Walter L. Dodge House

Walter Luther Dodge House
General information
Type Reinforced concrete
Architectural style Early Modern
Location 950 N. Kings Rd., West Hollywood, California
Coordinates 35°27′38.41″N 119°52′58.13″W / 35.4606694°N 119.8828139°W / 35.4606694; -119.8828139Coordinates: 35°27′38.41″N 119°52′58.13″W / 35.4606694°N 119.8828139°W / 35.4606694; -119.8828139
Construction started 1914
Completed 1916
Demolished 1970
Design and construction
Architect Irving Gill
Other information
Number of rooms

16

Walter Luther Dodge House
NRHP Reference # 68000058
Significant dates
Added to NRHP 1968
Removed from NRHP 1970

The Walter L. Dodge House in West Hollywood, California, was an architecturally significant home, designed by Irving Gill in the Early Modern style. Though the Dodge House received significant recognition from architectural experts, it was targeted for redevelopment. A long preservation effort to shield it from the wrecking ball ultimately failed, ending with complete demolition in 1970. The Dodge House was replaced by apartments.

American architectural historian William Jordy and the American Institute of Architects ranked it among the 15 most architecturally significant American houses.

Design and early reaction

The 16-room house was designed by Gill in 1914 and built between 1914 and 1916 for Walter Luther Dodge, maker of "Tiz," a patented medicine for tired feet.[1] The reinforced-concrete house blended Spanish Mission and Modern architectural styles.[2] It also incorporated many technological innovations, including a kitchen-sink garbage disposal; an automatic car wash in the garage; plain, flush doors that swung on hidden hinges or slid into walls; a central vacuum cleaning system; sheet-metal doors; natural and unadorned (simply polished) wood surfaces indoors; and skylights and windows that provided for luminous sunlit interiors.[3]

The Dodge House was considered one of Gill's finest works, "revealing a functional asymmetry whose ornament was derived solely from the studied geometry of the sharp openings in plain walls."[4] In 1921, House Beautiful published a profile of the Dodge House by Eloise Roorbach and noted:

"This house, though unmistakably Californian, nevertheless exemplifies certain bold and novel ideas in design, construction and decoration that make it notable, even in this land where originality in architecture is to be expected.... It is without ornament save that furnished by vines, for he believes beauty should be organic and that no amount of ornament can redeem a badly designed structure. There is not even an overhanging roof to break the severity of the exterior, and as may be seen in the photograph, there is a distinction, a dignity about it that is classic. Mr Gill thinks there is nothing more arrestingly beautiful than a plain wall across which move cloud shadows or a silhouette of flower, and that no carving or frescoing could more perfectly finish a doorway or window than a vine or creeper."[5]

History

1920s through early 1960s

Irving J. Gill (1870-1936)

Walter Dodge used the house as his retirement home until 1924, when he sold it to T. Morrison McKenna for $125,000.[2][3]

In 1939, the Los Angeles Board of Education acquired the property in a contested condemnation action, and the house was never again put to full use.[2] The Board paid McKenna $69,000 for the property and planned to build a high school or junior high school on the site.[2][6] In 1951, however, the Board determined that a school was not needed in the area.[2] The house was used briefly from 1961-1962 by the Fairfax High School adult education program.[2]

Preservation efforts

Two developments began the process toward demolition. First, in 1963, the Board of Education declared the property a "surplus."[3][7] Second, the following year, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors rezoned the property to R-4, increasing the allowable development from eight to 200 units, making the site attractive for high-density, large apartment-building construction.[2][3][3][6]

To protect the building from demolition, local residents and architects formed the "Citizens' Committee to Save the Dodge House."[6] Under pressure from this group, the Board of Education turned down a $820,000 offer in September 1965 from a bidder unwilling to pledge to save the house.[6] The Board of Education gave the Citizens' Committee several months to arrange for the sale of the property to a public agency, or else propose another means of saving it.[6]

Preservation efforts were stymied by public perception that, despite the opinions of architectural experts, the Dodge House was unremarkable. A writer in the Los Angeles Times noted that it could pass for a far more recent home and summed up the rationale for the public apathy toward it as follows:

"In some ways, it's a house only an architect would love. Nothing noteworthy ever happened there, and it's not really old enough to claim historical status. Visually, it has neither the charm nor nostalgia of a 'period piece,' nor the spectacularly expressive design of many 'modern' residences. From the outside, it seems quite ordinary: two stories high, flat roofed, with undecorated white walls, simple rectangular metal windows, and a few arches to remind the viewer that he is in Los Angeles and not somewhere else."[3]

In March 1966, the Board of Education sold the property to Beverly Hills financier Bart Lytton for $800,000.[2] In May 1967, Lytton announced a $2.4 million development plan for the 2.75-acre (11,100 m2) site. His scheme would have preserved the Dodge House and added on site seven separate three-story buildings, housing a total of 48 studio apartments.[2] When Lytton's plan was announced, the Los Angeles Times headline read: "Saving of Dodge House Assured by Financier."[2] But Lytton's plan fell apart when his business began declining. His toppled from control of his company, which the Equitable Savings & Loan Association acquired.[3] The Los Angeles Times noted that, with the ouster of Lytton, the Dodge House "lost its protector."[3]

Efforts to block demolition continued into the late 1960s, as the American Institute of Architects sought a Federal open-space grant to save the house. Famed architect Richard Neutra noted that the Dodge House was required study for architecture students throughout the world,[8] and declared that demolition of the Dodge House would "not be a passing event ... it would become and epic, an international scandal."[3] The Los Angeles Times pled: "Let this generation of Angelenos not be remembered as one that betrayed its successors for a few dollars."[3]

Demolition and replacement with apartments

In November 1969, a lawsuit by the Citizens' Committee, seeking to stop the sale of the Dodge House, was rejected,[9] and the house was sold to Riviera Management Company.[7] The new owner demolished the house during a drenching rainstorm on February 9, 1970.[7][10] On learning of the demolition, architect Kurt Meyer, who had fought for seven years to save the house, said, "This is like slashing a Rembrandt with a razor."[10] The bulldozing of the Dodge House has been called one of "the most shameful chapters in L.A.'s legacy of self-destruction,"[11] and The New York Times called it a "tragic commentary on how we throw our national heritage away."[7]

Apartments were built on the site.[12]

Lasting acclaim

Critical acclaim for the Dodge House has continued despite the demolition. Examples of the critical response include the following:

Bemoaning the loss of the Dodge House, the Daily News wrote in 1991: "Mention the name Irving J. Gill, and anyone who values our local architectural heritage is bound to rant and fume. Here was one of our true cultural pioneers ... Gill's dream for a California architectural style was not the grandiose exotic palaces of a Frank Lloyd Wright; he designed for humans, on a human scale. And now most of his best work has been lost. ... His gorgeous Dodge House in West Hollywood is long gone."[15]

In December 2008, a panel of experts selected by the Los Angeles Times selected the Walter Dodge House as one of the top ten houses in Southern California. The Times wrote: "Hard to believe this Modernist treasure was torn down to make way for apartments, but it happened 38 years ago, when historic preservation was still an exotic notion here. ... Nowadays, Gill's historic home survives only through photographs, memory and reputation."[16]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kevin Starr (1991). Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s, p. 220. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507260-X.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Saving of Dodge House Assured by Financier". Los Angeles Times. 1967-05-11.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 John Pastier (1969-08-31). "Dodge House Future Hangs in Balance as Threats Reach Peak". Los Angeles Times.
  4. ↑ Leland M. Roth (1980). A Concise History of American Architecture, p. 212. Westview Press. ISBN 0-06-430086-2.
  5. ↑ Eloise Roorbach (February 1921). "A California House of Distinguished Simplicity: Which exemplifies the Novel Ideas in Design, Construction and Decoration Held by the Architect, Irving J. Gill". House Beautiful.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Ken Reich (1965-11-21). "'Preserve Dodge House' Group Faces Deadline". Los Angeles Times.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ada Louise Huxtable (1970-03-08). The Fresno Bee (New York Times News Service article). Missing or empty |title= (help) ("Another Monday-morning wrecking has destroyed Irving Gill's 1916 Dodge House in Los Angeles, considered one of the 15 most significant houses in the history of American domestic architecture.")
  8. ↑ "Dodge House Auction Plan Criticized". The Independent. 1965-08-24.
  9. ↑ "Court Refuses to Block Famed Dodge House Sale". The Valley News. 1969-11-18.
  10. 1 2 3 "Victim of a Bulldozer: Magnificent Mansion Now Rubble". Pomona Progress-Bulletin (AP wire service article). 1970-02-10.
  11. ↑ Nicolai Ourossoff (2000-07-09). "Architecture Under Glass; As the city struggles over what buildings to preserve and how to preserve them, will L.A.'s cutting edge survive its new respect for the past?". Los Angeles Times.
  12. ↑ "A few stops on a tour of phantom L.A.". Los Angeles Times. 2002-12-29.
  13. 1 2 "Walter Luther Dodge House" (PDF). Historic American Buildings Survey. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 14.
  14. ↑ "Famed Dodge House Reduced to Rubble". The Press-Courier (AP wire service story). 1970-02-10. ("Even a drenching rainstorm failed Monday to halt demolition of the two-story, 16-room mansion rated by the American Institute of Architects as one of the 15 most significant residences in the United States.")
  15. ↑ Alan Rich (1991-02-08). "Weekend Diversion - Architectural Landmark Is Rare Gill Treasure". Daily News (Los Angeles).
  16. ↑ Mitchell, Sean (December 27, 2008). "The best houses of all time in L.A.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
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