
Defining mutations	47z
Highest frequencies	Include: Japanese 24%^{[Footnote 5]} Range: 19% (Jin 2003) to 29% (Katoh 2004) Okinawans 17%^{[Footnote 6]} Range: 11% (Hammer 2006) to 20% (Nonaka 2007) South Koreans 8%^{[Footnote 7]} Range: 4% (Hammer 2006 and Karafet 2001) to 12% (Xue 2006) Manchus 7%^{[Footnote 8]} Range: 0% Karafet 2001, Hammer 2006, and Xue 2006 to 19% (Jin 2009)

The O-47z subclade of O-M176. The first is that it arose in pre-Neolithic Japan and then spread outwards during the Neolithic.

Japan origin

A subclade of Haplogroup O-M176, Haplogroup O-47z, is found with high frequency among the Japanese people and Ryukyuan populations of Japan. It was likely born there to members of the parent lineage who colonized the Japanese Archipelago much earlier, with the subgroup O-47z subsequently evolving within the proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan population of the western parts of the archipelago. This is suggested by the presence of the parent line's paragroup, O-M176*, among Japanese, although at a relatively low frequency of approximately 4% (Xue 2006) to 8% (Nonaka 2007).

Neolithic expansion

Haplogroup O-47z has also been detected in approximately 22% of all males who speak a Japonic language, while it has not been found at all among a total of twenty Ainu males whose Y-DNA has been sampled in two genetic studies (Hammer 2006 and Tajima 2004). Based on the STR haplotype diversity within Haplogroup O-47z, it has been estimated that this haplogroup began to experience a population expansion among the proto-Japanese of approximately 4,000 years ago. Haplogroup O-47z also has been found among samples of modern Koreans, though with low frequency in comparison to both the frequency of O-47z in samples of Japanese and the frequency of O-M176(x47z) in samples of Koreans.

O-L682

Haplogroup O-L682
Possible time of origin	5,000 years ago
Possible place of origin	Korean Peninsula or Manchuria
Ancestor	O-M176, O-F3356
Defining mutations	L682
Highest frequencies	Include: South Koreans 20%^{[Footnote 9]} Range: 20% (Katoh 2004 to 21% (Yoo 2014) Okinawans 12%^{[Footnote 10]} Range: 11% (Mizuno 2008) to 12% (Hashiyada 2008) Hezhen 8% Range: 4% (Xue 2006) to 8% (HGDP 2009) Japanese 6%^{[Footnote 11]} Range: 6% (Katoh 2004) to 7% (Hashiyada 2008) Manchus 3%^{[Footnote 12]} Range: 3% (Heo 2013) to 3% (Katoh 2004) Udeges 9.5% (Jin 2010)

The O-L682 subclade of O-M176, is believed to be related to Native Korean population.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
O-M175	26	VII	1U	28	Eu16	H9	I	O*	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
O-M119	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1*	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a
O-M101	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1a	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a
O-M50	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H10	H	O1b	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2
O-P31	26	VII	1U	33	Eu16	H5	I	O2*	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2
O-M95	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H11	G	O2a*	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a1	O2a1
O-M88	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H12	G	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1a	O2a1a
O-SRY465	20	VII	1U	35	Eu16	H5	I	O2b*	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b
O-47z	5	VII	1U	26	Eu16	H5	I	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1
O-M122	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3*	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3
O-M121	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3a	O3a	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1a	O3a1a
O-M164	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3b	O3b	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a1b	O3a1b
O-M159	13	VII	1U	31	Eu16	H6	L	O3c	O3c	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3	O3a3	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a
O-M7	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d*	O3c	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a4	O3a4	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a2b	O3a2b
O-M113	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d1	O3c1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	-	O3a4a	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a2b1	O3a2b1
O-M134	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e*	O3d	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a5	O3a5	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a2c1	O3a2c1
O-M117	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1*	O3d1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a5a	O3a5a	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a2c1a	O3a2c1a
O-M162	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1a	O3d1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a5a1	O3a5a1	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a2c1a1	O3a2c1a1

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
β Underhill 2000
γ Hammer 2001
δ Karafet 2001
ε Semino 2000
ζ Su 1999
η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

O2b (IMS-JST022454, L272.2, M176/Page63/SRY465, M302, P49, F1942/Page92)
- O2b*
- O2b1 (F3356)
  - O2b1*
  - O2b1a (47z)
  - O2b1b (L682)

Table of frequencies of O-M176

Population	Frequency	Sample Size	SNPs	Source
Korean (Gangweon)	0.397	63	M176(x47z)=20 47z=5	Kim 2011
Korean (National Biobank of Korea)	0.377	300	M176(x47z)=88 47z=25	Park 2013
South Korea	0.373	75	M176/P49(x47z)=25 47z=3	Hammer 2006
Japanese (Shizuoka)	0.344	61	47z=13 M176/P49(x47z)=8	Hammer 2006
Korean (Daejeon)	0.338	133	M176(x47z)=30 47z=15	Park 2012
Japanese	0.335	263	47z=66 M176/JST022454(x47z)=22	Nonaka 2007
Korean (Jeju)	0.322	87	M176(x47z)=20 47z=8	Kim 2011
Japanese (Kyushu)	0.321	53	47z=15 M176/P49(x47z)=2	Hammer 2006
Korean (Seoul)	0.316	573	M176(x47z)=125 47z=56	Park 2012
Korean (Jeolla)	0.311	90	M176(x47z)=21 47z=7	Kim 2011
Japanese (Aomori)	0.308	26	47z=7 M176/P49(x47z)=1	Hammer 2006
Korean (Chungcheong)	0.306	72	M176(x47z)=15 47z=7	Kim 2011
Japanese (Tokushima)	0.300	70	47z=17 M176/P49(x47z)=4	Hammer 2006
Korean (Gyeongsang)	0.298	84	M176(x47z)=15 47z=10	Kim 2011
Japanese	0.293	157	47z=38 M176(x47z)=8	Kim 2011
Korean (Seoul/Gyeonggi)	0.282	110	M176(x47z)=23 47z=8	Kim 2011
Korean (PRC)	0.280	25	M176(x47z)=5 47z=2	Xue 2006
Korean (Korea)	0.279	43	M176(x47z)=6 47z=6	Xue 2006
Japanese	0.277	47	47z=11 M176(x47z)=2	Xue 2006
Manchurians	0.271	48	47z=9 M176(x47z)=4	Jin 2009
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon)	0.269	216	M176(x47z)=37 47z=21	Kim 2007
Japanese	0.262	107	47z=21 M176(x47z)=7	Jin 2009
Okinawa	0.222	45	47z=5 M176/P49(x47z)=5	Hammer 2006
Korean	0.201	154	M176(x47z)=22 47z=9	Jin 2009
Indonesians	0.194	36	M176(x47z)=6 47z=1	Jin 2009
Vietnamese	0.171	41	M176(x47z)=5 47z=2	Jin 2009
Indonesia (West)	0.160	25	M176/P49(x47z)=2 47z=2	Hammer 2006
Han (Yunnan)	0.098	41	M176(x47z)=4	Jin 2009
Vietnamese	0.083	48	M176(x47z)=2 47z=2	Kim 2011
Indonesian	0.081	37	M176(x47z)=3	Kim 2011
Han (Beijing)	0.062	65	M176(x47z)=4	Jin 2009
Micronesia	0.059	17	M176/P49(x47z)=1	Hammer 2006
Manchu	0.057	35	M176(x47z)=2	Xue 2006
Hezhe (PRC)	0.044	45	M176(x47z)=2	Xue 2006
Vietnam	0.043	70	47z=2 M176/P49(x47z)=1	Hammer 2006
Thai	0.040	50	47z=2	Jin 2009
Manchu	0.038	52	M176/P49(x47z)=2	Hammer 2006
Manchurian	0.033	30	M176(x47z)=1	Kim 2011
Han (Xi'an)	0.029	34	M176(x47z)=1	Kim 2011
Buryat	0.028	36	M176(x47z)=1	Kim 2011
Daur	0.026	39	M176(x47z)=1	Xue 2006
Thai	0.025	40	47z=1	Kim 2011
Evenk (PRC)	0.024	41	M176/P49(x47z)=1	Hammer 2006
Xibe	0.024	41	M176(x47z)=1	Xue 2006
Buryat	0.020	50	M176(x47z)=1	Jin 2009
Han (Beijing)	0.020	51	M176(x47z)=1	Kim 2011
Philippines	0.014	69	M176(x47z)=1	Jin 2009
Zhuang	0.000	20	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Oroqen	0.000	22	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Evenk (PRC)	0.000	26	M176=0	Xue 2006
Alor	0.000	28	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Han (Lanzhou)	0.000	30	M176=0	Xue 2006
Even	0.000	31	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Oroqen	0.000	31	M176=0	Xue 2006
Uyghur (Urumqi)	0.000	31	M176=0	Xue 2006
Han (Yili)	0.000	32	M176=0	Xue 2006
Malay	0.000	32	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Australian aborigines	0.000	33	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Qiang	0.000	33	M176=0	Xue 2006
Han (Chengdu)	0.000	34	M176=0	Xue 2006
Hani (PRC)	0.000	34	M176=0	Xue 2006
Li	0.000	34	M176=0	Xue 2006
She	0.000	34	M176=0	Xue 2006
Buyi	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue 2006
Han (Harbin)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue 2006
Han (Meixian)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue 2006
Hui (PRC)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue 2006
Tibetan	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue 2006
Yao (Bama)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue 2006
Yao (Liannan)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue 2006
Batak Toba (Sumatra)	0.000	38	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Uyghur (Yili)	0.000	39	M176=0	Xue 2006
Han (Guangdong)	0.000	40	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Yi (Butuo, Sichuan)	0.000	43	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Northern Han	0.000	44	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Khalkh	0.000	45	M176=0	Kim 2011
Mongol (Inner Mongolia)	0.000	45	M176=0	Xue 2006
Papua New Guinea	0.000	46	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Khalkh	0.000	48	M176=0	Jin 2009
Philippines	0.000	48	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Taiwanese aborigines	0.000	48	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Tujia	0.000	49	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
She	0.000	51	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Melanesia	0.000	53	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Mandar (Sulawesi)	0.000	54	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Indonesia (East)	0.000	55	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Miao	0.000	58	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Han (Yunnan)	0.000	60	M176=0	Kim 2011
Nias	0.000	60	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Polynesia	0.000	60	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Yao	0.000	60	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Java	0.000	61	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Filipino	0.000	64	M176=0	Kim 2011
Mongol (Outer Mongolia)	0.000	65	M176=0	Xue 2006
Uyghur	0.000	67	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Mentawai	0.000	74	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Buryat	0.000	81	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Han (Taiwan)	0.000	84	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Borneo	0.000	86	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Sri Lanka	0.000	91	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Lembata	0.000	92	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Evenk (Russia)	0.000	95	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Altai	0.000	98	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Tibet	0.000	105	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Mongolia	0.000	149	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Sumba	0.000	350	M176=0	Karafet 2010
Flores	0.000	394	M176=0	Karafet 2010
India	0.000	405	M176/P49=0	Hammer 2006
Bali	0.000	641	M176=0	Karafet 2010

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups ^{[χ 1]}^{[χ 2]}

	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
	A00	A0-T ^{[χ 3]}
	A0	A1 ^{[χ 4]}
	A1a	A1b
	A1b1	BT
	B	CT
	DE	CF
	D	E		C	F
	F1	F2	F3	GHIJK
	G	HIJK
	IJK	H
	IJ	K
	I	J		LT ^{[χ 5]}	K2
	L	T ^{[χ 6]}		NO ^{[χ 7]}	K2b ^{[χ 8]}	K2c	K2d	K2e ^{[χ 9]}
	N	O		K2b1 ^{[χ 10]}	P
	K2b1a^{[χ 11]}	K2b1b	K2b1c	M		P1	P2
	K2b1a1	K2b1a2	K2b1a3	S ^{[χ 12]}		Q	R
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes
↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. ↑ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T (M184) was known as "Haplogroup K2" – that name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a"). ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO). ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1a has also been known as Haplogroup S-P405. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230), also known as K2b1a4, was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

References

Footnotes

↑ 238/744=32.0% O-M176 in a pool of all Japanese samples of (Xue 2006), (Katoh 2004), (Jin 2009), (Nonaka 2007), and all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Hammer 2006).
↑ 202/677=29.8% O-M176 in a pool of all ethnic Korean samples of (Hammer 2006), (Xue 2006), (Katoh 2004), (Kim 2007), and (Park 2013).
↑ 30/132=22.7% O-M176 in a pool of all Okinawan data from (Hammer 2006) and (Nonaka 2007)
↑ 45/232=19.4% O-M176 in a pool of all Manchu samples of (Karafet 2001), (Jin 2003), (Katoh 2004), and (Xue 2006))
↑ 150/628=23.9% O-47z in a pool of all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Jin 2003), (Hammer 2006), (Xue 2006), and (Nonaka 2007)
↑ 22/132=16.7% O-47z in a pool of all Okinawan samples of Hammer 2006 and Nonaka 2007
↑ 41/519=7.9% O-47z in a pool of all ethnic Korean samples of (Jin 2003), (Hammer 2006), (Xue 2006), and (Kim 2007)
↑ 9/135=6.7% O-47z in a pool of all "Manchu" or "Manchurian" samples of (Hammer 2006), (Xue 2006), and (Jin 2009)
↑ 41/519=7.9% O-L682 in a pool of all ethnic Korean samples of (Yoo 2014), (Katoh 2004), and (Kim 2011)
↑ 22/132=16.7% O-47z in a pool of all Okinawan samples of Hammer 2006 and Nonaka 2007
↑ 150/628=23.9% O-47z in a pool of all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Jin 2003), (Hammer 2006), (Xue 2006), and (Nonaka 2007)
↑ 9/135=6.7% O-47z in a pool of all "Manchu" or "Manchurian" samples of (Hammer 2006), (Xue 2006), and (Jin 2009)

Works cited

↑ YFull Haplogroup YTree v4.10 at 06 November 2016
↑ Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; et al. "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2011 (2): 10.
↑ Patricia Balaresque, Nicolas Poulet, Sylvain Cussat-Blanc, et al., "Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations." European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 14 January 2015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.285
↑ YFull Haplogroup YTree v4.10 at 06 November 2016
↑ Huang Dai-Xin, Yang Qing-En, Yin Hui et al., "Genetic Polymorphism of 23 Y Chromosome Biallelic Markers in Wuhan Han Population," HEREDITAS (Beijing) 28 (7) 791~798, 2006
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