List of largest domes
A dome is a self-supporting structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. This list excludes dome-shaped structures that are not self-supporting such as The O2 (formerly the Millennium Dome) in London which is 365 m (1,198 ft) in diameter and supported by masts.
This article tries to list every dome in the world which was the largest dome of its time. The defining criterion is in each case the inner diameter of the largest circular cross-section of the dome.
Worldwide
Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome in the world.
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1250 BC– 1st century BC |
14.5 m[1] | Treasury of Atreus | Mycenae, Greece | City state of Mycenae | Corbel dome |
1st century BC– 19 BC |
21.5 m[2] | Temple of Mercury | Baiae, Italy | Roman Empire | First monumental dome[3] |
19 BC– beginning of the 2nd century |
25.0 m[4] | Baths of Agrippa, 'Arco della Ciambella' |
Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | First Thermae in Rome with a domed central building[4] |
Beginning of 2nd century– 128 |
30.0 m[5] | Baths of Trajan | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Half dome |
128–1436 | 43.4 m[2] | Pantheon | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present.[6] Archetype of Western dome construction to this day[2][7] |
1436–1881 | 42.05 m (45.52 m diagonal) | Santa Maria del Fiore | Florence, Italy | Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence | Largest brick and mortar dome in the world till present. Octagonal dome. Architect Filippo Brunelleschi |
1881–1902 | 46.9 m[8] | Devonshire Royal Hospital | Buxton, England, United Kingdom | Cotton Famine Relief Fund | Converted from a horse stables to a hospital and now the home of the University of Derby and Buxton and leek college.[9] Slate-covered iron frame. Architect Robert Rippon Duke |
1902–1913 | 61.0 m[22] | West Baden Springs Hotel | West Baden, Indiana, United States | Lee Wiley Sinclair | Architect Harrison Albright |
1913–1930 | 65.0 m[10] | Centennial Hall | Wrocław, Poland | Deutsches Reich | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Berg |
1930–1955 | 65.8 m[11] | Leipzig Market Hall | Leipzig, Saxony, Germany | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger | |
1955–1957 | 101.5 m[12] | Bojangles' Coliseum | Charlotte, North Carolina, United States | Thompson and Street | Structural Steel dome. Architect Odell and Associates |
1957–1965 | 109 m[13] | Belgrade Fair – Hall 1 | Belgrade, Serbia | Belgrade Fair | World's largest prestressed concrete dome |
1965–1975 | 195.5 m (642 ft)[14][15] |
Astrodome | Houston, Texas, United States | H.A. Lott, Inc. | First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[15] |
1975–1992 | 207.0 m (678 ft)[15] |
Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans, United States | Blount International[16] | Structural steel frame.[17] Architect Nathaniel Curtis |
1992–2001 | 256.0 m[18] | Georgia Dome | Atlanta, United States | Brasfield & Gorrie | Tensegrity structure |
2001–2009 | 274.0 m[19] | Ōita Stadium | Ōita, Japan | Kisho Kurokawa | Retractable roof |
2009–2013 | 275.0 m | Cowboys Stadium | Arlington, Texas, United States | HKS, Inc. | Retractable roof |
2013–present | 310.0 m | Singapore National Stadium | Tanjong Rhu, Kallang, Singapore | Dragages | Retractable roof; Architect – Arup Associates + DPA |
By continent
Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome on their continent.
Europe
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1250 BC– 1st century BC |
14.5 m[1] | Treasury of Atreus | Mycenae, Greece | City state of Mycenae | Corbel dome |
1st century BC– 19 BC |
21.5 m[2] | Temple of Mercury | Baiae, Italy | Roman Empire | First monumental dome[3] |
19 BC– beginning of the 2nd century |
25.0 m[4] | Baths of Agrippa, 'Arco della Ciambella' |
Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | First Thermae in Rome with a domed central building[4] |
Beginning of 2nd century– 128 |
30.0 m[5] | Baths of Trajan | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Half dome |
16th century | 41.47 metres (136.1 ft) | St Peter's Basilica | Vatican City, Italy | Roman Catholic Church / Michelangelo | It is the tallest dome in the world at 136.57 metres (448.1 ft). |
128–1436 | 43.4 m[2] | Pantheon | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present.[6] Archetype of Western dome construction to this day[2][7] |
1436–1881 | 45.52 | Santa Maria del Fiore | Florence, Italy | Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence | Largest brick and mortar dome in the world till present. Octagonal dome. |
1881–1913 | 46.9 m[8] | The Devonshire | Buxton, England, United Kingdom | Cotton Famine Relief Fund | Converted from a horse stables to a hospital. Slate-covered iron frame. Architect Robert Rippon Duke |
1913–1930 | 65.0 m[10] | Centennial Hall | Wrocław, Poland | Deutsches Reich | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Berg |
1930–1957 | 65.8 m[11] | Leipzig Market Hall | Leipzig, Saxony, Germany | Deutsches Reich | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger |
1957–present | 109.0 m[13] | Belgrade Fair – Hall 1 | Belgrade, Serbia | Belgrade Fair | World's largest prestressed concrete dome |
In the first half of the 1980s a dome with a diameter of 234 metres was built near Istra, Russia. It collapsed on January 25, 1986 .
In 1990, the 129 m in diameter building named "Kupolen" (the Dome) was completed in Borlänge, Sweden. Originally an exposition hall with a few stores at ground level, today a mall in three levels.
North America
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1864–1867 | 29.0 m[20] | Capitol | Washington, D.C., United States | United States | Architect Thomas U. Walter |
1867–1902 | 46 m[21] | Salt Lake Tabernacle | Salt Lake City, United States | United States | Architect Henry Grow, Largely built without nails. |
1902–1955 | 61.0 m[22] | West Baden Springs Hotel | West Baden, Indiana, United States | Lee Wiley Sinclair | Architect Harrison Albright |
1955–1963 | 101.5 m[23] | Bojangles' Coliseum | Charlotte, North Carolina, United States | Thompson and Street | Structural Steel dome. Architect Odell and Associates |
1963–1965 | 121.9 m[24] | Assembly Hall | Champaign, Illinois, United States | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz |
1965–1975 | 195.5 m (642 ft)[14][15] |
Reliant Astrodome | Houston, Texas, United States | H.A. Lott, Inc. | First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[15] |
1975–1992 | 207 m (678 ft)[15] |
Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans, United States | Blount International[16] | Structural steel frame.[17] Architect Nathaniel Curtis |
1992–2009 | 256.0 m[18] | Georgia Dome | Atlanta, United States | Georgia World Congress Center Authority | Tensegrity structure |
2009–"present" | 275.0 m | Cowboys Stadium | Arlington, Texas, United States | HKS, Inc. | Retractable roof |
South America
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1902–1913 | 80.0 m | Palace of the Argentine National Congress | Buenos Aires, Argentina | Government of Argentina | Bronze-plated dome. Architect Vittorio Meano |
1960 | 100.0 m | Palace of the Brazilian National Congress | Brasília, Brazil | Government of Brazil | |
Asia
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd century–150 | 11.5 m[25] | Red Hall | Pergamon, Turkey | Roman Empire | Brick |
150–1312 | 23.85 m[26] | Zeus Asklepios Temple | Pergamon, Turkey | Roman Empire | Earliest monumental brick dome[27] |
1312–1659 | 25.60 m | Soltaniyeh | Soltaniyeh, Zanjan, Iran | Ilkhanate | |
1659–1934 | 44.0 m[28] | Gol Gumbaz | Bijapur, India | Sultanate of Bijapur | Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (1627–57) of the Sultanate of Bijapur |
1934–1960 | 60.0 m | Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre | Novosibirsk, Soviet Union | Reinforced Concrete | |
1937–1960 | 45.0 m[29] | Phsar Thom Thmei | Phnom Penh, Cambodia | Jean Desbois and Wladimir Kandaouroff | Reinforced Concrete
Known as the "Central Market" in English |
1960–2001 | 108.0 m | Araneta Coliseum | Quezon City, Philippines | J. Amado Araneta | Also known as the Big Dome, it opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960. |
2001–2013 | 274.0 m | Ōita Stadium | Ōita, Japan | Kisho Kurokawa | Known as the Big Eye |
2013–present | 310.0 m | Singapore National Stadium | Singapore Sports Hub, Singapore | Dragages | Retractable roof; Architect – Arup Associates + DPA |
Africa
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd century–1988 | 22.00[30] | Baths of Antoninus | Carthage, Tunisia | Roman Empire | Seven domes with diameters between 17 and 22 m[30] |
1988–1997 | 90 metres (300 ft)[31] | Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro | Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | Modeled after the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome |
1997–present | 140.0 m[32] | Coca-Cola Dome | Johannesburg, South Africa | Sports arena | |
Australia
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988–2000 | 133.0 m | Burswood Superdome | Perth, Western Australia | ||
By structure
Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome in terms of their structure.
Stone
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1250 BC–150/175 AD | 14.5 m[1] | Treasury of Atreus | Mycenae, Greece | City state of Mycenae | Corbel dome |
150/175 AD–2006 AD | 15.0 m[33] | Western Thermae | Gerasa, Jordan | Roman Empire | One of the earliest voussoir domes with square ground plan[33] |
2006 AD-present | 85.15 m[34] | Global Vipassana Pagoda | Mumbai, India. | Global Vipassana Foundation | The stone dome was completed in October 2006. The monument was officially inaugurated on February 8, 2009. Architect/Structural Engineer/ Sompura/ Proof Consultant: Parvez Dumasia/ Nandadeep Building Center/ Late. Chandubhai Trivedi/ Prof. Jangid (IIT Bombay) |
Concrete
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st century BC– 1st century BC |
6.52 m[3] | Stabiae Thermae, Laconicum |
Pompeii, Italy | Roman Empire | Cone vault (early form of a dome). Oldest known concrete dome[3] |
1st century BC– 19 BC |
21.5 m[2] | Temple of Mercury | Baiae, Italy | Roman Empire | First monumental dome[3] |
128–present | 43.4 m[2] | Pantheon | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present.[6] Archetype of Western dome construction to this day[2][7] |
Masonry
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd century–150 | 11.5 m[25] | Red Hall | Pergamon, Turkey | Roman Empire | Brick |
150–beginning of the 4th century | 23.85 m[26] | Zeus Asklepios Temple | Pergamon, Turkey | Roman Empire | Earliest monumental brick dome[27] |
Beginning of 4th century–563 | 24.15 m[27] | Rotunda of St. George | Thessaloniki, Greece | Roman Empire | Radially laid bricks[27] |
563–1436 | 31.5 m | Hagia Sophia | Istanbul, Turkey | Byzantine Empire | First pendentive dome in history. First completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus |
1436–present | 45.0 m[35] | The Duomo | Florence, Italy | City state of Florence | First double-dome structure of the Renaissance |
Clay hollowware
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beginning of 3rd century–216 | 12.0 m[30] | Thermae of Aquae Flavianae | El Hammam, Algeria | Roman Empire | Earthenware pipes put together |
216–present | 35.08 m[36] | Baths of Caracalla, Caldarium |
Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Amphora put together |
Wood
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
691–1781 | 20.40 m[20] | Dome of the Rock | Jerusalem, Palestine | Umayyad Empire | |
1781–1957 | 36.0 m[37][38] | St. Blaise's Abbey | St. Blaise, Baden-Württemberg, Germany | Pierre Michel d'Ixnard | Third widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction[37] |
1957–1977 | 91.4 m[39] | Brick Breeden Fieldhouse | Bozeman, Montana, United States | Montana State University – Bozeman | Second largest dome in United States at the time of its construction[39] |
1977–1983 | 153.0 m | Walkup Skydome | Flagstaff, Arizona, United States | Northern Arizona University | Geodesic dome |
1983–1991 | 161.5 m | Tacoma Dome | Tacoma, Washington, United States | City of Tacoma, WA | Geodesic dome |
1991–present | 163.4 m | Superior Dome | Marquette, Michigan, United States | State of Michigan/Northern Michigan University | Geodesic dome |
Cast iron
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1864–1881 | 29.0 m[20] | United States Capitol dome | Washington, D.C., United States | United States | Architect Thomas U. Walter |
1881–present | 46.9 m[8] | Devonshire Royal Hospital | Buxton, England, United Kingdom | Cotton Famine Relief Fund | Converted from a horse stables to a hospital. Slate-covered iron frame. Architect Robert Rippon Duke |
Steel
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1902–1965 | 59.45 m[22] | West Baden Springs Hotel | West Baden, Indiana, United States | Lee Wiley Sinclair | Steel and glass dome. Architect Harrison Albright |
1965–1975 | 195,5 m (642 ft)[14][15] |
Reliant Astrodome | Houston, Texas, United States | H.A. Lott, Inc. | First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[15] |
1975–2013 | 207.0 m (678 ft)[15] |
Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans, United States | Blount International[16] | Structural steel frame.[17] Architect Nathaniel Curtis |
2013–present | 310.0 m | Singapore National Stadium | Singapore Sports Hub, Singapore | Dragages | Retractable roof; Architect – Arup Associates + DPA |
Reinforced concrete
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913–1930 | 65.0 m[10] | Centennial Hall | Wrocław, Poland | Deutsches Reich | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Berg |
1930–1957 | 65.8 m[11] | Leipzig Market Hall | Leipzig, Saxony, Germany | Deutsches Reich | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger |
1957–1963 | 100.6 m[24] | Palazzetto dello sport | Rome, Italy | 1960 Summer Olympics | Reinforced concrete dome. Consulting Engr. Pier Luigi Nervi |
1963–1971 | 121.9 m[24] | Assembly Hall | Champaign, Illinois, United States | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz |
1971–1976, 2000–present | 134.1 m[24] | Norfolk Scope | Norfolk, Virginia, United States | City of Norfolk | Reinforced concrete dome. Consulting Engr. Pier Luigi Nervi |
1976–2000 | 201.0 m[24][40] | Kingdome | Seattle, Washington, United States | King County, Washington | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Naramore, Skilling and Praeger. Demolished in 2000 |
Famous large domes
Below is a list of large domes which are considered particularly important for various reasons but have held never the title of the largest dome in the world.
Completed | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
c. 64 | 13.48 m[3] | Domus Aurea | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | First dome with a polygonal ground plan (octagon). First in palace architecture[3] |
563 | 31.87 m[41] | Hagia Sophia | Istanbul, Turkey | Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire | First pendentive dome in history. First completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus |
1227 | 21.0 m long 16.9 m wide[42] |
St. Gereon's Basilica | Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany | Bishop or city? | Oval shape. Largest occidental dome built between Hagia Sophia and the Duomo |
1405 | 18.2 m | Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi | Türkistan, Kazakhstan | Tamerlane | Double dome |
1436 | 42–45 m[43] | The Duomo | Florence, Italy | City state of Florence | Architect Filippo Brunelleschi; first double-dome structure of the Renaissance, set the standards for all renaissance and baroque domes; to this day the largest brick and mortar dome ever built. |
1557 | 27.2 m | Süleymaniye Mosque | Istanbul, Turkey | Ottoman Empire | Architect Mimar Sinan |
1575 | 31.25 m[44] | Selimiye Mosque | Edirne, Turkey | Ottoman Empire | Architect Mimar Sinan |
1626 | 42.3m[3] | St Peter's Basilica | Rome, Italy | Holy See | Architect Michelangelo Buonarroti; Worlds Tallest and Two Layer Dome |
1641 | 17.7 m[45] | Taj Mahal | Agra, India | Mughal Empire | |
1710 | 30.8 m[46] | St. Paul's Cathedral | London, England, United Kingdom | Christopher Wren | Double dome. The two domes are separated by a cone over the top of the inner which helps support the outer |
1781 | 36.0 m[37][38] | St. Blaise's Abbey | St. Blaise, Baden-Württemberg, Germany | Pierre Michel d'Ixnard | Third widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction[37] |
1871 | 36.6 metres (120 ft)[47] | Mosta Dome | Mosta, Malta | Giorgio Grognet de Vassé | Third largest unsupported dome in the world[48][49] |
1894 | 31.0 m[50] | Marble Church | Copenhagen, Denmark | Frederick V | Built from 1749 to 1894 by three different architects, with no construction done from 1770 to 1877 |
1904 | 15.24 m | Rhode Island State House | Providence, Rhode Island, United States | Fourth-largest unsupported marble dome in the world.[51][52] | |
1944 | 61.0 m[53][54] | V-2 Bunker La Coupole | Wizernes, France | Nazi Germany | Reinforced concrete dome, 5m thick |
1952 | 27m | Rotunda of Xewkija | Xewkija, Gozo, Malta | The Architect is Joseph D'Amato. The dome is 75m high. It's calculated weight is 45,000 tons. The circumference is 85m. | |
1960 | 108.0 m | Araneta Coliseum | Quezon City, Philippines | J. Amado Araneta | Also known as the Big Dome, it opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960. |
1988 | 51.8 m | Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque | Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia | Biggest mosque in Malaysia, second biggest in South East Asia. Also known as Blue Mosque. Can accommodate up to 16,000 worshippers | |
2005 | 21.3 m | Long Island Green Dome | Baiting Hollow, New York | Kevin Michael Shea | Largest residential wood geodesic dome in North America. It is a home and attraction site advocating sustainable living. |
2009 | ? | Medgidia clinker storage facility | Medgidia, Romania | World's largest clinker storage facility |
See also
- List of Roman domes
- List of celebrated domes (in chronological order)
References
- 1 2 3 Treasury of Atreus at Structurae
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986), p.24
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rasch 1985, p. 118
- 1 2 3 4 Werner Heinz: "Römische Thermen. Badewesen und Badeluxus im römischen Reich", München 1983, ISBN 3-7774-3540-6, p.60-64
- 1 2 Rasch 1985, p. 119
- 1 2 3 Romanconcrete.com
- 1 2 3 Werner Müller: "dtv – Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz", 14. Aufl., 2005, ISBN 3-423-03020-8, p.253
- 1 2 3 E. P. Copp: "The Devonshire Royal Hospital Buxton", Rheumatology, Vol. 43 (2004), p.385
- ↑ http://www.devonshiredome.co.uk/
- 1 2 3 UNESCO World Heritage: Centennial Hall in Breslau
- 1 2 3 Leipzig Market Hall at Structurae
- ↑ "Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum".
- 1 2 Belgrade Fair (Beogradski Sajam), Hall 1
- 1 2 3 Encarta: Kuppel. Archived 2009-10-31.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Encyclopædia Britannica: Astrodome
- 1 2 3 Air University: Eagle Biography: Winton M. "Red" Blount
- 1 2 3 Archrecord.construction.com: Now infamous, Superdome once stood as a great New Orleans landmark
- 1 2 Building Big Databank: Georgia Dome, PBS Online/WGBH
- ↑ "Big Bigger Biggest – Series 2: Episode 9 – Dome", Windfall Films Ltd.
- 1 2 3 H. Hagedann & Ch. Plato. "Kuppeln historisch" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2007.
- ↑ "The Great Mormon Tabernacle at Salt Lake". Scientific American. 8 June 1867
- 1 2 Wayne Curtis: "Back home in Indiana", Preservation, Vol. 59, No. 3 (2007), pp.40-47
- ↑ "Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum".
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Reinforced Concrete Thin Shell Sports Facilities". monolithic.com.
- 1 2 Rasch 1985, p. 137
- 1 2 Rasch 1985, p. 129
- 1 2 3 4 Rasch 1985, p. 125
- ↑ Manfred Görgens: "Kleine Geschichte der indischen Kunst", DuMont, Köln 1986, ISBN 3-7701-1543-0, p.226
- ↑ Phnom Penh Central Market at Structurae
- 1 2 3 Rasch 1985, p. 124
- ↑ List of largest church buildings in the world, fr:Basilique Notre-Dame de la Paix de Yamoussoukro
- ↑ Coca-Cola Dome: Dimensions of Coca-Cola Dome
- 1 2 Rasch 1985, p. 126
- ↑ "Salient Features – Global Pagoda website". Retrieved 2009-02-12.
- ↑ Figures vary. archINFORM gives a 45 m wide tambour, while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m diameter of the cupola, others as little as 42 m.
- ↑ Erwin Heinle, Jörg Schlaich: "Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen", Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-421-03062-6, p.27
- 1 2 3 4 "Website of the Dom St. Blasien".
- 1 2 Schnell Kunstführer: "St. Blasien/Schwarzwald", No. 555, Regensburg 2001, ISBN 3-7954-4017-3, p.7
- 1 2 Setterberg, Diana (Spring 2007). "Brick Breeden Fieldhouse: 50 years and going strong". montana.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ↑ "Internet Tribute to the Former Kingdome". kingdome.org.
- ↑ "Hagia Sofia Museum". istanbul.gov.tr. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Werner Schäfke: "Kölns romanische Kirchen. Architektur, Ausstattung, Geschichte", Köln, 1985, 5. ed., ISBN 3-7701-1360-8, p.100&118
- ↑ Figures vary. Both archINFORM and Giuseppe Rocchi Coopmans de Yoldi, Santa Maria del Fiore – la Cupola. Firenze, Università degli Studi, 1999, the more accurate survey published so far, give a 45 m wide tambour, while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m diameter of the cupola, others as little as 42 m.
- ↑ Selimiye Mosque at Structurae
- ↑ Taj Mahal at Structurae
- ↑ Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986) p.34
- ↑ Cauchi, Raymond (1988). The Mosta Rotunda: short history & guide. Cauchi's Emporium. p. 79.
- ↑ Malta – The Mythical Island – Travelling Wizards 2010, ISBN 1460921011
- ↑ In the Image of His God: The Curse of the Shroud – Outskirts Press Inc. Denver, Colorado, 2008, ISBN 9781432728786
- ↑ Marmorkirken.dk: Marble Church
- ↑ "Facts and Figures". rilin.state.ri.us. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ↑ "The Providence Heritage Trail". visitrhodeisland.com. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ↑ Inventaire général des monuments et des richesses artistiques de la France: Schotterwerk Nord West (SNW) : Base V2 (the number of 71.0 m given here refers to the outer diameter)
- ↑ Dimensioned cross section of the central part of the bunker complex in Wizernes, France
Sources
- Rasch, Jürgen (1985). "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion". Architectura. 15. pp. 117–139.
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