Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

Haplogroup A

Possible time of origin	132,000 ± 12,000 YBP
Possible place of origin	Asia
Ancestor	N
Descendants	A3, A4, A5, A7, A8
Defining mutations	152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319^[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations.

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N.

Its highest frequencies are among Indigenous peoples of the Americas, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.^[2]

Distribution

Its subgroup A2 (actually a subclade of A4, which is widespread in Asia) is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka^[3] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.^[2]

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Denes, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.^[6]^[7] In particular, haplogroup A4(xA2) is ubiquitous in populations from Siberia in the north to Iran and Vietnam in the south. Haplogroup A5, on the other hand, is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.^[4]

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,^[3] 25/216 = 11.6%,^[8] 11/73 = 15.1%^[8]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.^[4]^[9]^[10] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).^[3]^[11]^[12]^[13] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,^[9] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),^[10] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4^[4]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.^[11] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).^[9] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,^[14] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,^[14] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.^[15] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.^[4] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.^[16]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Eskimo (Greenland)	0.961	385	Volodko 2008	A2b=196, A2a=174
Eskimo (Chaplin)	0.900	50	Volodko 2008	A2a=36, A2b=9
Eskimo (Canada)	0.875	96	Volodko 2008	A2b=68, A2a=16
Siberian Eskimo	0.772	79	Starikovskaya 2005	A2=61 (41/46 Chaplin, 17/25 Sireniki, 3/8 Naukan)
Eskimo (Naukan)	0.744	39	Volodko 2008	A2b=16, A2a=13
Chukchi (Anadyr, Chukotka)	0.733	15	Derenko 2007	A2=11
Eskimo (Sireniki)	0.703	37	Volodko 2008	A2a=16, A2b=10
Chukchi	0.682	66	Starikovskaya 2005	A2=45
Bella Coola	0.655	84	Malhi 2004	A=55
Apache	0.632	38	Malhi 2003	A=24
Nahua (Cuetzalan, Mexico)	0.613	31	Malhi 2003	A=19
Navajo	0.516	64	Malhi 2003	A=33
Nuu-Chah-Nulth	0.451	102	Malhi 2004	A=46
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)	0.344	163	Volodko 2008	A2a=56
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.300	30	Wen 2004	A=9
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.297	37	Wen 2004	A=11
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)	0.250	32	Volodko 2008	A2a=6, A2b=2
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)	0.250	24	Wen 2004	A=6
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.250	20	Li 2007	A=5
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)	0.229	35	Ji 2012	A=8
Tibetan (Qinghai)	0.214	56	Wen 2004	A=12
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.211	19	Ji 2012	A=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.188	16	Wen 2004	A=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)	0.172	29	Ji 2012	A1=5
Zuni	0.154	26	Malhi 2003	A=4
Korean (Arun Banner)	0.146	48	Kong 2003	A5=4, A(xA5)=3
Tujia (Western Hunan)	0.141	64	Wen 2004	A=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.139	36	Wen 2004	A=5
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.138	29	Li 2007	A=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)	0.136	44	Ji 2012	A1=6
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.128	47	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=6
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.121	33	Wen 2004	A=4
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.120	100	Uchiyama 2007	A4=4, A5=4, A(xA4,A5)=4
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.118	102	Liu 2011	A=12
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.114	35	Wen 2004	A=4
Tubalar (Turochak & Choysky)	0.111	72	Starikovskaya 2005	A(xA2)=8
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.109	55	Ji 2012	A1=6
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)	0.103	29	Ji 2012	A1=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.100	40	Wen 2004	A=4
Manchurian	0.100	40	Jin 2009	A(xA4,A5)=3, A4=1
Korean (northern China)	0.098	51	Jin 2009	A4=4, A5(xA5a)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.097	31	Wen 2004	A=3
Han (Denver)	0.096	73	Zheng 2011	A=7
Japanese	0.090	211	Maruyama 2003	A5=11, A(xA5)=8
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.089	45	Wen 2004	A=4
Korean (South Korea)	0.089	203	Umetsu 2005	A=18
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)	0.088	160	Umetsu 2005	A=14
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)	0.087	103	Wen 2005	A(xA6)=7, A6=2
Japanese (Tōhoku)	0.086	336	Umetsu 2005	A=29
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)	0.083	48	Kong 2003	A(xA5)=4
Korean (South Korea)	0.081	185	Jin 2009	A4=6, A5(xA5a)=5, A(xA4,A5)=3, A5a=1
Ket	0.079	38	Starikovskaya 2005	A(xA2)=3
Cochimí	0.077	13	Malhi 2003	A=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.077	261	Kim 2008	A=20
Han (Beijing Normal University)	0.074	121	Zheng 2011	A=9
Pai Yuman	0.074	27	Malhi 2003	A=2
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.074	54	Ji 2012	A1=4
Han (Southwest China, pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)	0.073	137	Ji 2012	A=10
Han (Hunan and Fujian)	0.073	55	Zheng 2011	A=4
Telengit	0.073	55	Dulik 2012	A=4
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)	0.073	633	Fuku 2007	A=46
Buryat	0.071	126	Kong 2003	A(xA5)=9
Han (southern California)	0.069	390	Ji 2012	A=27
Korean (South Korea)	0.068	103	Derenko 2007	A5=4, A4(xA2)=3
Japanese (Tokyo)	0.068	118	Zheng 2011	A=8
Okinawa	0.067	326	Umetsu 2005	A=22
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)	0.066	256	Umetsu 2005	A=17
Itelmen	0.064	47	Starikovskaya 2005	A(xA2)=3
Japanese (Gifu)	0.063	1617	Fuku 2007	A=102
Barghut (Hulun Buir)	0.060	149	Derenko 2012	A4=8, A8=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō)	0.060	217	Asari 2007	A=13
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.059	68	Wen 2004	A=4
Evenk (Siberia)	0.056	71	Starikovskaya 2005	A(xA2)=4
Telenghit (Altai Republic)	0.056	71	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=4
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.056	18	Wen 2004	A=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.053	19	Wen 2004	A=1
Koryak	0.052	155	Starikovskaya 2005	A2=4, A(xA2)=4
Buryat (Buryatia)	0.051	295	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=13, A5=1, A8=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)	0.051	99	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=4, A5=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)	0.050	40	Wen 2004	A=2
Han (Beijing)	0.050	40	Jin 2009	A4=1, A(xA4,A5)=1
Japanese (Tōkai)	0.050	282	Umetsu 2005	A=14
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.049	41	Yao 2002	A=2
Vietnamese	0.048	42	Jin 2009	A4=1, A5(xA5a)=1
Yakama	0.048	42	Malhi 2004	A=2
Akimal O’odham	0.047	43	Malhi 2003	A=2
Han (Kunming, Yunnan)	0.047	43	Yao 2002	A=2
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, & Dudinka)	0.045	154	Fedorova 2013	A10=3, A8=2, A4(xA4b)=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)	0.045	44	Kong 2003	A(xA5)=2
Va (Simao, Yunnan)	0.045	22	Qian 2001	A=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)	0.043	47	Kong 2003	A(xA5)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.043	47	Jin 2009	A4=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)	0.042	71	Malyarchuk 2010	A(xA8b)=2, A8b=1
Altai-kizhi	0.042	48	Dulik 2012	A=2
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)	0.042	24	Wen 2005	A(xA6)=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)	0.041	73	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=3
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, Zhigansky)	0.040	125	Fedorova 2013	A4(xA4b)=3, A4b=2
Ainu	0.039	51	Sato 2009^[17]	A=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)	0.036	110	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=3, A8=1
Han (Taiwanese)	0.036	111	Chen 2013	A4e1=2, A5b=2
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)	0.036	111	Fedorova 2013	A4(xA4b)=2, A4b=1, A8=1
Han (Taiwan)	0.036	1117	Ji 2012	A=40
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.036	28	Li 2007	A=1
Shor	0.036	28	Dulik 2012	A=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)	0.035	57	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=2
Altay Kizhi	0.033	90	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=3
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)	0.033	91	Umetsu 2005	A=3
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.032	31	Wen 2005	A(xA6)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)	0.032	126	Malyarchuk 2010	A8b=4
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.031	32	Wen 2005	A6=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach District)	0.031	98	Derenko 2012	A4=3
Mansi	0.031	98	Starikovskaya 2005	A(xA2)=3
Altai-kizhi (Altai Republic)	0.029	276	Dulik 2012	A=8
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.029	35	Wen 2005	A6=1
Guangdong	0.026	546	Peng 2011	A=14
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.025	40	Wen 2005	A6=1
Persian (eastern Iran)	0.024	82	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=2
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)	0.024	41	Wen 2005	A6=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)	0.024	164	Fedorova 2013	A4b=2, A4(xA4b)=1, A8=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.024	42	Wen 2005	A(xA6)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)	0.023	44	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)	0.022	45	Kong 2003	A(xA5)=1
Evenk (Buryatia)	0.022	45	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=1
Tuvan	0.021	95	Starikovskaya 2005	A(xA2)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.020	50	Wen 2004	A=1
Kumandin (Turochak District)	0.019	52	Dulik 2012	A=1
Guangxi	0.017	1111	Peng 2011	A=19
Yakut	0.017	117	Kong 2003	A(xA5)=2
Shor (Kemerovo)	0.012	82	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)	0.010	105	Derenko 2007	A4(xA2)=1
Khanty	0.009	106	Pimenoff 2008	A=1
Vietnam	0.008	392	Peng 2011	A=3
Southeast Yunnan	0.006	158	Peng 2011	A=1
Li (Hainan)	0.003	346	Peng 2011	A=1
Kiliwa	0.000	7	Malhi 2003	–
Seri	0.000	8	Malhi 2003	–
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	10	Wen 2005	–
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.000	11	Wen 2005	–
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.000	15	Wen 2004	–
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)	0.000	18	Volodko 2008	–
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.000	19	Wen 2005	–
Filipino (Palawan)	0.000	20	Scholes 2011	–
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.000	21	Qian 2001	–
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)	0.000	22	Fedorova 2013	–
River Yuman	0.000	22	Malhi 2003	–
Delta Yuman	0.000	23	Malhi 2003	–
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	24	Fornarino 2009	–
Nganasan	0.000	24	Starikovskaya 2005	–
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.000	24	Ji 2012	–
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)	0.000	25	Starikovskaya 2005	–
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.000	25	Wen 2005	–
Kurd (northwestern Iran)	0.000	25	Derenko 2007	–
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.000	26	Wen 2005	–
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	27	Wen 2005	–
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)	0.000	29	Fornarino 2009	–
Batek (Malaysia)	0.000	29	Hill 2006	–
Cun (Hainan)	0.000	30	Peng 2011	–
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)	0.000	30	Wen 2004	–
Batak (Palawan)	0.000	31	Scholes 2011	–
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.000	31	Li 2007	–
Lingao (Hainan)	0.000	31	Peng 2011	–
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)	0.000	32	Wen 2004	–
Mendriq (Malaysia)	0.000	32	Hill 2006	–
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)	0.000	32	Wen 2005	–
Negidal	0.000	33	Starikovskaya 2005	–
Teleut	0.000	33	Dulik 2012	–
Temuan (Malaysia)	0.000	33	Hill 2006	–
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)	0.000	35	Wen 2004	–
Aleut (Commander Islands)	0.000	36	Volodko 2008	–
Jemez	0.000	36	Malhi 2003	–
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)	0.000	36	Yao 2002	–
Yakut (Yakutia)	0.000	36	Derenko 2007	–
Taono O’odham	0.000	37	Malhi 2003	–
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.000	39	Wen 2005	–
Nganasan	0.000	39	Volodko 2008	–
Thai	0.000	40	Jin 2009	–
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)	0.000	40	Fornarino 2009	–
Ambon	0.000	43	Hill 2007	–
Lombok (Mataram)	0.000	44	Hill 2007	–
Alor	0.000	45	Hill 2007	–
Tofalar	0.000	46	Starikovskaya 2005	–
Udegey	0.000	46	Starikovskaya 2005	–
Hindu (New Delhi, India)	0.000	48	Fornarino 2009	–
Sumba (Waingapu)	0.000	50	Hill 2007	–
Jahai (Malaysia)	0.000	51	Hill 2006	–
Senoi (Malaysia)	0.000	52	Hill 2006	–
Teleut (Kemerovo)	0.000	53	Derenko 2007	–
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)	0.000	56	Starikovskaya 2005	–
Filipino	0.000	61	Hill 2007	–
Semelai (Malaysia)	0.000	61	Hill 2006	–
Mansi	0.000	63	Pimenoff 2008	–
Filipino	0.000	64	Tabbada 2010	–
Filipino (Mindanao)	0.000	70	Tabbada 2010	–
Tubalar (Turochak District)	0.000	71	Dulik 2012	–
Bali	0.000	82	Hill 2007	–
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)	0.000	82	Volodko 2008	–
Ulchi	0.000	87	Starikovskaya 2005	–
Chelkan (Turochak District)	0.000	91	Dulik 2012	–
N. Paiute/Shoshoni	0.000	94	Malhi 2003	–
Northern Paiute	0.000	98	Malhi 2004	–
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)	0.000	105	Fedorova 2013	–
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	133	Fornarino 2009	–
Yakut (northern Yakutia)	0.000	148	Fedorova 2013	–
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.000	168	Peng 2010	–
Filipino (Luzon)	0.000	177	Tabbada 2010	–
Sumatra	0.000	180	Hill 2006	–
Sulawesi	0.000	237	Hill 2007	–
Taiwan aborigine	0.000	640	Peng 2011	–

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[1] and subsequent published research.

A
- A3
- A4
  - A4a
    - A4a1
      - A4a1a
  - A4b
  - A4c
    - A4c1
  - A2
    - A2a
      - A2a2
    - A2b
      - A2b1
    - A2c
    - A2d
      - A2d1
        A2d1a
      - A2d2
      - A2e
      - A2f
        A2f1
        A2f1a
      - A2g
      - A2h
      - A2i
      - A2j
        A2j1
      - A2k
        A2k1
      - A2n
      - A2p
    - A2q
  - A6
- A5
  - A5a
    - A5a1
      - A5a1a
        A5a1a1
        A5a1a1a
        
        A5a1a1b
        
        A5a1a2
      - A5a1b
    - A5a2
  - A5b
  - A5c
- A7
- A8
- A9

Popular culture

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.^[18]^[19]

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent is Haplogroup A2.

References

1 2 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
1 2 Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz; Roberta Eckert; Ana C.S. Valls; Mauricio R. Bogo; Francisco M. Salzano; David Glenn Smith; Wilson A. Silva; Marco A. Zago; Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos; Sidney E.B. Santos; Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler; Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (pdf). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
1 2 3 4 Tanaka, Masashi; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research. 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
1 2 3 4 5 Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski et al., "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933
↑ Natalia V. Volodko, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ilya O. Mazunin et al., "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas", The American Journal of Human Genetics 82, 1084–1100, May 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019.
↑ Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo et al., "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101
↑ Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202
1 2 Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva et al., "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", PNAS (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109
1 2 3 Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" PLoS ONE (2009)
1 2 Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", Hum Genet (2003) 113 : 391–405. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7
1 2 Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa et al., "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", Electrophoresis (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129
↑ Asari M et al., "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", Leg Med (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007
↑ Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835
1 2 Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova, "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(10):2220–2226. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065
↑ Marchani, EE; Watkins, WS; Bulayeva, K; Harpending, HC; Jorde, LB (2008). "Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan". BMC genetics. 9: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. PMC 2488347. PMID 18637195.
↑ Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
↑ Takehiro SATO, Tetsuya AMANO, Hiroko ONO et al., "Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping of the Okhotsk people based on analysis of ancient DNA: an intermediate of gene flow from the continental Sakhalin people to the Ainu", Anthropological Science Vol. 117(3), 171–180, 2009.
↑ "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American.
↑ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Retrieved 2009-11-18.

External links

General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup A

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