Chelyabinsk Oblast

Chelyabinsk Oblast Челябинская область (Russian)
—  Oblast  —
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of Chelyabinsk Oblast
Coordinates: 54°32′N 60°20′E / 54.533°N 60.333°E / 54.533; 60.333Coordinates: 54°32′N 60°20′E / 54.533°N 60.333°E / 54.533; 60.333
Political status
Country	Russia
Federal district	Urals[1]
Economic region	Urals[2]
Established	January 17, 1934
Administrative center	Chelyabinsk
Government (as of January 2014)
• Governor[3]	Boris Dubrovsky (acting)[4]
• Legislature	Legislative Assembly[5]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[6]
• Total	87,900 km2 (33,900 sq mi)
Area rank	36th
Population (2010 Census)[7]
• Total	3,476,217
• Rank	9th
• Density[8]	39.55/km2 (102.4/sq mi)
• Urban	82.0%
• Rural	18.0%
Time zone(s)	YEKT (UTC+05:00)[9]
ISO 3166-2	RU-CHE
License plates	74, 174
Official languages	Russian[10]
Official website

Chelyabinsk Oblast (Russian: Челя́бинская о́бласть, Chelyabinskaya oblast) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia.^{[11][12][13][14]} Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. Population: 3,476,217 (2010 Census).^[7]

History

During the Middle Ages, the Southern Urals were populated by Bashkir tribes that were part of the Golden Horde, Nogai Horde, and smaller Bashkir unions. The area was incorporated into the Tsardom of Russia in the late 16th century. However, Russian colonization of the region only began in the 18th century, with the establishment of a system of fortresses and trade posts on the then-Russian border by the Orenburg Expedition in 1734. Many cities of Chelyabinsk Oblast, including the city of Chelyabinsk itself, trace their history back to those forts.

In 1743, the Chelyabinsk fortress became a center of the Iset Province, a constituent part of the Orenburg Governorate (a direct successor of the Orenburg Expedition). The 1750s-1770s saw the emergence of industrial enterprises in South Ural, when the first factory-centered towns like Miass, Kyshtym, and Zlatoust were founded. After South Ural recovered from the Pugachev's Rebellion, the territory of modern-day Chelyabinsk Oblast started to attract more people from the European part of Russia. By the mid-19th century, Chelyabinsk was a major trade center in Ural, and after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway in the 1890s it became an important transport hub that connected Siberia to the rest of the Russian Empire.

In 1919, Chelyabinski became the regional capital of the newly formed Chelyabinsk Governorate, which combined eastern portions of the Orenburg Governorate with Kurgan of the Tobolsk Governorate. At this time, the population of the new region already exceeded one million people. In 1923, together with the Perm, Yekaterinburg and Tyumen governorates, it was merged into a single Ural Oblast that lasted less than ten years, until 1934. On January 17, 1934, Chelyabinsk Oblast was finally established. Its current boundaries were formed when Kurgan Oblast was detached from it in 1943.

Soviet industrialization

During the 1930s, the regional economy and industrial output grew as Chelyabinsk Oblast became a key focus of the first Five-Year Plans. Key factories and enterprises that formed the core of the modern Chelyabinsk economy, including the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, were founded at this time. The economy continued to grow with the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, as industries were evacuated from the western parts of the Soviet Union to Ural, and Chelyabinsk Oblast in particular. During the war, Magnitogorsk alone produced one third of all Soviet steel, while the city of Chelyabinsk became the main center of Soviet tank production, earning the nickname "Tankograd" (Tank City).

Nuclear research

Chelyabinsk Oblast has been associated with top-secret nuclear research since the 1940s. While there are no nuclear power stations in Chelyabinsk, a number of production reactors were located there starting with the early Cold War. A serious nuclear accident occurred in 1957 at the Mayak nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, 150 km north-west of the city, which led to evacuations and fatalities throughout the Oblast, although not in Chelyabinsk city. The province was closed to all foreigners until 1992, with the sole exception of allowing a British medical team following a two-train rail explosion in the mid-1980s.

The documentary Chelyabinsk: The Most Contaminated Spot on the Planet was made by Slawomir Grunberg about the unsafe dumping of radioactive waste in the Techa River and Lake Karachay.

Geography

Border of Europe and Asia on the European route E30

Chelyabinsk Oblast is on the eastern slope of the Southern Urals. Only a small part of the territory to the west is on the western slopes of the Southern Urals.

Chelyabinsk Oblast is situated in the Southern Urals, near Kurgan and Sverdlovsk oblast. Most of the Oblast is located to the east of the Ural Mountains, which form the continental boundary between Europe and Asia. This boundary is marked by a stone pillar at the Uraltau pass near the Urzhumka station (8 km from Zlatoust), which has "Europe" written on one side and "Asia" on the other. In Chelyabinsk Oblast, Zlatoust city, Katav-Ivanovsk, and Satka are located in Europe, while Chelyabinsk, Troitsk, and Miass are in Asia. Magnitogorsk is located on both continents.^[15]

The area of Chelyabinsk Oblast is 88,900 km².^[16] The total length of its external border is 2750 km, and the Oblast measures 400 km from north to south and 490 km from west to east.

Relief

Chelyabinsk Oblast has a very diverse landscape, ranging from lowlands and hilly plains to mountain ranges with peaks exceeding 1,000 m, including Nurgush mountain (1406 m). The mountainous area has several ski resorts.

The West Siberian Plain is bounded on the west horizontal (elevation 190 m above sea level), which passes through the village of Bagaryak, Kunashak and continues through Chelyabinsk to the south. The lowlands are located in the northeast, and the elevation drops to 130 m in the eastern border region.

Hydrology

Numerous rivers, including the Kama, Tobol and Ural, originate within the region. The region is home to 348 rivers longer than 10 km (totaling 10,235 km in length), 17 of which are over 100 km in length. Seven rivers, the Miass, Uy, Ural, Ay, Ufa, Uvelka, and Gumbeyka, pass through the area and are longer than 200 km.

Lake Itkul

Chelyabinsk Oblast is also home to more than 3,748 lakes, mostly located in the north and east and covering a total area of 2125 km². Many of the lakes in this area, including Lake Turgoyak, Zyuratkul, and Lake Itkul, are famous for their clear waters and attract tourism. Some of the lakes in the eastern foothills have tectonic origins as water accumulated in tectonic failures (basins), resulting in very deep lakes that can reach 30–40 m.

Ridge Zyuratkul Ural mountains, view from the lake Zyuratkul

Politics

Seat of the Oblast government in Chelyabinsk

During the Soviet period, the highest authority in the Oblast was shared between three positions: the First Secretary of the Chelyabinsk CPSU Committee (who held the most power), the Chairman of the Oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the CPSU lost its monopoly on power.

Today, the Charter of Chelyabinsk Oblast governs the political structure of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast serves as the province's regional parliament and exercises legislative authority, with the power to pass laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and oversee their implementation and observance. The Oblast Government, led by the Governor, is the highest executive body in the region, and includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province.

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Governor's residence

Population: 3,476,217 (2010 Census);^[7] 3,603,339 (2002 Census);^[17] 3,623,732 (1989 Census).^[18]

Chelyabinsk Oblast is highly urbanized.

According to the 2010 Census, the Oblast's ethnic composition was:^[7]

• 2,829,899 Russians (83.8%);
• 180,913 Tatars (5.4%);
• 162,513 Bashkirs (4.8%);
• 50,081 Ukrainians (1.5%);
• 35,297 Kazakhs (1.00%);
• 18,687 Germans (0.5%);
• 13,035 Belarusians (0.4%);
• 12,147 Mordvins (0.2%);
• 9,311 Armenians (0.3%);
• 65,190 others (1.6);
• 99,144 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.^[16]
• Births (2011): 47,300 (13.6 per 1000)
• Deaths (2011): 49,469 (14.2 per 1000)^[19]

Vital statistics for 2012^[20]

• Births: 49 885 (14.3 per 1000)
• Deaths: 49 367 (14.2 per 1000)

Total fertility rate:^[21]

2009 - 1.63 | 2010 - 1.65 | 2011 - 1.70 | 2012 - 1.81 | 2013 - 1.80 | 2014 - 1.86 | 2015 - 1.85(e)

Religion

Religion in Chelyabinsk Oblast (2012)^[22][23]

  Russian Orthodox (30.9%)

  Unaffiliated Christian (8%)

  Other Orthodox (5%)

  Muslim (7%)

  Rodnover (1%)

  Hindu (0.4%)

  Spiritual but not religious (29%)

  Atheist (14%)

  Other or undeclared (4.7%)

According to a 2012 official survey,^[22] 30.9% of the population of Chelyabinsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 8% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 5% adheres to other Orthodox Churches, 8% of the population is Muslim, 1% adheres to Slavic Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism), and 0.4% to forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism). In addition, 29% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 14% is atheist, and 4.7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[22]

2013 meteor

On February 15, 2013, a 10,000 ton meteoroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC). It passed over the southern Ural region and exploded in an air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast. About 1,500 people were reported injured, including 311 children. Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalized, mainly from injuries caused by glass from windows shattered by a shock wave; two were reported to be in serious condition. As many as 3,000 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion and impacts. The meteor created a dazzling light as it air burst, bright enough to cast shadows during broad daylight in Chelyabinsk.

Vital statistics for 2008

Source:^[24]

See also

• List of Chairmen of the Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast

References

Sources

• Законодательное Собрание Челябинской области. Закон №22-ЗО от 25 мая 2006 г. «Устав (основной закон) Челябинской области», в ред. Закона №427-ЗО от 30 апреля 2009 г. (Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Law #22-ZO of May 25, 2006 Charter (Basic Law) of Chelyabinsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #427-ZO of April 30, 2009. ).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelyabinsk Oblast.

• Reddatabook of Chelyabinsk Oblast
• Regional Development Agency of Chelyabinsk region

Subdivisions of Russia
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Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts (by law "On arbitration courts")

		Sverdlovsk Oblast	Kurgan Oblast
	Bashkortostan		Kostanay Province,  Kazakhstan
		Chelyabinsk Oblast
		Orenburg Oblast	Kostanay Province,  Kazakhstan