Gap, Hautes-Alpes

Gap

Jean Marcellin Square

Coat of arms
Gap

Coordinates: 44°33′34″N 6°04′43″E / 44.5594°N 6.0786°E / 44.5594; 6.0786Coordinates: 44°33′34″N 6°04′43″E / 44.5594°N 6.0786°E / 44.5594; 6.0786
Country France
Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Department Hautes-Alpes
Arrondissement Gap
Canton Chef-lieu of six cantons
Government
 • Mayor (2014–2020) Roger Didier[1]
Area1 110.43 km2 (42.64 sq mi)
Population (2012)2 40,761
 • Density 370/km2 (960/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
INSEE/Postal code 05061 / 05000
Elevation 625–2,360 m (2,051–7,743 ft)
(avg. 745 m or 2,444 ft)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Gap (French: [ɡap]; Occitan: Gap) is a commune in southeastern France, the capital and largest town of the Hautes-Alpes department. At 750 m above sea level, it is France's highest prefecture (departmental capital).

Together with other Alpine towns, Gap engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc.

Gap was awarded Alpine Town of the Year in 2002. In 2013 Gap was named the sportiest city in France by the national sports newspaper L'Équipe.[2]

Geography

Location

A panoramic view of Gap
A panoramic view of Gap

An Alpine crossroads at the intersection of D994 and the Route nationale 85, or Route Napoléon, which crosses the Col Bayard north of the city, Gap is located between the historic Dauphiné and the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur administrative region. With its 40,761 inhabitants (2012), it is the main town of an urban area of 62,072 inhabitants (2011),[3] which is the main town of the Alpes du Sud. 745 metres (2,400 ft) above sea level, at the right bank of the Luye River, close to where it joins the Durance River to the north, Gap is in the midst of a rich and preserved natural environment, south-west of the Écrins National Park, south-east of the Dévoluy massif and west of the Lac de Serre-Ponçon. The region around Gap is known as Gapençais.

Geology and terrain

The commune of Gap is almost entirely located in the Sillon de Gap [Gap trench],[4] a wide valley bottom located about 735 metres (2,411 ft) above sea level and including the western slopes almost 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) (Charance mountain and pic de Gleize).

The highest point of the municipality is however outside this great valley, on another watershed slope, the Raz de Bec, at 2,385 metres (7,825 ft), is within the limits of the commune, and was in the former commune of Chaudun, which merged with Gap in the 19th century.

This valley was shaped by the Glacier de la Durance[5] during the last ice age, known as the Würm glaciation.

Thus, soils are very often formed by moraine deposits. No less than five levels of lateral and frontal moraines are observable.[6] These are clearly visible, especially on the southern slopes of the Col Bayard, where they were formed in places of the terraces used by agriculture.

In retreating, the glacier also left erratics of several metres high. Examples include, among others, the erratic boulders of Peyre-Ossel[7] and Justice.[8]

The glacier, which in the Quaternary has shaped the Sillon de Gap, presented several diffluences: one to the glacier of the Drac from the cols of Manse and Bayard[9] and one towards the Buëch Valley by the La Freissinouse border.[10]

The cover of morainic debris is omnipresent in the Sillon de Gap but is not the only vestige of the Quaternary glaciation. There is also the typical topography of glacial valleys. The location of the town of Gap corresponds to an Ombilic glaciaire, where large quantities of clay were deposited. Upstream lies the Verrou glaciaire [glacial lock] of Pont-Sarrazin and downstream of Tourronde.[11]

The mechanical action of the glacier de la Durance was facilitated by the presence of relatively friable layers. The part which is central and south-east of the town consists mainly of soft rocks (Callovo-Oxfordian black marl). They consist of soft schist of bluish or brown colors.[12] In the northwestern part are the harder rocks of lighter colours, Tithonian limestone, formed in places of rocky bars or cornices.[13]

Hydrography

The town of Gap is crossed by the Luye River, a tributary of the Durance which has a total course of 22.6 kilometres (14.0 mi). During its passage through the commune, the Luye receives several torrents. It merges on the right bank with the 5.1 kilometres (3.2 mi) long Buzon, the Bonne (9.4 kilometres (5.8 mi)) and the torrent du Cristaye (2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi)); and on the left bank, the La Magdeleine Canal (5.3 kilometres (3.3 mi)), the Riotord (4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi)) and the torrent du Partiment, (6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi)) long.[14]

Even if the Luye hydrographic basin represents the largest share of the commune, waters at the southwest of the commune (the Saint-Jean quarter) drain into the torrent of Malecombe, a tributary of the Rousine, which flows into the Durance south of Tallard.

In the northwest of the commune (located on the other side of the col de Gleize) lie the Petit Buëch sources. Around 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level, they are formed by several streams which converge at the old village of Chaudun.[15]

Finally, an important channel feeds Gap with drinking water and water for irrigation: The Canal de Gap, or Canal du Drac, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) long, leads the water captured in the Drac via a tunnel under the Col de Manse to the Jaussauds reservoir (altitude 1,141 metres (3,743 ft))[15] where it divides into two branches, including the main branch which bypasses Gap west to Correo through Charance.[16]

Climate

Its temperate climate is influenced by a Mediterranean climate (hot and dry summers) and also an Alpine climate (cold winters).

Thus the main feature of the local climate is the importance of the sunshine enjoyed by the city. Furthermore, snowfall underscores the mountain character of the city. Thunderstorms are frequent in summer, fog is rather rare.

A meteorological comparison chart of data from Gap and other French cities
City Sunlight Rain Snow Thunderstorm Fog
Paris 1797 h/yr 642mm/yr 15 days/yr 19 days/yr 13 days/yr
Nice 2694 hrs/yr 767mm/yr 1 day/yr 31 days/yr 1 days/yr
Strasbourg 1637 hrs/yr 610mm/yr 30 days/yr 29 days/yr 65 days/yr
Gap 2940hrs/yr[17] 868mm/yr[18] 19.1 days/yr[17] 32 days/yr[19] 7 days/yr[19]
National average 1973 hrs/yr 770mm/yr 14 days/yr 22 days/yr 40 days/yr

The tables below represent averages of monthly temperatures.

They also show the maximum and minimum mean temperatures over the period 1951-1970.

Temperatures in °C
MonthJan.Feb.Mar.Apr.MayJunJul.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Year average
Maximum average temperatures (1951-1970)[20] 6.3 8 13.3 16.8 21.5 24.5 27.6 26.5 23 18.2 10.8 7.7 17.0
Average monthly temperatures[18] 0.6 2.4 5.3 8.7 12.5 16.4 19.5 18.8 15.6 10.7 5 1.5 9.8
Average minimum temperatures (1951-1970)[20] -4.6 -3.7 -0.3 2.3 6 9.2 11.2 10.5 8.5 3.9 0.1 -3.6 3.3

Comparisons with surveys of the period 1878-1940 showed lower maximum averages over the period 1950-1970 for the winter and summer months. Over the same period, again for the winter and summer months, there was an increase in the average minimum. Thus the evolution of the climate tends towards a slight reduction of differences in winter temperatures on the one hand, and summer on the other.[20]

Extreme temperatures also highlight the mountain and Mediterranean components of the climate. Indeed, over the decade 1951-1960 the absolute minimum recorded was −18 °C (−0.4 °F) on 3 February 1956. While the absolute maximum was of 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) observed July 8, 1952.[20]

Below is the average monthly rainfall.

Precipitation in mm
MonthJan.Feb.Mar.Apr.MayJunJul.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Year total
Average monthly rainfall[18] 70.8 70 72.5 70.8 81.7 70 45.8 58.3 64.2 95 91.7 77.5 868.3

The evolution of the average monthly temperatures (in red) and an average monthly rainfall (in blue) are summarized in the chart below.

Temperatures and average monthly precipitation
Temperatures and average monthly precipitation
Weather Station of Gap Varsie
Weather Station Gap Varsie
The "bar Bayard", synonymous with good weather over the city.
The "bar Bayard", synonymous with good weather over the city

Outside of the valley breezes, the prevailing wind is from the north, locally named the bise wind. In fact, it is a component of the mistral. Up the Drac Valley, this wind crosses the Bayard plateau down to Gap. When it carries clouds, there is the phenomenon of "the bar of Bayard": a compact pile of clouds covering the Bayard plateau. Pushed by the wind, they descend into the valley. Under the effect of the increase in pressure and temperature, these clouds disappear immediately a few hundred metres further down. Even in perpetual motion, cloud cover appears motionless. If these conditions are synonymous with freshness in autumn and spring, and bright cold in the winter, they are always accompanied by a perfectly sunny and clear atmosphere above the city.[20]

Channels of communication and transport

Map of transport in Gap
Map of transport in Gap

Road network

The town of Gap lies at a crossroads. The route nationale RN 85 heads towards the north and the south, the RN 94 to the east and the departmental RD 994 road to the west.

The RN 85 travels 103 kilometres (64 mi) north to Grenoble. Sisteron is located 48 kilometres (30 mi) in the opposite direction, and eventually also to the Mediterranean. The RN 94 travels 87 kilometres (54 mi) to reach Briançon and towards Italy via the Col de Montgenèvre. Meanwhile, the RD 994 joins with Pont-Saint-Esprit in Gard, more than 150 kilometres (93 mi) distant.

15 km (9 mi) separates Gap from La Saulce on the A51 motorway. This highway provides fast travel to Aix-en-Provence and Marseille 170 kilometres (110 mi) away, via the Durance Valley. A planned extension of this highway to the north, to the Col du Fau seems definitively buried. Although it has been desired by elected officials for the voters and the State, in order to divert trucks from the A7, the absence of this highway has not created the announced decline. On the contrary, the city ceased to grow (see demographics) without being absorbed by its relatively distant neighbours thanks precisely to its relative isolation from the main road network, including Grenoble (in no effect a dormitory community).

Taking into account the increase in road traffic, the creation of an urban boulevard became a prospect of improvement. This one 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) long and comprising several structures, could bypass the city from the west. Concerning also the transit of traffic serving the city itself, it would act as a bypass, leaving the RN 85, close to the area of Micropolis to the southwest and lead to the RN 94, north-east towards the Romette intersection.[21]

Rail

The city is served by SNCF.

Gap is connected directly to Paris daily by a sleeper train (the sleeping car was removed in 2007) network Intercités at night, but also by Corail or TER to Briançon, Grenoble, Valence (Gare de Valence-Ville and Gare de Valence TGV), as well as to Aix-en-Provence and Marseille.

In the 1930s, work aimed at the establishment of a metric line between Gap and Corps by the Col de Manse was undertaken. These were never finished and the line of the Champsaur was never born. Portions were reused for the basis of the route nationale.

The line to Barcelonnette was also begun in the east, but never completed. A double curve viaduct remains beneath the waters of the Lac de Serre-Ponçon.

Air transport

Located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Gap, the Gap–Tallard Airport can handle passenger traffic.

The company Air Alpes operated a DHC-6 Twin otter, with a regular service between Paris-Le Bourget and Gap from 1973 to 1977, since abandoned. The vast majority of air movements are sports-oriented.

Nearby airports
Name Destinations Distance
Grenoble-Isère Europe 140 kilometres (87 mi)
Marseille-Provence Europe, Africa, North America, Asia 180 kilometres (110 mi)
Lyon-Saint-Exupéry Europe, Africa, North America 195 kilometres (121 mi)
Turin Caselle Europe, Africa 200 kilometres (120 mi)

Urban transport

Public transport in the city is provided by the Linea network. In 2016, the network is comprised 12 lines. There is also a school transport service, a shuttle between Domaine de Gap-Charance/Centre-ville/Gap-Bayard runs in July and August, a shuttle to the hyper-Centre and a taxibus is available on demand. Aside from the taxibus, all of these are totally free services for users.[22]

Cycling facilities

Several cycle paths traverse the city. Some are separate from the road network, others are cycle lanes alongside roads.

Urbanism

Housing

Of the 21,479 houses in Gap in 2011, 88% were principal residences (against 89.20% of 19,043 houses in 2006), and 8.50% were vacant (compared with 7% of the 19,043 in 2006). Two thirds of them are apartments (almost 65%). A majority of these houses consist of 4 rooms (30%) or 5 rooms (28%). Overall, the buildings date from the period between 1946-1990 (65%). Half of the inhabitants of principal residences are owners (51%), the share of social rental housing (HLM) represents only 15%.[23]

Amenity projects

Toponymy

Bilingual signage in Alpine Provençal and in French at Gap

The first attestation of the name of the city is located in the ancient texts as Vappincum, later reduced to Vappum, the form of Gap is found in the 13th century.[27]

The toponym Vappincum is analyzed on the basis of a radical Vapp- unknown meaning, and the suffix -incu of Ligurian origin found in Provence and the Massif central to the Alps (cf. Arlanc, Nonenque, Moirans and Morencum in the 10th century and Lemenc, a district of Chambéry, formerly Lemencum).[28] The Gap form actually began as the short form Vappum, well attested, by the final drop.

The v- has been radically treated as a w- Germanic,[29] where *Wap, then Gap (see for this type of evolution the wasp, Latin vespa, treats words as *wespa; mistletoe, Latin viscum, treated as *wiscum, etc.,[note 1] depending on the phonetic path [w] > [gw] > [g]). This phonetic evolution would be more specifically made under the influence of the Gothic language.[30]

The name in Provençal (Alpine) is also Gap.

History

Prehistory

The first settlement of Gap dates back to the Neolithic.[31] The culture of these first inhabitants belonged to the southern Chasséen.[32]

Very rare testimonies of the pre-Roman era are formed by the remains of an oppidum located at the summit of the hill of Saint-Mens with few visible traces of a dolmen uncovered in 1866[33] and an ancient cemetery in the hamlet of Pré Camargue; but no remains were kept of these last two findings.[34] Gallic money was also found. Gap was the capital of the Celto-Ligurian Tricorii tribe.[35] These peoples, probably belonging to the Caturiges tribe, spoke the Celtic language.[36]

The Roman period

Roman roads in the Alps, during the 4th century

The Gapençais was then part of the territory of the Vocontii, a Gallic people who were Romanised during the conquest of Gallia Narbonensis in 125-124 BC, whose capitals were Luc-en-Diois and Vaison.

Around 20 BC, Cottius, a leader of tribes of the Valley of Suze, allied to Rome, and urged by Augustus, undertook the building of a route of communication in the Valley of the Durance. He had to submit the various peoples concerned, who were eager to maintain their independence. This route, built between 14 and 6 BC, and which received the name of Via Cottia per Alpem, linked Turin to Sisteron and consisted of six stations. Then known as Vapincum, the town of Gap was founded from one of these stations. In 22 AD, Gap became the start of a Roman road to Valence.[37]

At this time, the location of the future city was a Roman camp. The camp was protected by a terraced wall surrounded by a ditch.[38] It was the largest between Montgenèvre and Sisteron. The garrison that occupied it could be estimated at 360 men. They came from the surrounding peoples. They were assigned to protect users of the Roman roads against looters. Later, an axis towards the Champsaur was created. The Gap site took importance by becoming a hub of communications.[37]

The economy was mainly pastoral and the first crops grew on the slopes of Puymaure.[37] Some houses were built on stilts as shown by excavations.[31]

During the first centuries, the population increased significantly. Towards the end of the 3rd century and 4th century, a new fortification was built. These ramparts,[39] which completely surrounded the first enclosure, were composed of eleven ratings and eleven towers that protected the inhabitants of the city from barbarian invasions.[40][41] With an enclosed area of 2 hectares (4.9 acres), Gap made a big village.[42]

Middle Ages

From 28 December 986, the Bishop of Gap had sovereignty over the city due to concerns about future Muslim invasions, and held that power until Revolutionary reforms in 1801 despite Gap being annexed by the French crown in 1512.

Gap and its area became part of the County of Provence, established at the end of the 10th century, and then by the County of Forcalquier, which separated in the 12th century. The Bishops of Gap were also the temporal lords of the city. But their control was long disputed by officers of the Counts of Forcalquier, notably under the episcopate of Arnoux, who later became the bishop of the city.[43] On the death of the last Count of Forcalquier in 1209, the Embrun and Gap areas were passed to the Dauphiné while those of Forcalquier and Sisteron returned to the County of Provence. It is for this reason that the current coat of arms of the Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur is the coat of arms of the Dauphiné. In 1349 the Dauphin of Viennois Humbert II passed on his Principality to the eldest son of Philippe VI of France, the future King of France Charles V. From 1349 to 1457 Dauphiné remained a Principality separated from France, whose prince was the eldest son of the King of France. In 1457, Charles VII put an end to this status and joined the province to the Kingdom of France.

The Knights Templar owned a house at Gap, a secondary establishment which depended on a commandery.[44] The creation of the Consulate, which ruled the city, dated back to before 1209.[45]

In the 14th century, the city took advantage of the benefits of the installation of the Popes in Avignon, which brought a more frequent passage of travellers to develop a craft of wool and skins, which made it thrive. Avignon linkages were strengthened by the presence of many clerics of the entourage of the Pope, within the chapter of the canons of Gap.[46]

Renaissance and early modern era

Gap in 1607

The 16th and 17th centuries were particularly dark times for the city. The Wars of Religion were lethal in the region. Gap was a Catholic stronghold, while the Champsaur switched to Protestantism. After various skirmishes, François de Bonne, leader of the Protestants, decided to attack Gap, nevertheless protected by 20 towers. On the night of 3 January 1577, François Philibert, known as Cadet de Charance, opened the Saint-Arey gate, and allowed him to attack the city by surprise.[47] To cries of "Kill! Kill!" his men proceeded in veritable butchery.[48] De Bonne burned the cathedral, plundered the monasteries,[47] appropriated the property of the inhabitants, and built a proud citadel on the Colline de Puymaure [Puymaure Hill] where it dominated over Gap.[49] Returned to Catholicism in 1622, he abandoned all claims to the city.

In 1692, the troops of the Piedmontese ruler Victor Amadeus II, committed with the League of Augsburg, against the France of Louis XIV, captured the city, abandoned by its inhabitants, on 29 August. Gap was looted and burned,[50] of the 953 houses in the commune, 798 were destroyed.

Gap at the end of the 18th century

In 1790, during the French Revolution, the province of Dauphiné was divided into three departments: Drôme, Isère and Hautes-Alpes which Gap became the prefecture. Hautes-Alpes then became the highest Department of France and Gap, the highest prefecture of the country. It remains prefecture of Haute-Alpes to this day.

19th century

In 1802, the baron Charles-François de Ladoucette was appointed Prefect of the Hautes-Alpes. Under his administration, the city of Gap and the Department of the Hautes-Alpes experienced some growth. It built roads linking Gap to Italy and the Drôme Valley and created a departmental nursery. His statue, carved by the Gap sculptor Jean Marcellin, was erected in 1866 at the square which bears his name.

Gap, the Lignole Gate in 1830

Napoleon I left Elba in February 1815 and stopped at Gap on 5 March 1815 with 40 horsemen and 10 grenadiers, where he had thousands of copies of his Proclamations printed. The whole population of the city accompanied Napoleon when he left Gap. Acknowledging the reception of the population of these regions, he left the Haut-Alpins with the following message:

“ The inhabitants of the departments of the high and low Alps, citizens,

I was deeply touched by all the feelings that you have shown me, your wishes are granted. The cause of the Nation will triumph again. You're right to call me your father; I live for the honour and happiness of France. My return banishes all your concerns; it ensures the conservation of all properties, equality among all classes and the rights you have enjoyed for the last 25 years, and after which our fathers have so yearned, forming today a part of your existence.

In all circumstances where I find myself, I will always remember with great interest all that I've seen through your country.

 ”
Fresco of the city center of Gap in 1899

Gap experienced a new era from 1875 with the arrival of the railway.

The commune of Chaudun was joined with Gap, by the prefectoral Decree of 22 October 1895.[51]

20th century

Second World War

During World War II, the city was part of the free zone. But after November 1942 and the Case Anton, it was integrated into the occupied area. After Operation Overlord on 6 June 1944, the Germans placed some 1,000 men to hold the cuvette de Gap [Gap Basin], a key point of the Cannes-Lyon axis. Jean Drouot-L'Hermine,[52] 37 years old, an original Gaullist resistant and accomplished soldier (he had trained more than 4000 resistance fighters in combat and about a hundred in sabotage) was sent by the GPRF of General de Gaulle to liberate the city on behalf of the Resistance. Aided by local guerrillas and resistance, he has however no way to take the city by force. He then started with his men in a campaign of sabotage and bombings that lasted more than a month. After having isolated the city by destroying the infrastructure surrounding it (overpasses, railway lines, bridges, etc.), the FFI had managed to rally the population and give the occupiers an impression of encirclement.

A mid-August 1944, Drouot-L'Hermine, who lost his right-hand man, Paul Héraud, a few days earlier, sent two emissaries to negotiate the surrender of the Germans. The Germans were convinced of facing a large-scale uprising, and agreed to lay down their weapons provided that it was to regular troops (they refused, therefore, to surrender to the Resistance). While the Americans were more than 50 kilometres (31 mi) away, time was pressing for Drouot-L'Hermine. Indeed, he received an order from De Gaulle to liberate the city before the arrival of the Allies, to support the position of France as a victorious nation, liberated through the active participation of the Resistance. Drouot-L'Ermine then developed a new ploy. He managed to convince the Allies to advance one of their tanks into enemy terrain, and shoot a few rounds close to Gap. Shots echoed in the valley, and the Germans immediately identified the characteristic sound of a tank, a weapon that the guerrillas did not hold. Thinking they were then dealing with the Allies, the troops of the Reich surrendered to the Resistance. Therefore, a few hundred resistance fighters were able to capture 1,200 German soldiers, including 40 officers. The city was liberated on the evening of 19 August 1944.[53]

Fifth Republic

The commune of Romette was associated with that of Gap, by decree dated 25 November 1974.[54]

Gap ran a bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics,[55] but lost out as France's candidate to nearby Annecy. The games were eventually awarded to Pyeongchang in South Korea.[56]

Politics and administration

The outgoing mayor, Roger Didier, was a representative in the municipal elections of 2014 and was re-elected at the end of the second round with 53.37% of votes. The turnout was 57.41%.[57]

Municipal administration

The City Council consists of 43 members, including 20 who are elected by the community council.[57]

Composition of the municipal Council (2014-2020 term)
Party[58] List[58] Chaired by[58] Seats[57] Status
DVG Gap @venir 2014 [Gap @future 2014] Bernard Jaussaud 6 (3) opposition
FG Tous capables G.A.U.C.H.E. [All capable G.A.U.C.H.E.] Jean-Claude Eyraud 2 (1) opposition
DVG Bien Vivre A Gap [Living Well In Gap] Guy Blanc 1 opposition
DVD Gap Devant [Before Gap] Roger Didier 34 (16) majority

List of mayors

List of successive mayors since the Liberation[59]
Start End Name Party Other details
1944 1947 Robert Bidault
1947 1971 Émile Didier Radical Party MP and Senator of Hautes-Alpes
March 1971 March 1989 Bernard Givaudan DVD
March 1989 February 2007 Pierre Bernard-Reymond UDF-CDS then UMP Regional Councillor Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Senator
February 2007 In progress Roger Didier[note 2][60] PRG then DVD then UDI General Counsel of Hautes-Alpes (Canton of Gap-Centre)

Intercommunity

Since 1 January 2014, Gap is part of the Communauté d'agglomération du Gapençais with the municipalities of La Freissinouse and Pelleautier.

Administrative divisions

Until the departmental elections of March 2015, Gap was divided into six cantons: Gap-Campagne (including five communes: La Freissinouse, Manteyer, Pelleautier, Rabou and La Roche-des-Arnauds), Gap-Centre, Gap-Nord-Est, Gap-Nord-Ouest, Gap-Sud-Est and Gap-Sud-Ouest.

Following the redistribution of the cantons of the Hautes-Alpes Department, Gap will include four cantons:[62] Gap-1, Gap-2 (including Romette), Gap-3 and Gap-4.

Judicial and administrative proceedings

Gap has the presence of a high court.[63]

Environmental policy

Gap is classified as three flowers in the competition of flowery cities and villages.

International relations

Gap
A map of the Europe with Gap and its twin towns highlighted

Twinning

Gap is twinned with a couple of European cities. It is in this framework that socio-cultural, educational and sports exchanges are made.

Decentralised cooperation

In addition, decentralised cooperation agreements have been signed with a couple of cities in Africa and Asia.

Population and society

Demographics

Demographic change

In 2012, the commune had 40,761 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses carried out in the town since 1793. From the 21st century, a census for communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants takes place every year as a result of a sample survey, unlike the other communes which have a real census every five years.[note 3][note 4]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
17936,014—    
18008,050+33.9%
18068,891+10.4%
18216,714−24.5%
18317,215+7.5%
18367,854+8.9%
18418,599+9.5%
18468,724+1.5%
18518,797+0.8%
YearPop.±%
18568,912+1.3%
18618,219−7.8%
18668,165−0.7%
18728,927+9.3%
18769,294+4.1%
188110,765+15.8%
188611,621+8.0%
189110,478−9.8%
189611,376+8.6%
YearPop.±%
190111,018−3.1%
190610,823−1.8%
191110,647−1.6%
19219,859−7.4%
192610,660+8.1%
193111,717+9.9%
193613,600+16.1%
194616,371+20.4%
195417,317+5.8%
YearPop.±%
196220,478+18.3%
196823,994+17.2%
197528,233+17.7%
198230,676+8.7%
199033,444+9.0%
199936,269+8.4%
200838,584+6.4%
201240,761+5.6%
From 1962 to 1999: population without double counting; for the following dates: municipal population.
Source: LdH/EHESS/Cassini until 1999[69] then INSEE from 2004.[70]

Age structure

The population of the commune is relatively old. The proportion of people over 60 years of age (24.8%) is higher than the national proportion (21.6%) but is lower than the proportion in the Hautes-Alpes department as a whole (25%).

As in the national and departmental populations, the female population of the commune is greater than the male population. The rate (52.2%) is similar to the national rate (51.6%). In 2007, the distribution of the population of the commune, by age group, is as follows:

Population by age of Gap, 2009
90+
420
75-89
3741
60-74
6227
45-59
8407
30-44
7051
15-29
6905
0-14
6492

Total: 39243

 male
female
Source: INSEE[71]
Population by age of Hautes-Alpes, as a percentage, 2007
90+
0.95
75-89
8.85
60-74
15.1
45-59
21.65
30-44
20.4
15-29
15.4
0-14
17.65

Total: 100

 male
female
Source: INSEE[72]

Education

Gap is situated in the Académie d'Aix-Marseille.

Schools

The city administers 12 nursery schools, 13 elementary schools and 6 rural schools. There are also several private kindergartens and elementary schools.[73]

The Department manages five collèges and four lycées of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, the Lycée professionnel Paul-Hariharan, the school of general and farm technology education "Les Emeyères", the Dominique-Villars Lycée and the Aristide-Briand Lycée.

There are also two private schools, the Lycée professionnel Sévigné and Lycée Saint-Joseph. That said, the Lycée professionnel Sévigné is now public.

Higher education

Université d'Aix-Marseille, pôle university in Gap.
Pôle University in Gap

Higher education in Gap is represented by the Pôle University of Gap, an annex of the former University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, today the Aix-Marseille University, created from the merger of three universities. It includes a STAPS centre, a Business Administration and Management IUT (GEA), a "Mountain crafts" IUP (professional master) which is unique in France, as well as being able to give an aircraft maintenance licence (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region is a Competitive Centre in Aeronautics, and the Department has established the Centre of Rural Excellence Excell'Air.

Several BTS chains and preparatory classes exist in the lycées, in particular a Computer Services in Organisations BTS and a Negotiations and Customer Service BTS at the Lycée Dominique Villars as well as an Assistant Manager BTS at the Lycée Aristide Briand.

Cultural events and festivities

During the summer months, the association of merchants of the town centre Les Vitrines de Gap organises Nocturnes. These are musical and festive events accompanied by the opening of stores downtown from 7pm until 11pm. Each year an Expo Fair also takes place at the Parc de la Pépinnière during May.[74]

The Quattro, a theatre with retractable tiered seating, organises all kinds of events, namely concerts, performances, business seminars, etc.

Health

The city has a hospital, the Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal of Alpes du Sud (CHICAS) which is divided into three entities. The first and most important site is Gap, which is the largest hospital of the Southern Alps. Gap is also equipped with a site specialising in geriatrics. As a result of a merger, the CHICAS manages the site of Sisteron. The Polyclinic of the Southern Alps is the only clinic present in the city and other centres of rehabilitation.

There is also a Maison Médicale du Gapençais with extended opening hours.

Sports

The Patinoire Brown-Ferrand (ice rink) in Gap
Multipurpose hall of La Blâche
The swimming arena

Clubs:

The town of Gap regularly hosts stages of the Tour de France and the Critérium du Dauphiné in cycling, as well as the Monte Carlo Rally in motorsport.

The town of Gap is known for its mountain bike trek the Paths of the Sun, between Saillans and Gap.

The sports facilities in Gap include stadiums, gymnasiums, swimming pools, ice rink, multi-purpose room (bowling), and tennis courts.

The fitness centre Gap-Bayard, located on the Bayard plateau, has a 18-hole golf course that operates in summer and is a base for cross-country skiing in winter.

In October 2004, the association Objective JO 2018 worked for a French candidacy of the Alpes du Sud, at the 2018 Winter Olympics. The town of Gap was approached to run in the race. Gap withdrew in October 2008 and was replaced by the municipality of Pelvoux and the Communauté de communes du Pays des Écrins.[75]

In 2009, the town of Gap won the competition of the Intervilles sports show during the final against Dax.[76]

The town of Gap hosted the final of the Coupe de France des rallyes amateurs during the autumn of 2012.

In 2013, the town of Gap was elected the sportiest city of more of 20,000 inhabitants in France by L'Équipe newspaper.

Media

Religion

Catholic

Cathedral and churches
Chapels

Protestant

Millenarian Christian

Muslim

Economy

Revenues of the population and taxation

Revenues

The median pay in Gap in 2011 is 18,944 euros. The majority of revenues are derived from wage work (55%), compared to a third of retirees (30%).[23]

Taxation

In 2011, 18,345 households existed in Gap, 60% of them were taxable.[23]

The taxation of households and businesses to Gap in 2010[82]
Tax Communal Intercommunal Departmental Regional
Housing Tax (TH) 12.44% 0.00% 6.05% 0.00%
Land tax on the built-up properties (TFPB) 35.58% 0.00% 16.33% 2.36%
Land tax on the non built-up properties (TFPNB) 123.32% 0.00% 85.50% 8.85%
Business tax (TP) 28.25%* 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Industry

The BTP sector has grown through the inclusion of winter sports.

Tertiary sector

The tertiary sector is the sector which dominates the local economy:

Gap is the seat of the Chamber of commerce and industry of the Hautes-Alpes. It manages the Centre for regional and European tourism (CRET) of Briançon, the ADAPEI of Gap and the Centre Européen Médical Bioclimatique de Recherche et d'Enseignement Universitaire [European medical bioclimatic research and university teaching Center] (CEMBREU) of Briançon.

Local culture and heritage

Places and monuments

The Charance Estate

The Charance Lake
The city of Gap seen from Charance

The Château de Charance was built in the 16th century. It includes a main building, which today is the headquarters of the Écrins National Park, and several annexes, one of which houses the Park Museum.

The Charance Estate also features the Conservatoire botanique national alpin [Alpine National Botanical Conservatory], a terraced garden and an area of 220 hectares (540 acres) around the château and in the middle of which lies a small lake: Charance Lake. All overlooks the city.

Cultural heritage

Military life

Military units have been stationed at Gap:

4th Mountain Infantry Battalion (4th Rch) since 1983.

Personalities linked to the commune

Guillaume Farel
Statue of Ladoucette in Gap made by the Gap sculptor, Jean Marcellin

Below is a non-exhaustive list of people born in Gap or having a particular attachment to the city:

Heraldry

 The arms of Gap are blazoned :
Azure, a castle of or with sable crenellated masonry, with an amount of four towers of the same, covered point.[108]

See also

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ↑ However, these terms have not been of Germanic influence in the other Romance languages, including Provençal : Latin vespa > Provençal vespa, Latin viscum > Provençal vesc.
  2. ↑ Former 1st Deputy and member of the left-wing majority to the general Council of the Hautes-Alpes, Roger Didier was elected Mayor following the resignation of Pierre Bernard-Reymond (UMP) who became Senator on 26 January 2007. Due to the Act on the accumulation of mandates, he preferred to keep his mandate to advise the regional council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.
    Source: "Sarkozy aux Allemands: "vous êtes un modèle, on va faire tout comme vous!"" [Sarkozy to the Germans: "You are a model, we'll do just like you!"] (in French). Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  3. ↑ At the beginning of the 21st century, the terms of census have been amended by Act No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002, known as the 'law of democracy of proximity' relating to local democracy, and in particular title V "census operations", in order to allow, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population of over 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is carried out each year, all of the territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the same period of five years. The first legal population later than 1999 and within this new system came into force on 1 January 1, 2009 and corresponds to the Census of 2006.
  4. ↑ In the table of censuses, by convention in Wikipedia, the principle has been retained for legal populations after 1999 to display in the table of censuses that populations corresponding to the year 2006, first published legal population calculated in accordance with the concepts defined in Decree No. 2003-485 of 5 June 2003, and the years corresponding to an exhaustive census investigation of communes under 10,000 inhabitants, and in the years 2006, 2011, 2016, etc. for the communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants, as well as the last legal population published by Insee for the Communes as a whole.

References

  1. ↑ "List of mayors of the Hautes-Alpes department". Prefecture of Hautes-Alpes (in French). 3 June 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  2. ↑ "Gap ville la plus sportive de France au "challenge l'Equipe"" (in French). Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  3. ↑ "Séries historiques des résultats du recensement" [Historical series of census] (in French). INSEE. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  4. ↑ "Le sillon subalpin entre le Champsaur et la vallée de la Durance" [Subalpine trench between Champsaur and the Durance Valley] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  5. ↑ "Les dépôts quaternaires du Gapençais" [Gapençais Quaternary deposits] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  6. ↑ Carte géologique de la France au 1/80 000. (Geologic Map of France 1/80,000) Feuilles de Gap, no 200, 3e édition. Ministère de l'Industrie.
  7. ↑ "BLOC ERRATIQUE DE PEYRE-OSSEL" [Peyre-Ossel Erratic] (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  8. ↑ "BLOCS ERRATIQUES DU DOMAINE DE LA JUSTICE" [Domaine of La Justice Erratics] (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  9. ↑ "Col Bayard, Puymonbeau" [Col Bayard, Puymonbeau] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Claude EYZENQ, Hautes-Alpes, Ubaye, Haut-Drac, Préalpes drômoises
  11. ↑ Pierre Chauvet et Paul Pons, Les Hautes-Alpes, hier, aujourd'hui, demain, p. 863
  12. ↑ Notice explicative de la Carte géologique de la France au 1/80 000. (Geological Map of France at 1/80,000) Feuilles de Gap, no 200, 3e édition. Ministère de l'Industrie., p. 7
  13. ↑ Pierre Chauvet et Paul Pons, Les Hautes-Alpes, hier, aujourd'hui, demain, p. 862
  14. ↑ "La Luye (X0600500)" [The Luye (X0600500)]. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  15. 1 2 "Accueil" [Home] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  16. ↑ "Le canal de Gap (ou du Drac)" [The Gap (or Drac) canal] (in French).
  17. 1 2 Thèse de recherche et de développement de Pierre-André Pissard, Intégration des données écologiques et paysagères dans l'aménagement des territoires de montagne. Expérimentation sur la commune de Gap.
  18. 1 2 3 Bulletin climatologique des Hautes-Alpes (Bulletin de la commission météorologique) Année 1995, p.10
  19. 1 2 Données météo pour la ville d'Embrun située à 20 kilomètre de Gap à vol d'oiseau Site l'Internaute
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Les Hautes-Alpes, hier, aujourd'hui, demain. Tome 1. P. Chauvet; P. Pons; pages 55-99
  21. ↑ "Le projet de Rocade" [The proposed ring road] (in French). Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  22. ↑ "linea" [Linea] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  23. 1 2 3 "Commune de Gap (05061) - Dossier complet" [Commune of Gap (05061) - complete] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  24. ↑ "Hautes-Alpes : le chantier du parc Givaudan est lancé à Gap" [Hautes-Alpes: the site of Givaudan park is launched in Gap] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  25. ↑ "Que penser des travaux de la Rue Jean Eymar ?" [What about the work on the Rue Jean Eymar?] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  26. ↑ "Gap : Le carré de l'Imprimerie fait peau neuve" [Gap: The Printing House Square facelift] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  27. ↑ Dauzat, Albert; Rostaing, Charles (1979). Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieu en France [Etymological dictionary of placenames in France] (in French). Paris: Librairie Guénégaud. p. 310a. ISBN 2-85023-076-6.
  28. ↑ Rostaing, Charles (1985). "Chapitre II "les Ligures".". Placenames Collection, What do I know? (in French) (10th ed.). Presses universitaires de France. p. 31.
  29. ↑ A. Dauzat and Ch. Rostaing, Op. cit.
  30. ↑ A. Farnaud, Étymologie du nom de Gap Bulletin de la Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, année 1905, pages 431 à 434.
  31. 1 2 Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, Histoire de la ville de Gap, p. 4.
  32. ↑ Bernard Bligny, Histoire du Dauphiné, p. 28.
  33. ↑ Colette Jourdain-Annequin, Atlas culturel des Alpes occidentales. De la préhistoire à la fin du Moyen Âge, p. 78.
  34. ↑ Joseph Roman, L'Époque préhistorique et gauloise dans le département des Hautes-Alpes, pages 16 à 18.
  35. ↑ Histoire du passage des Alpes par Annibal, p. 212, Jean-André de Luc
  36. ↑ Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, Histoire de la ville de Gap, p. 5.
  37. 1 2 3 Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, Histoire de la ville de Gap, pages 7 à 9.
  38. ↑ Georges de Manteyer, Le nom et les deux premières enceintes de Gap, p. 146.
  39. ↑ Georges de Manteyer, Le nom et les deux premières enceintes de Gap, schémas et plans en fin d'ouvrage.
  40. ↑ Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, Histoire de la ville de Gap, p. 11.
  41. ↑ "Histoire de Gap" [History of Gap] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  42. ↑ Coulon, Gérard (2006). Les Gallo-Romains: vivre, travailler, croire, se distraire - 54 av. J.-C.-486 ap. J.-C. [The Gallic Romans: live, work, believe, have fun. 54 BC - 486 AD] (in French). Paris: Errance. p. 21. ISBN 2-87772-331-3. Collection Hespérides.
  43. ↑ "La genèse médiévale d'une figure de l'épiscopat de Gap : saint Arnoux (c.1065-c.1079)". Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  44. ↑ Clébert, Jean-Paul; Rouyer, Jean-Pierre (1991). La Durance coll. Rivières et vallées de France [The Durance, rivers and valleys of France] (in French). Toulouse: Privat. p. 73. ISBN 2-7089-9503-0.
  45. ↑ Gouron, André (1963). Diffusion des consulats méridionaux et expansion du droit romain aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles [Dissemination of southern consulates and expansion of Roman law in the 12th and 13th centuries] (in French). 121. Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. p. 49.
  46. ↑ Hanne, Olivier (2013). Des chanoines de Gap à la cour pontificale au XIVe siècle », Eglise dans les Hautes-Alpes, 94 [Of the canons of Gap at the papal court in the 14th century", Church in the Hautes-Alpes, 94] (in French). p. 15.
  47. 1 2 Duchamblo, Richard (1994). Histoires de notre ville, Gap, ses hommes, ses rues [Histories of our city, Gap, its men, its streets] (in French). Librairie des Hautes-Alpes. pp. 126–127. ISBN 2-909956-10-5.
  48. ↑ de Prégentil, Faure (2005). Encyclopédie du Champsaur [Encyclopedia of the Champsaur] (in French). éditions des Hautes-Alpes. p. 26. ISBN 2-909956-49-0.
  49. ↑ id., p. 54
  50. ↑ Golaz, André; Golaz, Odette; Guillaume, A. (1981). Notice historique et descriptive sur Mont-Dauphin (Hautes-Alpes) [Historical and descriptive instructions on Mont-Dauphin (Hautes-Alpes)] (in French). Gap: Société d’études des Hautes-Alpes. p. 16. ISBN 2-85627-001-8. (3rd edition, st edition 1966).
  51. ↑ Jean-Pierre Bardet et Claude Motte, Paroisses et communes de France; Hautes-Alpes, p. 144.
  52. ↑ "Ordre de la Libération: Jean Drouot-L'Hermine" [Order of the Liberation: Jean Drouot-L'Hermine] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  53. ↑ "Histoires Interdites: La Face cachée de la Libération" - documentaire raconté par Pierre Lescure, avec la collaboration de l'historien Olivier Wieviorka
  54. ↑ Jean-Pierre Bardet et Claude Motte, Paroisses et communes de France; Hautes-Alpes, p. 145.
  55. ↑ "gap-2018.fr". gap-2018.fr. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  56. ↑ "BBC Sport - Winter Sports - Pyeongchang will host the 2018 Winter Olympics". BBC News. 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  57. 1 2 3 "HAUTES ALPES (05) - Gap" [HAUTES ALPES (05) - Gap] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  58. 1 2 3 "Résultats des élections municipales et communautaires 2014" [Results of the municipal and community elections 2014] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  59. ↑ Source: Liste des anciens maires de Gap
  60. ↑ "Liste des maires du département des Hautes-Alpes" [List of mayors of the Hautes-Alpes Department] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  61. ↑ liste des Maires de Gap
  62. ↑ "Décret n° 2014-193 du 20 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département des Hautes-Alpes" [Decree No. 2014-193 of 20 February 2014 concerning delimitation of cantons in the Hautes- Alpes] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  63. ↑ "Tribunal d'instance de Gap" [Court of Gap] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  64. 1 2 "Le Comité de Jumelage" [The twinning Committee] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  65. ↑ "Le jumelage avec Pinerolo" [The twinning with Pinerolo] (in French).
  66. ↑ "Le jumelage avec Traunstein" [The twinning with Traunstein] (in French).
  67. ↑ "La coopération décentralisée avec Bangou" [Decentralized cooperation with Bangou] (in French).
  68. ↑ "La coopération décentralisée avec Katmandou" [Decentralized cooperation with Kathmandu] (in French).
  69. ↑ "Notice Communale - Gap" [Communal notice - Gap] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  70. ↑ Insee sheets - Legal populations of the commune for the years: "2006" [2006] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015., "2011" [2011] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015. and "2012" [2012] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  71. ↑ "Évolution et structure de la population" [Evolution and structure of the population] (in French). Archived from the original on 6 November 2012.
  72. ↑ "Département : Hautes-Alpes (05)" [Department: Hautes-Alpes (05)] (in French). Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  73. ↑ "Ecoles maternelles et primaires" [Nursery and primary schools] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  74. ↑ "Gap Foire Expo" [Gap Expo Fair] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  75. ↑ "Gap 2018" [Gap 2018] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  76. ↑ "Intervilles nouvelle formule : Gap vainqueur de la finale 2009 contre Dax" [Intercity new formula: Gap won the 2009 final against Dax] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  77. ↑ "Alpes 1" [Alpes 1] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  78. ↑ "Le Dauphine Haute Alpes" [Le Dauphine Haute Alpes] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  79. ↑ "Alpes et Midi" [Alpes and Midi] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  80. ↑ "Anima Gap" [Anima Gap] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  81. ↑ "D!CI" [D!CI] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  82. ↑ "Impots locaux à Gap" [Local taxes in Gap]. taxes.com (in French).
  83. ↑ "2011 : Gap, base de défense" [2011: Gap, base of defense] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  84. ↑ "Gap poursuit son cinéma" [Gap continues its cinema] (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  85. ↑ Georges Dioque, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, p. 86.
  86. ↑ Georges Dioque, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, p. 200.
  87. ↑ Tableau historique du département des Hautes-Alpes [Historical table of the Department of Hautes-Alpes] (in French). p. 100. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  88. ↑ Félix Allemand, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, p. 344.
  89. ↑ "Jean-Michel Rolland" [Jean-Michel Rolland]. Assemblée nationale (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  90. ↑ Georges Dioque, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, pages 392,393.
  91. ↑ Félix Allemand, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, pages 278-279.
  92. ↑ Georges Dioque, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, p. 235.
  93. ↑ Georges Dioque, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, pages 277,277.
  94. ↑ Georges Dioque, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, pages 349,350.
  95. ↑ "Hippolyte Müller et le Musée Dauphinois" [Hippolyte Müller and the Musée Dauphinois] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  96. ↑ Georges Dioque, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, pages 320, 321.
  97. ↑ Georges Dioque, Dictionnaire biographique des Hautes-Alpes, Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes, pages 286, 287.
  98. ↑ Valéry d'Amboise, Dictionnaire d'Amboise Dauphiné-Ardèche, pape 44.
  99. ↑ "Jean Michard-Pellissier" [Jean Michard-Pellissier]. Assemblée nationale (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  100. ↑ "Robert Thomas". Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  101. ↑ "Jacques BOLOGNESI" [Jacques BOLOGNESI] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  102. ↑ "Francis Masse" [Francis Masse] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  103. ↑ "Crespin, Michel" [Crespin, Michel] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  104. ↑ "Pierre Granoux" [Pierre Granoux] (in French). Archived from the original on 10 August 2009.
  105. ↑ "Jean-Christophe Lafaille" [Jean-Christophe Lafaille] (in French). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  106. ↑ "Christian Pouget (FRA)" [Christian Pouget (FRA)] (in French). Archived from the original on 7 April 2009.
  107. ↑ "Sébastien Ogier" [Sébastien Ogier] (in French). Archived from the original on 25 January 2009.
  108. ↑ Jean-Charles d'Amat (Société d'étude des Hautes-Alpes) rapporté par Malte-Brun dans la France illustrée (1882), Armorial des communes des Hautes-Alpes.
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