Chetham's Library

photograph
An aisle inside the library

Chetham's Library in Manchester, England, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom.[1] Chetham's Hospital, which contains both the library and Chetham's School of Music, was established in 1653 under the will of Humphrey Chetham (1580–1653), for the education of "the sons of honest, industrious and painful parents",[1] and a library for the use of scholars. The library has been in continuous use since 1653. It operates as an independent charity,[2] open to readers and visitors free of charge. The hours of operation are Monday through Friday from 9am-12:30pm and 1:30pm-4:30pm. Anyone can access the library, however readers and researchers must make an appointment at least one business day in advance.[3]

The library holds more than 100,000 volumes of printed books, of which 60,000 were published before 1851. They include collections of 16th- and 17th-century printed works, periodicals and journals, local history sources, broadsides and ephemera.

Chetham's was the meeting place of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels when Marx visited Manchester in the summer of 1845. The economics books Marx was reading at the time can be seen on a shelf in the library, as can the window seat where Marx and Engels would meet. The research they undertook during this series of visits to the library led ultimately to their work on The Communist Manifesto.

Chetham's Library has been accredited by Arts Council England, and is one of 1,800 museums across the nation to have qualified as an institution acting in accordance with Arts Council England's new Designation Scheme.[4] Such designation declares Chetham's Library collections of great national importance.[5]

Paintings featured as a part of the library's vast fine arts collection library include portraits of William Whitaker, the Reverend John Radcliffe, Robert Thyer, the Reverend Francis Robert Raines, and Elizabeth Leigh.[6] An Allegory with Putti and Satyrs, oil on canvas, attributed to sixteenth century artist and Netherlander Vincent Sellaer, is also a prominent part of the Chetham's Library collection.[7]

One of the most substantial collections pertains to Belle Vue Zoo and Gardens, Manchester's most renowned entertainment attraction and zoological center, in operation from the 1830s to the 1980s.[8] The collection contains thousands of posters, programmes and photographs, as well as the financial and business papers of the owner, John Jennison.[9] While collection objects are currently available for review onsite, a 2014 grant of £45,000 obtained by Chetham's Library, will allow curators to make the collection available to online users, via digitization projects. [10]

History

photograph
The 15th-century Baronial Hall that houses Chetham's Library

The manor house of the Lord of the Manor, in the centre of the medieval town of Manchester, stood on a sandstone bluff, at the confluence of the River Irwell and the River Irk. In 1421 the rector of the parish church, Thomas de la Warre (Lord of the manor of Manchester), obtained a licence from Henry V to refound the church as a collegiate foundation. He donated his manor house for use as the college of priests' buildings for the collegiate church (later to be the cathedral). There was accommodation for the warden, eight fellows, four clerks, and six choristers.

The Manchester Free Grammar School for Lancashire Boys was built between the church and the college buildings between 1515 and 1518. The college was dissolved in 1547 by the Chantries Act and sold to the Earl of Derby. It was re-founded as a catholic foundation by Queen Mary and again disbanded by Protestant Queen Elizabeth I. In 1578 the collegiate church was re-founded by charter as Christ's College and re-occupied by the warden and fellows. In the Civil War it was used as a prison and arsenal.

In 1653 the college buildings were bought with the bequest of Humphrey Chetham, for use as a free library and blue coat charity school. At that time there was no facility for independent study in the north of England and Chetham's will of 1651 had stipulated that the Library should be "for the use of schollars and others well affected", and instructed the librarian "to require nothing of any man that cometh into the library".[11] The twenty four feoffees appointed by Humphrey Chetham set out to acquire a major collection of books and manuscripts that would cover the whole range of available knowledge and would rival the college libraries of Oxford and Cambridge.[11] In order to protect the newly acquired books from rising damp the Library was housed on the first floor and, in accordance with the provisions of Chetham's will, the books were chained to the presses (bookcases).[11] Twenty-four carved oak stools with 'S'-shaped hand-holds (which are still in use) were provided as seats for readers.[11]

A shelf end: Philosophia

In 1718 the feoffees offered the Manchester poet and inventor of a system of shorthand, John Byrom, the post of Library Keeper. Byrom, who was an avid collector of books, declined the offer but after his good friend, Robert Thyer, became Librarian in 1732, frequently acted as an agent for the library, purchasing books at London auctions.[12] Byrom's library, which included the manuscript of his poem "Christmas Day" (which became the Christmas carol, "Christians Awake") and some 2,800 printed books, was presented to the library by his descendant, Eleanora Atherton, in 1870.[12]

Table in the Reading Room

The books were originally uncatalogued and placed in the presses in size order. The first catalogue wasn't produced until 1791, and then was written in Latin and only listed the size and subject of each book.[11] The practice of chaining the books was abandoned in the mid eighteenth century when gates were erected to prevent theft.[11]

Additions were made to the buildings by J. E. Gregan (1850s), Alfred Waterhouse (1878) (grade II listed), and J. Medland Taylor (1883–95). Manchester Grammar School was extended along Long Millgate in 1870. Manchester Grammar School moved to Fallowfield in the 1930s, and after standing empty for many years the original building was destroyed during the Second World War, leaving only its new block. This became part of Chetham's School of Music in 1978. The old college building, which became the music school in 1969, still incorporates Chetham's Library and is Grade I listed.

Librarians

Past librarians include Robert Thyer (1709–1781), who became Librarian in 1732.[12][13] Peter Hordern (died 1836) was librarian and also the minister of St Clement's Chapel, Chorlton. Thomas Jones held the position from 1845 to 1875; during his time, the size of the library more than doubled (from 19,000 volumes to 40,000 volumes). He also produced a two-volume catalogue of the library's collection in 1862 and 1863.[14][15]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chetham's Library.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Nicholls (2004), p. 20.
  2. ↑ Charity Commission. CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL SCHOOL AND LIBRARY, registered charity no. 526702.
  3. ↑ "Chetham Library Website". Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  4. ↑ "Accreditation News". Chetham's Library. Chetham's Library. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  5. ↑ "Accreditation News". Chetham's Library. Chetham's Library. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  6. ↑ "Your Paintings: Uncovering the Nation's Art Collection". Chetham's Library. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  7. ↑ "Your Paintings: Uncovering the Nation's Art Collection". Chetham's Library. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  8. ↑ Qureshi, Yakub (February 8, 2014). "Entire History of Belle Vue Zoo and Gardens to Go Online". Manchester Evening News. Manchester Evening News Media. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  9. ↑ "Belle Vue Collection". Chetham's Library. Chetham's Library. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  10. ↑ Qureshi, Yakub (February 8, 2014). "Entire History of Belle Vue Zoo and Gardens to Go Online". Manchester Evening News. Manchester Evening News Media. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Anon. "A Brief History of Chetham's". Chetham's library official website. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  12. 1 2 3 Anon. "Byrom Collection". Printed books and ephemera. Chetham's Library. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  13. ↑ Among his works was The Genuine Remains in Verse and Prose of Mr. Samuel Butler, author of Hudibras; Published from the original manuscripts, formerly in the possession of W. Longueville, Esq.; with notes by R. Thyer, Keeper of the Public Library at Manchester. 2 vols. London: J. and R. Tonson, 1759
  14. ↑ Sutton, C. W.; Crosby, Alan G. (2004). "Jones, Thomas (1810–1875)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  15. ↑ Radcliffe, John Bibliotheca chethamensis: Bibliothecae publicae Mancuniensis ab Humfredo Chetham, armigero fundatae catalogus, exhibens libros in varias classes pro varietate argumenti distributos; [begun by John Radcliffe, continued by Thoams Jones]. 5 vols. Mancuni: Harrop, 1791-1863

Bibliography

Coordinates: 53°29′12″N 2°14′39″W / 53.48667°N 2.24417°W / 53.48667; -2.24417

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