Y-STR

STR rate ranges as of 2008 for 17- STRs
STR
site 		Mutation Rate (x 10−3)
LB-96%CI 'rate' UB-96%CI Notes
DYS19 1.5 2.4 3.5 Independent
duplications
DYS385 1.4 2.1 3.0 31 of 41896
DYS389I 0.95 1.8 3.0 14 of 7862
DYS389II 1.8 2.8 4.2 22 of 7849
DYS390 1.4 2.3 3.5 21 of 9140
DYS391 2.0 3.04.5 28 of 9089
DYS392 0.18 0.55 1.3 5 of 9053
DYS393 0.36 0.89 1.8 7 of 7842
DYS437 0.60 1.5 3.1 7 of 4672
DYS438 0.051 0.43 1.5 2 of 4709
DYS439 3.8 5.7 8.4 27 of 4686
DYS448 0.19 1.6 5.7 2 of 1258
DYS456 1.8 4.8 10 6 of 1258
DYS458 2.8 6.4 12 8 of 1258
DYS635 1.6 3.8 7.4 8 of 2131
GATA H4.1 0.71 2.2 5.1 5 of 2294
From table 1. Sanchez-Diz et al. 2008.
Note some of the N in the 17 STR are quite low in frequency

A Y-STR is a short tandem repeat (STR) on the Y-chromosome. Y-STRs are often used in forensics, paternity, and genealogical DNA testing. Y-STRs are taken specifically from the male Y chromosome. These Y-STRs provide a weaker analysis than autosomal STRs because the Y chromosome is only found in males, which are only passed down by the father, making the Y chromosome in any paternal line practically identical. This causes a significantly smaller amount of distinction between Y-STR samples. Autosomal STRs provide a much stronger analytical power because of the random matching that occurs between pairs of chromosomes during the zygote making process.[1]

Nomenclature

Y-STRs are assigned names by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.

Some testing companies have different formats for the way STR markers are written. For example, the marker DYS455 may be written as DYS455, DYS 455, DYS#455, or DYS# 455. The scientific standard accepted by HUGO and NIST is DYS455.[2]

DYS

DYS is a variation on the jargon used in human autosomal STR testing where the second character is typically reserved for the chromosome number (e.g. D8S1179).

D = DNA
Y = Y-chromosome
S = (unique) segment

Y-STR Analysis

There are regions on DNA that are made up of multiple copies of short repeating sequences of bases (for example TATT) which repeat a variable number of times depending on the individual. These regions, called “variable number short tandem repeats” are what is looked at when performing STR analysis. The likelihood of two people having the same number of repeated sequences is extremely small, and becomes even smaller the more regions that are analyzed. This makes up the basis of short tandem repeat analysis.[3] The cornerstone for this process, however, is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This allows forensic scientists to make millions of copies of the STR regions. Gel electrophoresis then “yields the number of times each repeat unit appears in the fragment.” This allows for easy comparison of DNA.[4]

STRs and Forensics

In the United States, 13 different autosomal STR loci are used as a basis of analysis for forensic purposes. If crime scene DNA is ample and all 13 autosomal loci accessible, the likelihood of two people matching the same sample is one in one billion.[5]

The basis for the profile probability estimation for Y-STR analysis is the counting method.[6] The application of a confidence interval accounts for database size and sampling variation. The Y haplotype frequency (p) is calculated using the p = x/N formula, where x is equal to the number of times the haplotype is observed in a database containing N number of haplotypes. For example, if a haplotype has been observed twice in a database of N = 2000, the frequency of that haplotype will be: 2/2000 = 0.001. Reporting a Y haplotype frequency, without a confidence interval, is acceptable but only provides a factual statement regarding observations of a Y haplotype in the database. An upper confidence limit for the probability of the Y haplotype in the population should be calculated using the method described by Clopper and Pearson (1934).[7] This uses the binomial distribution for the probabilities of counts, including zero or other small numbers that are found for Y haplotypes.

Databases

Forensic databases (without individual information, for frequency purposes):

In genetic genealogy, the following is a list of sponsored databases containing publicly submitted surnames and Y-STR haplotypes:

Haplogroup (Y-SNP) specific data:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "STR Analysis"
  2. ↑ http://www.cstl.nist.gov/biotech/strbase/ystr_fact.htm
  3. ↑ "STR Analysis"
  4. ↑ "A New Breed of High-Tech Detectives"
  5. ↑ "STR Analysis"
  6. ↑ "SWGDAM Interpretation Guidelines for Y-Chromosome STR Typing"
  7. ↑ Clopper, C. and Pearson, E. The use of confidence or fiducial limits illustrated in the case of binomial, Biometrika (1934) 26:404-413.

External links

Diagrams

Fact sheets

Databases

Tutorials

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