William White (bishop of Pennsylvania)

The Most Reverend William White
1st and 4th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church
The Most Reverend William White, 1795: Oil on Canvas
Church	Episcopal Church
Orders
Ordination	1770
Consecration	1787 by Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, and the Bishop of Peterborough
Personal details
Born	(1748-04-04)April 4, 1748 Philadelphia
Died	July 17, 1836(1836-07-17) (aged 88)
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Philadelphia College

William White (April 4, 1748 N.S. – July 17, 1836) was the first and fourth Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church of the United States (1789; 1795–1836), the first bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania (1787–1836), and the second United States Senate Chaplain (appointed December 9, 1790). He also served as the first and fourth President of the House of Deputies for the General Convention of the Episcopal Church. (1785, 1789)^[1]

Education and ordination

Born in Philadelphia, White began his education at Philadelphia College (which was later known as the University of Pennsylvania), taking his B.A. in 1765 and his A.M. about three years later. In 1770, he sailed for England on the ship Britannia, for his ordination as a deacon, which took place in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace. He subsequently returned to England on two occasions: once in 1772, to be ordained priest, and again in 1787, when he was consecrated bishop by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, and the Bishop of Peterborough. In 1781, after further theological studies, he received a Doctor of Divinity degree from the University of Pennsylvania.

Consecrators

• John Moore, 88th Archbishop of Canterbury
• William Markham, 77th Archbishop of York
• Charles Moss, Bishop of Bath and Wells

William White was the second bishop consecrated for the Episcopal Church of the United States.

Ministry

Rector of St. Peter's and of Christ Church for 57 years, White also served as Chaplain of the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1789, and subsequently as Chaplain of the Senate.

Though an Anglican (Episcopalian) cleric who was sworn to the king in his ordination ceremony, White, like all but one of his fellow Anglican clerics in Philadelphia, sided with the American revolutionary cause.^[2] After the war, White wrote The Case of The Episcopal Churches in the United States Considered, a pamphlet that laid out the foundational thinking for the emerging Episcopal Church. Among the innovations he proposed (and which were eventually adopted) was including lay people in the church's decision making bodies. Thus, at the founding General Convention of the Episcopal Church in 1785, the House of Deputies was composed of both lay and clergy members.^[3] After his consecration in England, Bishop White helped create an American episcopate, participating in the consecration of Thomas John Clagett as Bishop of Maryland at the General Convention in 1792, as well as serving as the Episcopal Church's first and fourth Presiding Bishop (the latter time as the most senior of bishops, as became the custom for the next century). Bishop White participated in the consecration of most American Episcopal bishops during the country's first two decades. He also consecrated two African-Americans as deacons and then priests, Absalom Jones of Philadelphia (in 1795 and 1804, respectively), and William Levington of New York (who became missionary to free and enslaved African Americans in the South and established St.James Episcopal Church in Baltimore circa 1824). Although Bishop White did not travel extensively through his diocese, he did support missionary priests, including Simon Wilmer (who traveled through Pennsylvania and New Jersey and ultimately settled down in what became the Maryland suburbs of Washington D.C.), William Meade (who traveled extensively throughout Virginia and ultimately became its bishop, bishop White participating in his consecration) and Jackson Kemper (first in Philadelphia for 2 decades, founded the Society for the Advancement of Christianity and became the Episcopal Church's first missionary bishop). The elderly Bishop White made only one trip to the western parts of his diocese. In 1825 he traveled with Rev. Kemper to western Pennsylvania confirming 212 and consecrating three buildings. On that trip, with permission of Bishop Moore of Virginia, he also visited Wheeling Wheeling in what much later became West Virginia to confirm parishioners and consecrate St. Matthew's Church.^[4] White also took an active role in creating several charitable and educational institutions, usually by organizing Presbyterians, Methodists and other Protestants in those philanthropic enterprises.^[5] In 1785 Rt. Rev. White founded the Episcopal Academy, to educate the sons of Philadelphia's Episcopalians and others. In 1795 Bishop White raised funds to create a school (built on Race Street between 4th and 5th) for black and Native American children. He also helped to create a Magdalen Society in Philadelphia in 1800 for "unhappy females who have been seduced from the paths of virtue and are desirous of returning to a life of rectitude." This was the first institution of this kind in the United States.^[6](See also: Magdalene asylum)

In 1820, Bishop White joined prominent Philadelphia philanthropists who, in 1820, convinced the Pennsylvania legislature to fund the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, founded by rabbi David G. Seixas, now known as the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf. Bishop White served as the school's president for the next 16 years. He also ministered to Philadelphia's prisoners, becoming the first president of the Philadelphia Society for the Alleviation of Miseries of Public Prisons, which attracted the participation of numerous Quakers. Not known for his oratory (but for quiet sardonic wit), bishop White earned Philadelphians' esteem for his erudition and ongoing charitable works, especially during the multiple outbreaks of yellow fever in that city throughout the 1790s. The bishop and his friend and neighbor Benjamin Rush were among the few prominent citizens who remained to tend the ill when many other wealthy inhabitants fled to the countryside.

As the bishop aged, arranging for his successor became divisive in the diocese. Rev. Benjamin Allen arrived from Virginia to lead the diocese's most evangelical congregation, St. Paul's and also founded another congregation, St. Andrew's, without the bishop's permission. Bishop White questioned certain aspects of lay leadership at the revival meetings. Rev. Allen and the evangelical party selected Rev. George Boyd to replace Rev. White's assistant James Abercrombie, and Rev. Allen in place of Rev. Kemper at the diocesan council. When they tried to elect Rev. Meade as White's coadjutor (assistant with right of succession) over White's preferred candidate (Rev. Bird Wilson, a professor at General Theological Seminary but canonically resident in Pennsylvania), the diocesan convention ended in a deadlock.^[7] At the next Convention, Wilson took himself out of contention, as did Meade, and the divided delegates eventually selected Rev. Henry Onderdonk of Brooklyn, New York (who preferred High Church practices but had also revitalized that congregation).

White was a member of the American Philosophical Society,^[8] along with many other prominent Philadelphians, including Benjamin Franklin, as well as a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania from 1774 until his death. During his tenure as trustee, he also served as Treasurer (1775–1778) and President (1790–1791) of the Board of Trustees.

Family connections and private life

Rev. William White, D.D., about 1830

Bishop White was married to Mary Harrison (1750–1797), who came from one of the First Families of Virginia. Mary's father, Capt. Henry Harrison, had also been the Mayor of Philadelphia from 1762-1763. The Whites had eight children, only three of whom survived to adulthood. As a widower, Bishop White supported seven of his grandchildren. In 1813, the bishop's widowed daughter Elizabeth brought her two daughters to live in the house. Elizabeth, called "Betsy" by the family, managed the household for nearly twenty years until her death in 1831. After the death of the Whites' son-in-law and daughter Mary, the Bishop and Betsy brought his five grandchildren (through Mary) into his home where they lived for the ten years leading up to his death.

White's younger sister Mary was married to Robert Morris, who was known as the "Financier of the Revolution" for securing funding for the colonial cause.

Bishop White's household included a free African American coachman, named John, but no slaves.^[9]

A lengthy obituary devoted to Bishop White in the National Gazette and Literary Register described him thus:

"...[T]he duties of the several important relations in which he stood to society were performed with undeviating correctness and suavity; he possessed the rare merit of winning the respect and love of an entire community to which he was an ornament and a blessing. His piety was deep and unfeigned; his walking humble yet dignified; his acquirements profound; in his mind the welfare of the Christian church was always the prominent consideration...He was one of those examples of steady virtue sent upon earth by Divine providence, as if to prove how near the great pattern of perfection it is permitted to approach."^[10]

Bishop White died at his home after a lingering illness, retaining his full mental faculties until the end. He was buried in the family vault at Christ Church Burial Ground on July 20, 1836, next to his brother-in-law, Robert Morris. On December 23, 1870 his remains were re-interred in the chancel of Christ Church.

Bishop White House

Bishop William White House

His home at 309 Walnut Street in Philadelphia is today part of Independence National Historical Park. It is notable, in part, as one of the first houses to have an indoor "necessary," at a time when most privies were built outside of houses. The prominent physician Benjamin Rush lived next door.

A second Bishop White House is located on Old Mill Lane, in the Historic District in Rose Valley, Pennsylvania. Bishop White sent his family to this house in 1793, during the Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic. Though his family lived there and he visited the house, White generally remained in Philadelphia.^[11]

Veneration

White is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on July 17.

Quote

In Bishop White's response of August 15, 1835 to Colonel Mercer of Fredericksburg, Virginia, he writes:

"In regard to the subject of your inquiry, truth requires me to say that General Washington never received the communion in the churches of which I am the parochial minister. Mrs. Washington was an habitual communicant...I have been written to by many on that point, and have been obliged to answer them as I now do you."

This letter is one piece of evidence among many which are frequently cited in support of Washington's deist or even atheist beliefs. Although Washington never received communion there, he attended services at Christ Church regularly for about 25 years. (See also: George Washington and religion)

See also

• List of bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America

References

• The Episcopal Church Annual. Morehouse Publishing: New York, NY (2005).

External links

• William White's works online
• U.S. Senate Chaplains
• Bishop White House: Clergyman to the Continental Congress
• The Bishop White House page at The National Park Service
• Biography and portraits at the University of Pennsylvania
• The Magdalen Society of Philadelphia Records, including records of the Society from its formation in 1800 until 1918, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
• Episcopal Life bulletin insert
• William White at Find a Grave