Wiebbe Hayes

Statue of Wiebbe Hayes at Geraldton

Wiebbe Hayes[1] (born about 1608) was a colonial soldier from Winschoten, Netherlands. Hayes became a national hero after he led a group of soldiers, sailors and other survivors of the shipwreck of the Batavia against the murderous mutineers led by Jeronimus Cornelisz at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands (Wallabi Group), off the Western Australian coastline in 1629.

Early life

Ship replica of the Batavia

Little is known about Wiebbe Hayes's background and early life. It is surmised that he was of Frisian descent, as he is known to have come from the small town of Winschoten in the Groningen Province of The Netherlands. Because Hayes could read and write, it is believed he had at least some basic formal education, and thus it is inferred that he was probably from a respectable, but impoverished family.[2]

In October 1628, Hayes boarded the Batavia along with about 70 other soldiers at the rank of Private. Employed by the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or VOC),[3] the soldiers were off to the Dutch East Indies for five years of garrison duty at Batavia (present-day Jakarta).[2] Most of the soldiers were young men in their late teens or early twenties. Hayes, at the time of the shipwreck, was thought to be about 21.[4]

Shipwreck

On the night of 3 June 1629, the Batavia was running under full sail when the look-out thought he saw breaking whitewater over shallows. He warned the skipper, Ariaen Jacobsz, who decided not to change course, believing that it was a reflection of the moon. Shortly afterwards, the Batavia ran aground at full speed on a coral reef near the Wallabi Group of islands. Attempts to refloat her failed, and she subsequently broke up.[2]

Main article: Batavia (ship)
A 1916 map of the Houtman Abrolhos, showing the Wallabi Group

It was at this point that Hayes was noticed by the VOC head-merchant Francisco Pelsaert. As sailors and soldiers helped in the process of ferrying people to the nearby islands, Hayes was there helping passengers down, passing supplies, offering soothing words, directing commands and doing whatever was needed to be done to accomplish the hazardous tasks as safely as possible.[5]

Francisco Pelsaert and the ship skipper, Adriaen Jacobsz, realised that there was only one chance of rescue for the survivors. Thus four days after the shipwreck, they – along with about 40 others – sailed in an open boat for Java in order to get help.[6] With Pelsaert and Jacobsz gone, the VOC under-merchant Jeronimus Cornelisz was the most senior official. Cornelisz had been plotting a mutiny prior to the shipwreck, and had planned along with his co-conspirators to use the Batavia for piracy. Following the shipwreck, Cornelisz and his supporters now plotted instead to seize control of the rescue ship when it arrived. Before this could be done, however, he needed to neutralize those in the ship's company who potentially stood in his way.

At some point early in the shipwreck, a hardy and loyal group of soldiers had spontaneously gathered around Wiebbe Hayes. Hayes was an ordinary soldier, but during the events and hardships they had just experienced, he must have shown uncommon qualities of natural leadership and courage, which had earned him the respect and trust of his comrades.[6] Records show that Hayes had stepped out of obscurity to become a rallying point for many survivors.[7] After Pelsaert departed for help, Hayes and the other soldiers constructed shelters and set up a small piece of sail in such a fashion that it both provided shelter from the wind and collected whatever rain might fall, funnelling it down into a waiting barrel. Hayes also organised a systematic search for water on the island.[5]

Hayes' leadership qualities did not go unnoticed by Cornelisz and his followers. Arguing that the survivors lacked space and resources at Beacon Island, Cornelisz hand-picked Hayes, along with about 20 other men including a number of soldiers, to explore for fresh water on two large nearby islands, now known as West and East Wallabi Islands.[2][7] Cornelisz persuaded Hayes and his associates to leave behind their weapons before conducting their search. He assumed the men would not find water, and that they would either die of thirst or return unarmed and unsuspecting to Beacon Island, whereupon they could be easily disposed of.[8][9]

With his potential opponents out of the way, Cornelisz and his followers subsequently began a reign of terror on the island, raping, murdering and terrorizing the helpless passengers and crew who were not part of their conspiracy.

Defiance

Nearly three weeks after Hayes' departure to the 'high islands', a smoke signal was received from one of them. Clearly, Wiebbe Hayes and his soldiers had found fresh water. This complicated matters greatly for Cornelisz, who had believed the stranded group were either dead or dying. First, it meant they had a means to survive. Secondly, he was in danger of their warning any rescue ship approaching.[10]

A 1647 engraving showing the Beacon Island massacre of survivors of the Batavia shipwreck

Initially, Cornelisz ignored the smoke, and Hayes wondered why no one came to their island. Then, in the days that followed, a small group of survivors from Cornelisz' reign of terror began to drift across the lagoon to Hayes' location on makeshift rafts with stories of atrocities including rape, murder and massacre.[4][11]

Despite being outranked by two cadets and other VOC officials, Hayes took command of the group and acted quickly to organise a defence of the island. He improvised weapons such as cudgels, pikes, and planks from the Batavia wreckage with 16-inch long carpenter's nails driven through them. On the top of a slope, which the attackers would have to climb after landing, he used dry stones to build a small fort, erected near the freshwater well. Within the enclosure, his men piled up a large heap of heavy rocks and sharp stones to hurl at the attackers should they attempt to storm the fort.[2][11]

During August and September, Cornelisz's gang made three attempts to take the island, but were repelled each time. On the third attempt, Cornelisz himself was taken prisoner and his best three lieutenants were killed. As a result, the rest of the mutineers fled in panic. On 17 September, the mutineers made a fourth and final attempt to take the island armed with two muskets and were winning the battle by firing from a distance. In the very midst of hostilities, however, a sail unexpectedly appeared on the horizon—that of the small VOC ship Sardam under the command of Pelsaert, who had returned. Hayes once again acted more quickly than the mutineers, and organized a party to row to the rescue ship, warning them of the mutineers' intentions. When the mutineers reached Pelsaert's vessel, they found their scheme had been discovered, and surrendered without a fight, some of them breaking down and spontaneously confessing to horrendous crimes.[2][4][6][7][11]

Aftermath

Pelsaert promoted Hayes on the spot to the rank of Sergeant at a salary of 18 guilders per month — twice his former wage — and placed him in charge of all surviving soldiers. Upon arriving at Batavia, Wiebbe Hayes became a national hero, was decorated by the VOC and was promoted to the rank of standard-bearer (Lieutenant), with another significant increase in pay.[2][12] The record of the promotion is also the last time Hayes is mentioned in the Dutch archives, and therefore nothing is known of his subsequent fate. He is remembered by his actions that bear witness to his strength of character, military ability, natural leadership, good judgement and courage.[6]

The remnants of defensive walls and stone shelters built by Wiebbe Hayes and his men on West Wallabi Island are Australia's oldest known European structures.[10][13][14][15] The Wiebbe Hayes Stone Fort and the well can still be seen to this day.[6][15]

In the 1970s, the wreck of the Batavia was located and many artifacts were salvaged. Some of them are now on exhibition at the Batavia Gallery in Fremantle, Western Australia.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Some early Dutch records spell his name as 'Weybehays'. (Richard Major, Early Voyages to Terra Australis. New York, B. Franklin. (1963) OCLC 3557992.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dash, Mike (2002). Batavia's Graveyard. Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London. OCLC 49757935 ISBN 0-575-07024-2.
  3. ↑ Literally "United East Indian Company".
  4. 1 2 3 Edwards, Hugh (1966). Islands of Angry Ghosts. Hodder and Stoughton, London. OCLC 63384174
  5. 1 2 Fitzsimons, Peter (2011, pps 129 & 152). Batavia. Published by Random House Australia, North Sydney. OCLC 657053586. ISBN 9781864710403.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Leys, Simon (2005). The Wreck of the Batavia & Prosper. Melbourne: Black Inc. OCLC 65525975. ISBN 1-86395-150-4.
  7. 1 2 3 Drake-Brockman, Henrietta (1995). Voyage to Disaster. University of Western Australia Press. OCLC 225193197. ISBN 1-920694-72-2.
  8. ↑ British Broadcasting Company (2003). The Tale of the 'Batavia' - Waiting in Turn to Die. Retrieved on 22 May 2008.
  9. ↑ W.A. Government (2008). Batavia History. Retrieved on 22 May 2008.
  10. 1 2 Dept. of the Environment and Heritage (2006). Batavia Shipwreck Site and Survivor Camps Area 1629. Retrieved on 22 May 2008.
  11. 1 2 3 Godard, Philippe (1993). The first and last voyage of the Batavia. Perth: Abrolhos. OCLC 69060946. ISBN 0-646-10519-1.
  12. ↑ VOC Historical Society (2007). Batavia's Graveyard. Retrieved on 20 May 2008.
  13. ↑ Australian Broadcasting Company (2003). Shipwrecks: Batavia. Retrieved on 22 May 2008.
  14. ↑ Batavia Shipwreck Site and Survivor Camps Area 1629 (2008). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Retrieved on 24 May 2008.
  15. 1 2 Elder, Bruce (2005). The Brutal Shore. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 24 May 2008.
  16. ↑ VOC Shipwrecks (2008). Batavia. Retrieved on 22 May 2008.

External links

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