White Rock, British Columbia

White Rock
City
The Corporation of the City of White Rock

Marine Drive, White Rock

Flag
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 49°1′11.7″N 122°48′9.4″W / 49.019917°N 122.802611°W / 49.019917; -122.802611Coordinates: 49°1′11.7″N 122°48′9.4″W / 49.019917°N 122.802611°W / 49.019917; -122.802611
Country  Canada
Province  British Columbia
Regional District Metro Vancouver
Incorporated April 15, 1957
Government
 • Mayor Wayne Baldwin
 • Governing Body White Rock City Council
 • MP Dianne Watts (Conservatives)
 • MLA Gordon Hogg (BC Liberals)
Area
 • City 5.13 km2 (1.98 sq mi)
Elevation 80 m (260 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
 • City 19,339
 • Density 3,773.5/km2 (9,773/sq mi)
 • Urban 82,368[2]
Time zone Pacific Time Zone (UTC-8)
 • Summer (DST) Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-7)
Postal code span V4B
Area code(s) 604, 778
Website http://www.whiterockcity.ca/

White Rock is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is a member municipality of Metro Vancouver, the governing body of the Greater Vancouver Regional District. It borders Semiahmoo Bay and is surrounded on three sides by South Surrey. To the south lies the Semiahmoo First Nation, which is within the city limits of Surrey. Semiahmoo Bay and the Southern Gulf Islands in the Strait of Georgia are also to the south.

Overview

White Rock pier on a warm August day

The boundaries between White Rock and Surrey are Bergstrom Road (136 Street) to the west, North Bluff Road (16th Avenue) to the north, Stayte Road (160 Street) to the east, and 8th Avenue to the south. The area south of 8 Avenue from Stayte Road westward to where 8 Avenue meets the water is the Semiahmoo Indian Reserve and lies within the bounds of the City of Surrey (though it is governed separately). The Surrey neighbourhoods of Ocean Park and Crescent Beach lie immediately to the northwest.

White Rock has a moderate climate, with average daily high temperatures of 23 degrees Celsius in summer and 6 degrees Celsius in winter.[3]

White Rock is named for a distinctive large white boulder on its beach near the promenade, a glacial erratic that migrated south during the last glaciation. The 486-ton granite boulder was kept white by shellfish-eating seabirds whose guano covered the rock, so much so that 19th-century sailors used it as a beacon. However, it is now kept white through monthly applications of white paint by the city parks department, and has been a popular graffiti target for over thirty years.

The pier and promenade are popular destinations, but do not allow dogs, bicycles or skateboards. These areas are very busy during the warmer summer months, especially when it comes to line-ups for gelato or fish and chips.

The current mayor, Wayne Baldwin, was elected on November 19, 2011.[4]

History

Oral history

White Rock's namesake

The large, white rock figures prominently in narratives of the local Coast Salish peoples. One legend holds that the white rock marks the landing spot of a stone that was hurled across the Strait of Georgia by a young chief.[5] It was said that he and his bride would move from Vancouver Island to wherever the rock landed to make a home together. It was their descendants who became the Semiahmoo First Nation.

Early history

Clock and lookout platform

The Straits Salish people dominated the region from Boundary Bay in the north to Birch Bay in the south (in the U.S.). Semiahmoo First Nation permanent encampments were known to exist between 1791, the first European contact, and the 1850s, the beginnings of European settlement. These were located along the waterfront at the eastern and western limits of the present City of White Rock. The Semiahmoo people also constructed forts as lookouts for raiders from the northern first nations; one is located in the Ocean Park area.

The Oregon boundary dispute culminated in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which settled the outstanding border issues between Great Britain and the United States. Previously, these issues had been put on hold through a shared occupancy agreement of the Oregon territory by the two nations in the Treaty of 1818. In turn, the International Boundary Survey Commission began in 1857 to set the boundary between the United States and British North America, roughly along the 49th parallel, which runs through Semiahmoo Bay and Boundary Bay to Point Roberts, Washington.

A 180-degree panorama of the promenade and Semiahmoo Bay, from the pier.

The Semiahmoo Trail still exists in White Rock and South Surrey, running from the site of the Boundary Commission Camp at the estuary of the Campbell River, overland to Mud Bay north of Crescent Beach. An 1865 survey map calls this route the 'Telegraph Trail'. During the real-estate boom of the 1980s and 90s, the City of Surrey preserved much of the trail, extending it from 20 Avenue to the Nicomekl River. On 148 Street, a specially constructed "Semiahmoo Trail" pedestrian overpass keeps the trail intact.

Modern history

The modern history of White Rock is directly tied to the railway linking British Columbia to Washington state, which runs along the shore of Semiahmoo Bay to the border. The rail is currently owned by BNSF Railway and runs alongside the promenade at the beach. This was originally the Great Northern line, and it opened up White Rock and Crescent Beach to tourists from Vancouver and New Westminster in the early 1900s.[6] The border crossing closest to White Rock (at Douglas, B.C., and Blaine, Washington) was officially opened in 1908, and the Peace Arch at the border crossing was constructed in the 1920s.

The white rock as seen from the pier, with Washington's Mount Baker in the distant background; White Rock's proximity to the United States has played an important role in its history.

In 1913, the present railway station was opened, and the Fox and Hunter Shingle mill began operation. The Campbell River Mill also opened to the east, bringing a minor boom in the local economy. The now-famous pier was opened in 1914 to provide a deep-water mooring facility.

In the 1950s, White Rock residents began to feel isolated from the then–District of Surrey, where development was being concentrated elsewhere, particularly in North Surrey and Cloverdale. On April 15, 1957, a special warrant from the Government of British Columbia created the City of White Rock within its present boundary.

In the 1950s, Peace Arch Hospital opened and continues as a major employer in the city and health facility for the region.

Development was concentrated near the waterfront until the 1960s and 1970s. Many small cliffside dwellings were affordable to those unable to pay the cost of living closer to Vancouver. White Rock gained a reputation for being a retirement centre.

White Rock pier

The development of Highway 99 and the opening of the Deas Island Tunnel (now the George Massey Tunnel) created a second boom for the White Rock area, providing a more convenient commuter route to Vancouver. No longer dependent upon the railway, development crept up the hillside. In the 1980s, the City of Surrey designated South Surrey as a town centre comparable to Guildford, Cloverdale, and Newton. The Semiahmoo Mall opened in Surrey on the north side of 16 Avenue (the south side of which is North Bluff Road within White Rock).

In 1979, chartered accountant Tom Kirstein and architect Chip Barrett organized an annual sandcastle competition, which became internationally famous. The event took advantage of the long, sandy beach exposed at low tide, giving enough time for entrants to construct elaborate displays. Prizes of up to $10,000 were awarded, and crowds of 150,000 were estimated at the competition's height. In 1987, the contest was ended because of security costs and concerns. In 2008, a group of local high school students (Sara Woodward, Jorden Abernethy, Daniel Fowler, Michael Vanderpolder, and Tasha Svenson) and members of the community (Spenser Bolen, Michael Nolan, Trixie Nolan, and Lisa Nolan) launched a Sandcastle Competition revival. This competition drew 40,000 guests and over 70 teams.

The City of White Rock as viewed from the White Rock Pier.

The 1970s saw the White Rock/South Surrey area develop into a suburban bedroom community of the Lower Mainland. A real-estate boom in the area drew many young families to homes marketed to young professionals, a process that intensified in the mid-1990s. Today, many parts of the community resemble the type of suburban development seen across North America. Some cliffside cottages have given way to large homes, and multimillion-dollar properties have appeared in the area.

White Rock sunset.

In the late 1980s, the development of the Peninsula Village Mall on 24 Avenue in Surrey pushed development farther north and hurt some small businesses in White Rock. Recent commercial and residential development in Surrey's Grandview Heights neighbourhood, east of Highway 99 at 24 Avenue, continues the trend of auto-oriented, suburban development in the surrounding area. While the City of White Rock lies ten blocks to the southwest of this 6.5-km big-box project, the community's centre of gravity may shift again as development continues.

Uptown White Rock has been the site of significant new developments in recent years, with medium-rise condos becoming more prominent. The City of White Rock's fire department was located half a block north of its city limits until the early 1990s, when a new firehall was built across from City Hall. In 2007, the White Rock Little League team made it to the Little League World Series. The Chonos were constructed in 2012.

Transportation

A freight train runs along the beach as the sun sets in 2009.

Transportation in White Rock largely revolves around the automobile. Highway 99 is a freeway that links the White Rock area with Vancouver to the north and U.S. Interstate 5, via the Douglas border crossing, to the south. King George Highway (Highway 99A) links the Douglas border with Surrey and New Westminster. Johnston Road (152 Street) links White Rock to Guildford and the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1).

Most of White Rock's bus routes run through the White Rock Centre transit exchange. From there, the 351 and 354 buses, which previously ran to downtown Vancouver, now terminate at Bridgeport station in Richmond; Vancouver-bound passengers have to transfer onto the Canada Line rapid transit line. Only one route serving the area, the 352 Ocean Park/Bridgeport Station express bus, does not run through White Rock Centre. The 321, 345, and 394 buses provide service to North Surrey, notably to Surrey Central and King George Skytrain stations, and the 375 service runs through White Rock Centre from just north of the Peace Arch border crossing to Guildford Town Centre. The new 531 bus runs from White Rock Centre to Willowbrook Mall in Langley. Community Shuttle routes, the C50, C51, C52, and C53, service local communities within White Rock and South Surrey.

BNSF Railway has a single-track main line through White Rock that runs the length of the White Rock beach promenade. The city itself has no train service; however, this rail line is a major corridor for goods transported between the ports of Vancouver and the continental U.S., as well as for the Amtrak Cascades passenger service between Seattle and Vancouver via Bellingham, Washington. The Canadian National Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) also have trackage rights along the line. Goods transported on the corridor include Canadian softwood lumber, coal, paper products, and general merchandise. The CPR runs regular potash trains along the line to the Canpotex export terminal in Oregon.[7]

Climate

White Rock's climate is moderate year-round and its temperature is often two or three degrees higher than in nearby Vancouver. Because the city is set away from the Coast Mountains, it sees less fog, fewer rainy days and shorter snowfalls. Meteorological statistics show that White Rock does, in fact, receive 20 per cent more sunshine than does Vancouver. Summer temperatures average 23 °C/73 °F in summer and 6 °C/43 °F in winter. Annual rainfall averages 1,064mm/42ins.[8]

Climate data for White Rock
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7)		 20.5
(68.9)		 19.5
(67.1)		 27.0
(80.6)		 31.5
(88.7)		 31.5
(88.7)		 34.0
(93.2)		 32.0
(89.6)		 30.5
(86.9)		 24.0
(75.2)		 20.1
(68.2)		 16.0
(60.8)		 34.0
(93.2)
Average high °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1)		 8.9
(48)		 11.5
(52.7)		 13.8
(56.8)		 17.0
(62.6)		 19.3
(66.7)		 21.5
(70.7)		 21.8
(71.2)		 19.3
(66.7)		 14.2
(57.6)		 9.3
(48.7)		 6.4
(43.5)		 14.2
(57.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3)		 5.7
(42.3)		 7.8
(46)		 10.0
(50)		 13.1
(55.6)		 15.4
(59.7)		 17.2
(63)		 17.4
(63.3)		 14.8
(58.6)		 10.7
(51.3)		 6.7
(44.1)		 3.8
(38.8)		 10.6
(51.1)
Average low °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4)		 2.4
(36.3)		 4.1
(39.4)		 6.2
(43.2)		 9.1
(48.4)		 11.5
(52.7)		 13.0
(55.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 10.3
(50.5)		 7.2
(45)		 4.0
(39.2)		 1.2
(34.2)		 7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F) −12.0
(10.4)		 −14.0
(6.8)		 −7.2
(19)		 −1.1
(30)		 1.7
(35.1)		 3.9
(39)		 7.0
(44.6)		 6.0
(42.8)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 −14.5
(5.9)		 −14.0
(6.8)		 −14.5
(5.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 146.8
(5.78)		 99.3
(3.909)		 97.5
(3.839)		 83.4
(3.283)		 73.2
(2.882)		 59.6
(2.346)		 41.1
(1.618)		 39.0
(1.535)		 46.4
(1.827)		 111.0
(4.37)		 171.2
(6.74)		 139.7
(5.5)		 1,108.2
(43.63)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 134.7
(5.303)		 93.6
(3.685)		 96.7
(3.807)		 83.4
(3.283)		 73.2
(2.882)		 59.6
(2.346)		 41.1
(1.618)		 39.0
(1.535)		 46.4
(1.827)		 110.7
(4.358)		 169.0
(6.654)		 130.5
(5.138)		 1,077.8
(42.433)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 12.1
(4.76)		 5.7
(2.24)		 0.9
(0.35)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.3
(0.12)		 2.2
(0.87)		 9.2
(3.62)		 30.4
(11.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 17.6 14.3 15.7 14.3 12.3 11.4 7.1 6.0 7.9 15.1 18.8 17.0 157.4
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 16.6 13.3 15.6 14.3 12.3 11.4 7.1 6.0 7.9 15.0 18.4 15.9 153.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 1.9 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 2.1 6.9
Source: [9]

Demographics

Canada 2006 Census Population % of Total Population
Visible minority group
Source:[10] 		South Asian 330 1.8%
Chinese 455 2.5%
Black 125 0.7%
Filipino 170 0.9%
Latin American 145 0.8%
Arab 20 0.1%
Southeast Asian 60 0.3%
West Asian 10 0.1%
Korean 365 2%
Japanese 150 0.8%
Other visible minority 0 0%
Mixed visible minority 20 0.1%
Total visible minority population 1,855 10.2%
Aboriginal group
Source:[11] 		First Nations 140 0.8%
Métis 135 0.7%
Inuit 10 0.1%
Total Aboriginal population 285 1.6%
Caucasian 16,030 88.2%
Total population 18,170 100%

Events

White Rock in television and film

Scenes from the boxing film Knockout were filmed in White Rock. Portions of the 1965 film The Railrodder starring Buster Keaton were filmed in White Rock. Much of the 1982 movie Big Meat Eater was filmed near and around the White Rock waterfront. The USA Network's detective comedy Psych is also filmed in White Rock, though the series is set in Santa Barbara, California. There is also a brief scene in Leaving Normal filmed at the White Rock waterfront. Scenes from The X-Files were also filmed here, as were scenes from the Steven Seagal movie Driven to Kill.

Notable residents

References

  1. ↑ Statistics Canada (2006 Census). White Rock Community Profile
  2. ↑ Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses: British Columbia. Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 13, 2013
  3. ↑ City Of White Rock Website
  4. ↑ "2011 Local Election". White Rock. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  5. ↑ White Rock Museum and Archives
  6. ↑ Virtual Museum Canada
  7. ↑ Canpotex website
  8. ↑ "Geography - White Rock". www.hellobc.com. Destination BC. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data". Environment Canada. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  10. ↑ Rock&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=, Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision
  11. ↑ , Aboriginal Peoples - Data table
  12. ↑ "Liberals win B.C. byelection easily". Waterloo Region Record. 16 September 1997. p. 4. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  13. ↑ "Jewel Staite – Biography". TV.com. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
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