Voiced uvular fricative

Voiced uvular fricative
ʁ
ʁ̝
IPA number 143
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ʁ
Unicode (hex) U+0281
X-SAMPA R
Kirshenbaum g"
Braille ⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)
Sound
source · help
Voiced uvular approximant
ʁ
ʁ̞

The voiced uvular fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʁ⟩, an inverted small uppercase letter ⟨ʀ⟩,[1] or in broad transcription ⟨ɣ⟩ or (if rhotic) ⟨r⟩. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.

Because the IPA symbol stands for both the uvular fricative and the uvular approximant, the fricative nature of this sound may be specified by adding the uptack to the letter: ⟨ʁ̝⟩. The approximant can be specified by adding the downtack: ⟨ʁ̞⟩, though some writings[2] use a superscript ⟨ʶ⟩, which is not an official IPA practice.

For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.

Features

Features of the voiced uvular fricative:

Occurrence

In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque,[3] Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, and Yiddish. However, not all of these remain a uvular trill today. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative ([x], [ɣ]), voiceless uvular fricative [χ], or glottal transition ([h], [ɦ]), except in southern Brazil and Rio de Janeiro, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills and the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use ⟨r⟩ to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.

Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that "There is (...) a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."[4] See voiced uvular raised non-sonorant trill for more information.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz цыҕ cëğ[tsəʁ] 'marten' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe тыгъэ tëğa  [təʁa]  'sun'
Afrikaans Parts of the former Cape Province[5] rooi [ʁoːi̯] 'red' May be a trill [ʀ] instead.[5] See Afrikaans phonology
Aleut Atkan dialect chamĝul [tʃɑmʁul]'to wash'
Arabic Modern Standard[6] غرفة ġurfa [ˈʁurfɐ] 'room' May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[7] See Arabic phonology
Archi гъӀабос ġabos [ʁˤabos] 'croak'
Armenian Eastern[8]ղեկ ġek  [ʁɛk]  'rudder'
Avar тIагъур thaġur[tʼaˈʁur] 'cap'
Basque Northern Basque dialects urre [uʁe] 'gold'
Berber Kabyle ⴱⴻⵖ
bbeɣ
بغ 		[bːəʁ] 'to dive'
Chilcotin [ʁəlkɪʃ]'he walks'
Danish Standard[9] rød [ʁ̞ɶð̞] 'red' Most often an approximant when initial.[10] In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless [χ]) or an approximant[9] Also described as pharyngeal [ʕ̞].[11] See Danish phonology
Dutch[12][13][14][15] Belgian Limburg[16][17] rad [ʁɑt] 'wheel' Either a fricative or an approximant.[14][16][15][18][19] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Central Netherlands[20]
East Flanders[17]
Northern Netherlands[20]
Randstad[20]
Southern Netherlands[20]
English Dyfed[21] red [ʁɛd] 'red' Not all speakers.[21] Alveolar in other Welsh accents.
Gwynedd[21]
North-east Leinster[22] Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɾ ~ ɻ] in other Irish dialects.
Northumbrian dialect[23][24] Described both as a fricative[23] and an approximant.[24] More rarely it's a trill [ʀ].[23] Mostly found in eastern Northumberland, declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr.
Sierra Leonean[23] More rarely a trill [ʀ].[23]
French rester [ʁɛste] 'to stay' See French phonology
German Chemnitz dialect[25] Rock [ʁɔkʰ] 'skirt' Either a fricative or an approximant;[25] in free variation with [ʀ̥], [χ] and [q].[25] Doesn't occur in the coda.[25] See Chemnitz dialect phonology
Lower Rhine[26] Rost [ʁɔst] 'rust' Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill. See German phonology
Standard[26]
Swabian[27] [ʁ̞oʃt] An approximant.[27] It's the realization of /ʁ/ in onsets,[27] otherwise it's an epiglottal approximant.[27]
Hebrew רע ġa[ʁa] 'bad' May also be trilled. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Inuktitut East Inuktitut dialect marruuk [mɑʁʁuuk]'two'
Italian Northern dialects[28] raro [ˈʁäːʁo] 'rare' Some speakers, especially in Parma. May also be a trill [ʀ] or a labiodental approximant [ʋ].[28]
Kabardian бгъэ bğa [bʁa]  'eagle'
Kazakh саған sağan, ساعان [sɑˈʁɑn] 'you' (dat. sing.)
Kyrgyz жамгыр camğır/jamgyr, جامعىر [dʒɑmˈʁɯr] 'rain'
Lakota aǧúyapi [aʁʊjapɪ] 'bread'
Luxembourgish Some speakers[29] Rou [ʁəu̯] 'silence' Pre-vocalic allophone of /ʀ/; more often realized as a trill [ʀ].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology
Standard[29] Kugel [ˈkʰuːʁəl] 'ball' Also described as velar [ɣ].[30] Appears only in a few words.[29][30] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Perak dialect Perak [peʁɑk̚] 'Perak' See Malay phonology
Norwegian Southern dialects rar [ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞] 'strange' Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
Southwestern dialects
PortugueseEuropean[31] carro [ˈkaʁu] 'car' See Portuguese phonology
Setubalense[32] ruralizar [ʁuʁəɫiˈzaʁ] 'to ruralize' Often trilled. Due to a merger, corresponds to both /ɾ/ and /ʁ/ in other dialects.
Fluminense[32][33] ardência [ɐʁˈdẽsjə] 'burning feeling' Due to French influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda /ɾ/ into /ʁ/.[34] Often trilled. In free variation with [ɣ], [ʕ] and [ɦ] before voiced sounds, [x], [χ], [ħ] and [h] before voiceless consonants
Sulista arroz [ɐˈʁos] 'rice'
Swedish Southern dialects rör [ʁɶʁ]'pipe(s)' See Swedish phonology
Tatar яңгыр, yañğır, ياڭعئر [jɒŋˈʁɯr] 'rain'
Tsez агъи ’ag‘i [ˈʔaʁi] 'bird'
Ubykh [ʁa]'his' Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology
Uzbek ogʻir [ɒˈʁɨr] 'heavy'
Yakut тоҕус toğus [toʁus] 'nine'
Zhuang roek [ʁɔ̌k] 'six'

See also

References

  1. ↑ Based on the approximant ⟨ɹ⟩ and the general tendency to rotate letters in the IPA rather than invert them, ⟨ᴚ⟩ might be expected. However, early in the history of the IPA, that letter had been used for the voiceless fricative, now written ⟨χ⟩, paralleling ⟨ᴙ ʀ⟩ for the voiceless and voiced trills.
  2. ↑ Such as Krech et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ Grammar of Basque, page 30, José Ignacio Hualde, Jon Ortiz De Urbina, Walter de Gruyter, 2003
  4. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167)
  5. 1 2 Donaldson (1993), p. 15.
  6. ↑ Watson (2002), pp. 17.
  7. ↑ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38.
  8. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  9. 1 2 Basbøll (2005:62)
  10. ↑ Basbøll (2005:66)
  11. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
  12. ↑ Booij (1999:8)
  13. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291)
  14. 1 2 Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108)
  15. 1 2 Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:51–55)
  16. 1 2 Verhoeven (2005:245)
  17. 1 2 Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:52)
  18. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291)
  19. ↑ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 102)
  20. 1 2 3 4 Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
  21. 1 2 3 Wells (1982:390)
  22. ↑ Hickey (2007:?)
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:236)
  24. 1 2 Ogden (2009:93)
  25. 1 2 3 4 Khan & Weise (2013:235)
  26. 1 2 Hall (1993:89)
  27. 1 2 3 4 Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.
  28. 1 2 Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
  30. 1 2 Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
  31. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
  32. 1 2 (Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty. Page 11.
  33. ↑ (Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Page 36.
  34. ↑ (Portuguese) The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 229 and 230.

Bibliography

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  • Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X 
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  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223 
  • Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261 
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company 
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 
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  • Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743 
  • Hickey, Raymond (2007). Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85299-4. 
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