Latvian Orthodox Church

The Latvian Orthodox Church (Latvian: Latvijas Pareizticīgā Baznīca, Russian: Латвийская Православная Церковь, tr. Latviyskaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov’) is a self-governing, i.e. autonomous, Eastern Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Moscow. The primate of the church carries the title of Metropolitan of Riga and all Latvia (Latvian: Rīgas un visas Latvijas metropolīts; Russian: Митрополит Рижский и всея Латвии, Mitropolit Rizhskiy i vseya Latvii). This position has been occupied since October 27, 1990 by Metropolitan Alexander (Kudryashov) (Aleksandrs Kudrjašovs).

History

Orthodoxy was planted in Latvia in the 11th century, when it became a mission field of the diocese of Polotsk. The country remained mostly pagan until it was conquered in the 13th century by German crusaders - the Catholic Teutonic Order. Prior to this, however, part of prominent Latgalian noblemen (e. g., Visvaldis, Vetseke) and a large part of Latgalian people in general had converted to the Orthodoxy voluntarily. There were Orthodox churches in Jersika from the evidence of Livonian Chronicle; many church-related words came into pre-Latvian languages in that time. An Orthodox presence continued after the Teutonic Order conquest at least officially, in the form of churches for Russian merchants and others, but these were small communities among a majority of Catholics before 1525 and Lutherans afterwards.

After Latvia was annexed to the Russian Empire in the 18th century (most of Latvia, a result of the Great Northern War by the Treaty of Nystad, the Latgale region after the First Partition of Poland in 1772), Russian and Orthodox presence increased substantially, but the Orthodox Church remained foreign to the Latvians. The Latvian Orthodox Church as a body including ethnic Latvians as well as Russians dates back to the 1840s, when native Latvians (who were at that time subjects of the Russian Empire) petitioned the Czar to be allowed to conduct services in their native tongue. The Orthodox Church enjoyed some success in its missions among the Latvians due to its use of the Latvian language and by personal appeal of local Orthodox bishop who sought to support native Latvian inhabitants whose rights were limited by Baltic Germans.[1] In the 1880s Orthodox Nativity Cathedral was built in Riga. However, it was always regarded suspiciously by the Lutheran Germanic nobles of the area; conversely the predominantly German character of the Lutheran Church in Latvia was a factor in the movement of some 40,000 Latvians from the Lutheran to the Orthodox Church. When religious freedom was proclaimed in 1905, about 12,000 Latvians moved from Orthodoxy to Lutheranism; in most cases this seems to have occurred because of mixed marriages and the difficulties of maintaining a religiously divided family.

The domes of Nativity Cathedral are a landmark of the Riga cityscape.

During World War I, the property of the Orthodox Church in Latvia was confiscated by occupying German forces, and in the early years of independent Latvia the government was not eager to recognize the church, suspecting it of being a hotbed of pro-Russian monarchism. In this difficult situation, Jānis (Pommers), a native Latvian, was appointed Archbishop of Riga in 1921. He succeeded in winning recognition from the government by 1926 and, against much opposition from leftists and others, in stabilizing the situation of the church. While opposing the Bolsheviks, he maintained the Latvian Orthodox Church within the Moscow Patriarchate. In 1934, he was assassinated by Soviet agents (some believe these were agents of nationalist dictator of Latvia, Kārlis Ulmanis). In the following year, the Latvian Orthodox Church became autocephalous under the auspices of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The subsequent five years were good years for the Latvian Orthodox Church, led by Metropolitan Augustin (Pētersons). Nevertheless, no churches were built during these years.

The independence of Latvian Church was ended abruptly by the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, which was followed by the German Nazi occupation from 1941 to 1944, and a second Soviet annexation lasting from 1944 to 1991. The church suffered oppression during this period, as did organized religion throughout the Soviet Union, though this was partly mitigated from 1943 to 1948 (due to the support of the Church during the World War II) and in the last years of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. In December 1992 Latvian Orthodox Church was again proclaimed autonomous, preserving canonical ties with the Russian Orthodox Church.

In 2001 a council of the Latvian Orthodox Church canonised Archbishop Jānis in recognition of his martyrdom in 1934.[2] In 2006 the "Order of the holy martyr Jānis" was instituted to reward those who have served the Orthodox Church and its aims.[3]

In modern Latvia, there are 350,000 Orthodox Church members.[4] The Latvian Orthodox Church is somewhat of a misnomer; the word Latvia is used as this is the geographical location of the church, however, ethnic Latvians are a minority among church members. The services are in Russian and the members are predominantly Russophone; although a majority are citizens of Latvia. There are, however, parishes with services in Latvian in Riga, Ainaži, Kolka, Veclaicene and in other places in Latvia.

Other Orthodox Christian groups in Latvia

Besides the Patriarchate-affiliated church, Latvia has a number of Old Believer Orthodox Christian communities as well. The priestless congregation of the Grebenstchikov House of Prayer in Riga, affiliated with the Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church, is considered the oldest extant Old Believer congregation in the world.[5]

Notes

  1. ↑ (Latvian) Homepage of Latvian Orthodox Church. History of Holy Orthodoxy in Latvia. http://pareizticiba.lv/index.php?newid=48&id=34
  2. ↑ Official Homepage of Latvian Orthodox Church
  3. ↑ Официальный Ñ айт ЛатвийÑ кой Ð&#x;равоÑ лавной Церкви
  4. ↑ "Na Łotwie działa ponad 1,2 tys. wspólnot religijnych" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  5. ↑ Ferrari, Silvio; Durham, Jr W Cole; Sewell, Elizabeth A. (2003), Law and Religion in Post-Communist Europe, Volume 1 of Law and Religion Studies, Peeters Publishers, p. 143, ISBN 9042912626

See also

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