Citizens (Spanish political party)

Citizens
Ciudadanos
Abbreviation C's
President Albert Rivera
Secretary-General Matías Alonso Ruiz
Spokesperson in Congress Juan Carlos Girauta
Founded 7 June 2005 (CC)
4 March 2006 (C's)
Headquarters Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 751 A, 1º 2ª
08013 Barcelona, Catalonia
Youth wing Group of Young Citizens – J's
Membership  (2015) Increase 30,800[1]
Ideology Liberalism[2][3]
Secularism[4]
Pro-Europeanism
Republicanism[5]
Postnationalism[6][7][8]
Political position Centre[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
[16][17][18]
European affiliation Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament group Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
Colours      Orange[19]
Congress of Deputies
32 / 350
Senate
3 / 266
European Parliament
4 / 54
Regional Parliaments
100 / 1,248
Local Government
1,527 / 67,611
Website
www.ciudadanos-cs.org

Citizens (Spanish: Ciudadanos [θjuðaˈðanos]; Catalan: Ciutadans [siwtəˈðans]; Basque: Hiritarrak; Galician: Cidadáns; shortened as C's), officially Citizens–Party of the Citizenry,[20] is a liberal[2] political party in Spain, which is self-described as postnationalist.[21][22] Citizens presents itself as a party which offers a mix of social democracy and liberal-progressive positions on its platform.[23]

It was founded in Catalonia, in whose Parliament it has 25 deputies. It opposes Catalan nationalism. The leader of the party uses the phrase: "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" to outline the party's ideology.

Ideology

Citizens brands itself as a centre party in its statement of principles (ideario).[21] Albert Rivera refused to locate Citizens on the political spectrum for a time, though. And he has recently been placing C's in the political centre. Although some observers agree with the party's ideario by describing C's as centre-left[24][25][26][27][28][29] and others agree with Albert Rivera's last definition by describing the party as centrist,[5][30][31][32][33] the vast majority of them have positioned Citizens on the centre-right.[9][10][11][12][13][34][35][36][37][38]

Official stance

Ideologically, C's describes itself as progressive,[39] secular, constitutionalist,[39] European federalist and postnationalist.[22] Ciudadanos has been associated with autonomism in the sense of opposing the current status of the Autonomous communities of Spain defending their existence but with less powers devolved from the central government, while also opposing separatist movements such as the Catalan independence movement[40][41][42] and opposing unifying ones such as European federalism.[43] Although reconsidering the current head of state is not a priority for the party, Albert Rivera has said that Citizens is "a republican party which claims that Spanish citizens are who have to decide whether they prefer a once-modernized monarchy or a republic through a referendum in the context of a constitutional reform".[44][45][46]

According to its declared identity signs, C's advocates four basic lines of action:

  1. Defense of individual rights.
  2. Defense of social rights as well as the welfare state.
  3. Uphold the State of Autonomies and Europe's unity.
  4. Regeneration of democracy and of political life.

Specific policies

Citizens Headquarters in Barcelona, Spain.

The C's have outlined some policies for the 2015 general election:

Main tenets

Albert Rivera, president of the party

C's is mostly considered a liberal party both in economic policies and social issues, however its political discourse is mainly centered around opposition to Catalan nationalism,[49] to the extent that it has been frequently criticised for being a single issue party, a label rejected by its members. In the period 2006-2012, the number of C's voters who had voted for centre-right parties in previous elections was similar to the number who had voted for centre-left parties, suggesting that the party's positions on general economic and social issues are not its main draw.[50] C's criticise any sort of nationalism, "including the Spanish nationalism that Mr. Ynestrillas defends".[51]

One of the main issues raised by the party is the Catalan language policy, which actively promotes the use of Catalan language as the sole working language of Catalonian public administration.[52][53] The party challenges this policy and defends equal treatment of the Spanish and Catalan languages.[53] It also opposes the current language policy within the Catalonian educational system, in accordance with which all public schooling is delivered in Catalan. The party also supports strengthening the powers of the Spanish central institutions and curtailing the powers of regional administrations.[54]

Other topics include a thorough reform of the electoral system with the aim of creating greater proportionality that would give less weight to single constituencies. They also support some changes in the 1978 constitution, especially regarding regional organisation. Regarding the chartered autonomous communities' tax regimes, the party respects and does not want to remove the Basque Country's and Navarre's chartered regimes because it believes that "they aren't discriminatory in and of themselves"; however, it criticises what it calls the miscalculation of the quota or contribution which is negotiated between governments and has been causing significant differences that have become outrageous".[55] It proposes a review and a recalculation of the Basque Quota and the Navarrese Contribution in order to stop the Basque Country and Navarre being "net beneficiaries".[56]

Among other policies, they also support a regulation of prostitution, marijuana and euthanasia.

Prominent meetings of the party have been reportedly picketed by Catalan separatist groups on several occasions.[57] Its leader Albert Rivera has received anonymous death threats urging him to quit politics. Two members of the ERC Youth were sentenced to prison for it.[58][59][60][61][62]

Alternative views and past membership

Xavier Casals - an expert on far-right movements - has described C's platform as populist.[63][64] And another expert in far-right movements, investigative journalist ca:Jordi Borràs, characterized C's as a "great magnet for the extreme right"—a trait, he alleged, they share with People's Party.[65] Although C's identifies its core ideology as progressive, its campaign videos feature notorious right-leaning socialites, journalists and television personalities such as Carlos Navarro,[66] who is known for having voiced extremely xenophobic views[67] as well as having displayed sexist and violent behaviour[68][69][70][71] on television. More recently, another member was expelled after allegedly making xenophobic and anti-Catalan comments on Twitter.[72]

In 2006, the newspaper El Periódico de Catalunya revealed that Rivera was a card-carrying member of the conservative People's Party (PP) between 2002 and 2006, and that he had left the PP only three months before running for election for the Citizen's Party; this was corroborated by El Mundo and El País.[73][74] Despite these revelations, Rivera denied having been a full member of PP and implied that he had voted for the PSOE until recently.[75] Past PP membership is common among C's members. Former PSC activist Juan Carlos Girauta had joined the PP[76] and became a prolific contributor to conservative journalism from his Libertad Digital column,[77] before becoming a Citizens member and candidate in the 2014 European Election.[78] During his long tenure as Libertad Digital columnist and COPE debater, Girauta expressed strong sympathies for right-wing Zionism (to the point of calling then-president Zapatero an anti-Semite[79]) and lent credibility [80][81] to the now discredited book by Victor Farías [82] dismissing Socialist politician Salvador Allende as a racist and a Social Darwinist, without clarifying that the quotations about genetic determinism in Allende's doctoral dissertation were themselves quotations from other authors (mostly Cesare Lombroso) or the fact that Allende was highly critical of these conclusions in his thesis, which was later published [83] as a rebuttal to Farías' position. Farías was later sued for this[84] but Girauta never retracted his statements.

In 2015, a member of the Citizens electoral list for Gijón to the city council and regional elections posted pro-falangist, pro-Blue Division and pro-Hitler Youth messages on Facebook.[85] Those same elections carried news of at least five other former card-carrying Falange and/or España 2000 members.[86]

History

Ciutadans was formed in Catalonia in July 2006 in response to the call made in a manifesto by a group of well-known figures in Catalonian civic society (among them Albert Boadella, Félix de Azúa and Arcadi Espada), in which they called for a new political force to "address the real problems faced by the general public". In this manifesto, they also warned that "the rhetoric of hatred promulgated by official Catalan government media against everything 'Spanish' is more alarming than ever" and that "the (Catalan) nation, promoted as an homogenous entity, has taken over the space where an undeniably diverse society lived".[87]

This group of personalities, almost entirely based in Barcelona, formed a political platform called Ciutadans de Catalunya, or Citizens of Catalonia, in July 2005. They organised several round tables and conferences and by 2006 they had announced the formation of a new political party, called Ciutadans, or Citizens. In their first conference of 2006, a young lawyer from Barcelona, Albert Rivera, was elected president.

In the 2006 elections for the Parliament of Catalonia, C's won 3% of the votes and returned three MPs. Four years later, in 2010, a similar result was achieved (3.4%, 3 MPs). Mainly as a counter to the growing public support for independence in Catalonia, C's – as one of the most outspoken opponents of this movement - has since further grown substantially in support. In the 2012 snap elections the number of votes more than doubled (7.6%, 9 MPs). All but one of these seats were in the Province of Barcelona. In March 2015 almost all surveys predicted further growth in the 2015 Catalan elections and opinion polls showed them to be the third largest party.

In 2013, the party started organising in the rest of Spain with a manifesto called "La conjura de Goya" (The Confederacy of Goya) that took place in the Congress Palace of Madrid.

In the 2014 European elections the party received 3.16% of the national vote, and elected two MEPs.[88] Both MEPs joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group.

The party was accepted into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party on 4 June 2016.[89]

Relations with the media

During the 2006 election campaign, the party's president Albert Rivera appeared completely naked in a poster in order to attract publicity to the party.[90][91]

The party frequently complains about an alleged boycott on the part of Catalan media, especially public television: in their opinion, the party is given too little airtime to present its views on public television.[92] They have also criticised the Catalan press for similar reasons, especially the Spanish-language Catalan newspapers La Vanguardia and El Periódico de Catalunya. On the other hand, its opponents and critics frequently point out the disproportionately high coverage of Ciutadans by the Spanish national media, especially the Madrid-based Libertad Digital, El Mundo, Telemadrid, and ABC.

European election internal dispute

In 2009 it was announced that C's would run for the European Election allied with the Libertas coalition. The party's association with Declan Ganley's Libertas platform raised some concern on account of the coalition formed by the latter with nationalist and ultra-nationalist parties in each of its local European chapters, seemingly at odds with the professed ideology of C's.[93][94][95]

Several intellectuals that had participated in the formation of Ciutadans later withdrew their support. Albert Boadella, for example, became one of the co-founders of the Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) party led by former Basque Socialist politician Rosa Díez.

According to some members of C's, the negotiations prior to this electoral pact were led personally and secretly by the party leader, Albert Rivera. This alienated the other two MPs (besides Rivera himself) and a significant part of the party from his leadership.[96] In turn, the official stance of C's is that the critics are using the dispute as a pretext to canvass support for the ideologically similar UPyD.[97]

Corruption allegations

In January 2014, the Catalan Supreme Court of Justice (es) (TSJC) probed Parliament member Jordi Cañas on account of fraud amounting to €429,203 when he wasn't a party member (this happened in 2005).[98] Cañas abandoned his position as party spokesman and resigned his seat in April 2014.[99][100][101]

Electoral performance

Cortes Generales

Election Leader Votes % # Seats Outcome
Congress Senate
2008 Albert Rivera 46,313 0.18 #13
0 / 350
0 / 208
 PSOE minority
2015 3,514,528 13.94 #4
40 / 350
0 / 208
 New election
2016 3,141,570 13.06 #4
32 / 350
0 / 208
 PP minority

European Parliament

Election Candidate Votes % # Seats
2009 Miguel Durán 22,903 0.14 #11
0 / 54
2014 Javier Nart 497,146 3.16 #8
2 / 54

References

  1. ↑ "Citizens tenfolds the number of members in two years; with 20,300 it triples UPyD" (in Spanish). Voz Pópuli. 2015-03-31.
  2. 1 2 Wolfram Nordsieck. "SPAIN". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Ciudadanos - Partido de la Ciudadanía (C's): Liberalism
  3. ↑ www.welt.de
  4. ↑ Flesher Fominaya & Garvía Soto 2008, p. 233: «El núcleo duro C's es el no-nacionalismo y el laicismo identitario»
  5. 1 2 Castillo, Jésus (18 March 2015). "Spain: Podemos, or how to square a circle". Flash Economics, Economic Research. Natixis (243): 2. ISSN 2117-9387. Retrieved January 30, 2016. C's - Ciudadanos - Partido de la Ciudadanía (Citizens - Party of the Citizenry). Creation: 2006. Positioning: Republican centre
  6. ↑ López Basaguren & Escajedo San Epifanio 2013, p. 871: «This paper has presented a multistage model of voting for nationalist parties, as well as for the nonnationalist Ciutadans-Partit de la Ciutadania»
  7. ↑ (Spanish) Ciutadans renuncia a las generales tras el 'no' de UPyD a concurrir en coalición - El Mundo
  8. ↑ "Sabino Méndez hablara de la inmortalidad del rock'n'roll en el ciclo La Música Contada" (in Spanish). Asociación de Compositores y Autores de Música. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2016. Su proyecto literario está centrado en "contar hechos susceptibles de verificación", y se mueve entre la revisión autobiográfica, o la narración de hechos como la reciente formación en Cataluña del Partido de los Ciudadanos (colectivo de carácter postnacionalista que centra su nuevo libro)
  9. 1 2 Medda-Windischer & Carlà 2015, p. 178: «It should be said that not all political parties and social entities signed the Agreement: the People's Party (center-right) and Ciutadans (center-right, recently-created pro-Spanish party in the Catalan Parliament) rejected the Agreement on the basis that it had been conceived in a clearly nationalist fashion, whereas the NGO SOS-Racisme and the Trade Union Commissions Obreres considered the document not progressive enough».
  10. 1 2 Ancelovici, Dufour & Nez 2016, p. 86: «The voters have been turning to either Podemos, a new radical left-wing party that grew out of the Indignados movement, or to Ciudadanos, a new center-right party that originated in Catalonia but has mobilized more broadly in recent years».
  11. 1 2 Ferrán & Hilbink 2016, p. 144: «Ciudadanos is a center-right political party launched in Catalonia in 2006 by a group of self-styled intellectuals (who had published a “manifesto” in 2005) that extended across Spain after the Catalonian elections of 2012».
  12. 1 2 Butler 2016, p. 24: «On the centre-right of the political continuum, the Ciudadanos ('Citizens') party had less impact in the Basque Country or Navarre».
  13. 1 2 Cohen & Muñoz 2016, p. 6: «A center-right party in Spain also emerged, which is called Ciudadanos (“Citizens”), whose base is primarily young and urban and whose focus for addressing income disparity and unemployment is by concentrating on growing the innovation economy in cities throughout the country».
  14. ↑ Triviño Salazar, Juan Carlos (2014). "Immigrant Organizations and the Politicization of Cultural Diversity in the City" (pdf). European University Institute-Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Retrieved January 2, 2016. Party: Ciutadans (C's) (Citizens). Left/right cleavage: Centre-right
  15. ↑ Gómez Fortes, Braulio; Urquizu, Ignacio (September 23, 2015). "Political Corruption and the End of two-party system after the May 2015 Spanish Regional Elections". Regional and Federal Studies. Routledge. 25 (4): 379–389. doi:10.1080/13597566.2015.1083013. ISSN 1743-9434. Retrieved January 2, 2016. Yet the real change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two new political forces in all the regional parliaments—one leftist party, Podemos, and one centre-right party, Ciudadanos—which have accounted for 20% of the regional vote and proved decisive in forming regional governments in the 17 autonomous communities, whether via coalition pacts, investiture agreements or legislative pacts
  16. ↑ After Syriza: What's next for Spain?, Eastminster
  17. ↑ Protesters march against austerity measures in Madrid, The Guardian
  18. ↑ Buck, Tobias (24 February 2015). "Rajoy promises jobs and growth as fringe parties gain ground". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 April 2015. On the center-right, Ciudadanos is winning backing from former supporters of the PP, suggesting the ruling party's stranglehold on the conservative camp is drawing to an end
  19. ↑ Manual de Identidad Corporativa
  20. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "SPAIN". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Citizens - Party of the Citizenry
  21. 1 2 Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía. "Citizens' Ideario" (pdf). ciudadanos-cs.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2016. Tercera, por el vacío de representación que existía en el espacio electoral de centro-izquierda no nacionalista
  22. 1 2 Diari de Terrassa (9 April 2009). "Javier González: 'Nuestro objetivo es impulsar una tercera vía política en España". ciudadanos-cs.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2016. Somos postnacionalistas y no queremos luchar contra un nacionalismo con otro. Vamos sin banderas, casi desnudos, abriendo camino sin fronteras desde la Constitución
  23. ↑ "Albert Rivera, la cara visible de Ciutadans". laSexta. 1 December 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2015. Somos un partido de tradición socialdemócrata y liberal-progresista
  24. ↑ Delgado Ramos, David (2011). "Elecciones al Parlament 2010: fin de ciclo en Cataluña" (pdf). Revista de Derecho Político (in Spanish). UNED. 80. Retrieved 28 May 2015. El incremento se produjo a costa del PSC, donde en algunos de sus tradicionales «feudos» su electorado optó por votar a Ciutadans como opción «españolista» y de centro-izquierda más adecuada para no votar a su otra opción, el Partido Popular, más alejada ideológicamente de sus postulados.
  25. ↑ Gutiérrez Díez, José Manuel (January 2014). "A case of misreckoning: the Catalonian election of 2012" (pdf). BORDA: Working Papers (University of Salamanca). Retrieved 8 August 2015. C's (Ciudadanos). Catalan party (in practice), without reference in Spain. Centre-left
  26. ↑ Catalan vote sends mixed messages - Economist Intelligence Unit
  27. ↑ Díez, Anabel (9 February 2015). "Latest poll shows support for new party Podemos leveling out". El País. Retrieved 5 May 2015. new left-wing party Podemos and the center-left non-nationalist Catalan formation Ciudadanos are faring well in the polls
  28. ↑ (Spanish) «C's Ciudadanos Centro-izquierda», Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
  29. ↑ Ciutadans ja es veu amb grup parlamentari propi al nou Parlament - Directe!cat
  30. ↑ EUROPA PRESS (20 December 2015). "Rivera: Ciudadanos ha demostrado que "el centro político existe" y será "fundamental en la nueva Transición"". Navarra News. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  31. ↑ RAPHAEL MINDER (2 December 2015). "Citizens made his way from the center and shakes to the political establishment in Spain". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  32. ↑ Ashifa Kassam (10 December 2015). "Centre party Ciudadanos throws Spanish election results into question". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  33. ↑ "Spanish voters head back to polls in bid to break deadlock". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. The centre-right, pro-business party Ciudadanos (Citizens) is forecast to take fourth place.
  34. ↑ Triviño Salazar, Juan Carlos (2014). "Immigrant Organizations and the Politicization of Cultural Diversity in the City" (pdf). European University Institute-Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Retrieved January 2, 2016. Party: Ciutadans (C's) (Citizens). Left/right cleavage: Centre-right
  35. ↑ Gómez Fortes, Braulio; Urquizu, Ignacio (September 23, 2015). "Political Corruption and the End of two-party system after the May 2015 Spanish Regional Elections". Regional and Federal Studies. Routledge. 25 (4): 379–389. doi:10.1080/13597566.2015.1083013. ISSN 1743-9434. Retrieved January 2, 2016. Yet the real change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two new political forces in all the regional parliaments—one leftist party, Podemos, and one centre-right party, Ciudadanos—which have accounted for 20% of the regional vote and proved decisive in forming regional governments in the 17 autonomous communities, whether via coalition pacts, investiture agreements or legislative pacts
  36. ↑ After Syriza: What's next for Spain?, Eastminster
  37. ↑ Protesters march against austerity measures in Madrid, The Guardian
  38. ↑ Buck, Tobias (24 February 2015). "Rajoy promises jobs and growth as fringe parties gain ground". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 April 2015. On the center-right, Ciudadanos is winning backing from former supporters of the PP, suggesting the ruling party's stranglehold on the conservative camp is drawing to an end
  39. 1 2 (Spanish) «C's es un partido progresista y constitucionalista», El País
  40. ↑ Rivera: "Hemos visto documentos que demuestran que CiU se ha estado llevando una parte de las comisiones de obras en Cataluña", Crónica Global
  41. ↑ Auzias & Labourdette 2014, p. 31: «Enfin, Ciutadans (C's), avec 9 députés au parlement, s'oppose aux nationalistes et défend le modèle de l'Etat des autonomies».
  42. ↑ (Spanish) Directo de los resultados de las elecciones catalanas 2012 - Público
  43. ↑ Citizens – Party of the Citizenship (C's) Archived July 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. - Demsoc Europe
  44. ↑ Albert Rivera: "Si un día la Monarquía no sirve, nosotros decidiremos", El Periódico
  45. ↑ Albert Rivera, president de Ciutadans, proposa un debat sobre monarquia o república, CCMA
  46. ↑ Albert Rivera: 'Sigo soltero', El Mundo
  47. ↑ "Ciudadanos". ciudadanos-cs.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  48. ↑ "Ciudadanos". ciudadanos-cs.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Pro-Spain Ciutadans group demands Mas step down as regional premier". El País. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  50. ↑ Lluís Orriols (13 August 2013). "Ciutadans, ¿un partido de izquierdas o de derechas?" (in Spanish). El País. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  51. ↑ (Spanish) , Diario Crítico
  52. ↑ "City Council of Barcelona: "Catalan will continue to be the Council's working language"". City Council of Barcelona. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  53. 1 2 "Albert Rivera, Ciutadans candidate: "An independent Catalonia would fail"" (in Spanish). 20 minutos. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  54. ↑ "Ciudadanos - Modelo de estado". Ciudadanos-cs.org. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  55. ↑ (Spanish) Futuro incierto en País Vasco y Navarra para Podemos, UPyD y Ciudadanos: ¿quitarán los fueros? - Vozpópuli
  56. ↑ (Spanish) Ciutadans propone revisar el cupo vasco y navarro reformando la Constitución - Lainformación.com
  57. ↑ "Agreden al periodista Arcadi Espada en un acto de Ciutadans de Catalunya en Girona contra el Estatut". elmundo.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  58. ↑ 20Minutos. "El presidente de Ciutadans, amenazado de muerte por "luchar contra el nacionalismo"". 20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  59. ↑ "Orbyt - El Mundo". elmundo.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  60. ↑ Ediciones El País. "El presidente de Ciutadans denuncia haber recibido amenazas de muerte". EL PAÍS. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  61. ↑ Albert Rivera denuncia amenazas de muerte para que deje su política "contra el nacionalismo"- Lavanguardia.es – Noticias, actualidad, última hora en Cataluña y España
  62. ↑ Europa Press (June 16, 2009). "Los acusados de amenazar a Rivera aceptan un año y diez meses de cárcel". europapress.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  63. ↑ "EL POPULISMO QUE VIENE (49): EL OASIS CATALÁN YA ES EL OASIS POPULISTA". Blog de Xavier Casals. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  64. ↑ "Bloc de la qualitat democràtica » Catalunya, el laboratori populista d'Espanya, per Xavier Casals". gencat.cat. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  65. ↑
  66. ↑ "L'exconcursant de 'Gran Hermano' Carlos 'El Yoyas' dóna suport a Ciutadans en un vídeo electoral". Ara.cat. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  67. ↑ "Carlos Navarro (El Yoyas) y la inmigración (Completo) - Catalunya Opina 14/11/11 [HD 1080p". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  68. ↑ "El Yoyas le pega a un invitado con un microfono.". YouTube. 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  69. ↑ "Carlos el yoyas". YouTube. 2007-12-16. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  70. ↑ "a ver si me habla que le voy a pegar dos yoyas.00.avi". YouTube. 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  71. ↑ "Abandona 'Gran Hermano' el concursante violento que motivó las quejas de partidos y asociaciones | Sociedad | EL PAÍS". Sociedad.elpais.com. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  72. ↑ "Ciudadanos expulsa a un afiliado de Madrid por comentarios xenófobos". elpais.es. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
  73. ↑ Mundinteractivos. "Albert Rivera estuvo afiliado en el PP hasta tres meses antes de presidir Ciutadans". elmundo.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  74. ↑ ""El presidente de Ciutadans militó en el PP hasta abril de 2006" (The president of Ciutadans was a PP member until April 2006)". elpais.es. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
  75. ↑ "Ciutadans - Partido de la Ciudadanía - Comunicats". ciutadans-ciudadanos.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  76. ↑ "Untitled Document". elmundo.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  77. ↑
  78. ↑ abc. "Nart, Girauta y Punset, candidatos de Ciudadanos a las elecciones europeas". ABC.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  79. ↑ "The president and the government, (are) anti-Semites"
  80. ↑
  81. ↑
  82. ↑ "Victor Farías and his phobia against Salvador Allende"
  83. ↑ Salvador Allende: Mental Hygiene and Delinquency (Doctoral Thesis)
  84. ↑ (Spanish) Extracts from the suit filed by the Fundación Salvador Allende.
  85. ↑ Hitler admirer, falangist and Citizens candidate for Gijón
  86. ↑ Two other Falangists find their way through to Murcia Citizens
  87. ↑ Manifesto signed by some intellectuals which preceded the formation of the party Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  88. ↑ http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/06/12/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-6233.pdf
  89. ↑ https://www.aldeparty.eu/en/news/ciudadanos-nowoczesna-nasa-stranka-and-civic-position-join-alde-party
  90. ↑ "Desnudo para presidir la Generalitat | Actualidad | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  91. ↑ "El partido Ciutadans de Catalunya presenta desnudo a su candidato a las autonómicas". elmundo.es. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  92. ↑ "El CAC pide que se regule la publicidad institucional | Edición impresa | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  93. ↑ "Albert Rivera acusa a Robles y Domingo de buscar el fracaso de Ciutadans | Barcelona". elmundo.es. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  94. ↑ "Dos de los tres diputados de Ciutadans se unen para destronar a Rivera | Actualidad | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  95. ↑ "Miguel Durán, cabeza de lista de la coalición Ciudadanos-Libertas". Libertad Digital. 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  96. ↑ "Dos de los tres diputados de Ciutadans se unen para destronar a Rivera | Actualidad | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  97. ↑ "Ciutadans acusa a Rosa Díez de azuzar la revuelta contra Rivera | Edición impresa | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  98. ↑ "El TSJ catalán investiga a Jordi Cañas (C's) por supuesto fraude a Hacienda". Eldiario.es. 2014-01-20. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  99. ↑ http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/politica/fichaje-jordi-canas-ciutadans-parlamento-europeo-3678417
  100. ↑ "Jordi Cañas renuncia a ser portavoz parlamentario de Ciutadans mientras le investiguen | Cataluña | EL MUNDO". Elmundo.es. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  101. ↑ El diputado de C's Jordi Cañas renunciará a su escaño si es acusado de fraude fiscal - lainformación.com

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