Women of the Ku Klux Klan

The WKKK (also known as the Women's Ku Klux Klan or Women of the Ku Klux Klan) was one of a number of auxiliaries of the Ku Klux Klan. While most women focused on the moral, civic, and educational agenda of the Klan, they also had considerable involvement in issues of race, class, ethnicity, gender, and religion (Feldman 2003, p. 25). The women in the WKKK fought for education and social reform like other Progressive reformers but with extreme racism and intolerance.[1] Particularly prominent in the 1920s, the WKKK existed in every state, but their strongest chapters were in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Arkansas. White, native-born, Protestant women over age 16 were allowed to join the Klan. Women of the Klan differed from Klansmen primarily in their political agenda to incorporate racism, nationalism, traditional morality, and religious intolerance in everyday life through mostly non-violent tactics.[2]

History

First Wave

The first wave of the WKKK began in the mid-1860s, co-founded by James C.N. Chambers and Rosie Chappell, and extended for about ten years. Although women were not participating members, women were often used as a symbol of racial and sexual supremacy protected by the men of the KKK. Some women assisted with sewing Klansmen's costumes and others even let the men borrow their own clothes to serve as a disguise. One of the stated purposes of the Klan in the first wave was that "females, friends, widows, and their households shall ever be special objects of our regard and protection," which only referred to white women. Black and low-class white women, and white women judged as promiscuous were often the victims of rape and assault as Klansmen deemed them to be "lacking in virtue." (Hodes 1993, pp. 409–410)

Second Wave

The second wave began in the early 1920s. In 1923, the Women of the Ku Klux Klan was formed as an auxiliary group to the Ku Klux Klan with its capitol in Little Rock, Arkansas. Like the Klan, they were anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant, and anti-black. Although they were not as violent as their male counterpart, the KKK, they did sometimes resort to violent tactics. By the end of the decade, Klan collapsed rapidly as a result of economic depression, internal battles, and financial scandals.

During the 1920s, the women helped the Ku Klux Klan expand their efforts throughout the country. The WKKK did function separately from the KKK but would join them in parades, social functions, and occasionally meetings.[3] To qualify for membership, one had to be a native-born, white, Protestant, woman.[4]

Third Wave

Women played a minor role during the third wave which appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s. KKK members consisted largely of men of the rural South who had little education and money. Much of their violence was aimed at African Americans.[2] Women no longer played a prominent role as they were integrated into the Ku Klux Klan.[2]

Modern Wave

The fourth and "modern" wave emerged in the late 1980s. With women participating as full members of the Klan, they could even serve as leaders and come from a range of social and economic classes. These women could be mothers, employed, and unemployed. The modern wave has been primarily fueled by economic, racial, and religious motives.[2]

Recruitment

During the wave of the 1920s, activism was strongest due to the efforts of women's suffrage. Many members were related to Klansmen. Some women joined the WKKK against the wishes of their husbands who felt it out of their partners' "wifely duty" and a rebellious attempt to increase her political power. Women also joined in an effort to preserve their white Protestant rights as they felt violated by the intrusion of immigrant and African-American voters. The WKKK hired "lecturers, organizers, and recruiters to establish new local chapters" where the KKK was especially successful.[2] Some advertisements appealed to women by asking for their help in restoring America.

Many women joined the WKKK because they believed it was their duty to their country to protect the threats of the minorities, which included African Americans and immigrants. The women not only wanted to conform to the traditional familial roles of wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters, but also wanted to assist in the white supremacist movement. Some men were also looking for a way to get their wives involved in the movement and pushed for the formation of a Women’s Ku Klux Klan.[5]

To educate potential WKKK prospects, the women used pamphlets with information about the Klan’s beliefs to serve as recruiting tools. Currently these pamphlets are used as research tools to see in the minds of the Klan’s women since there is very little information about those involved due to security concerns within the group.[6]

Today women are recruited to a much lesser extent than what once existed. Men hold the highest power, strongly limiting the rights of contemporary women in politics and propaganda.[2]

Activities

Klanswomen gather on August 31, 1929 in front of Assembly Hall, Zarephath, NJ for "Patriotic Day" during the Pillar of Fire Church's annual Camp Meeting. [7]

Dissimilar from the KKK, Klanswomen typically worked to strengthen the organisation, "led political assaults on non-Klan businesses," and worked to strengthen the base of the Klan. They organized rallies, festivals, and day-long ritual carnivals that involved parading through town, crossburning, and a series of lectures and speeches. They held boycotts against anti-Klan store owners. Klanswomen engaged in a number of rites of passage like Klan wedding services, christening ceremonies, and funeral services. Women of the Klan also worked to reform public schools, doing so by distributing Bibles in schools, working to have Catholic teachers fired, and running for positions on school board seats. In an effort to influence politics, Klanswomen would lobby voters and distribute negative reports on non-Klan member candidates.[2]

Conflict amongst Klan members

During the second wave, men and women had similar agendas but often faced conflicts regarding distribution of dues. A few situations regarding financial mismanagement and illegal practices were brought to court in Arkansas, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Many men disagreed with allowing women into the clan during the 1920s, as they felt it went against the beliefs of the Klan. Klansmen also disliked the ridicule they received from non-Klan members for allowing women to have a voice in politics and bringing them out of the home where they belonged.

During the second wave of the WKKK, conflict arouse when Alice B. Cloud of Dallas, Texas filed a lawsuit with two other Klan members against the head of the WKKK, Robbie Gill Comer, and her husband, claiming that they took funds from the WKKK and used them for personal use. Upon looking into financial records of the WKKK, the court found that they had been squandering almost $70,000 of funds for unnecessary needs of the WKKK headquarters and for personal use as well. Women began to drop out of the WKKK and form other organizations of their own due to problems within the Klan, competing leadership, and corruption financially. Women were also concerned with the increase in the participation of the male Klan violence, which, in turn caused them to leave the Klan.[4]

Conflict arose during the modern wave regarding gender equity, as the Klan adheres to rules of "moral conservatism", such as disbelief in divorce and insistence of male authority in politics and in the home. In today's movement, many Klanswomen claim that the organization does not support women in their practices, and they feel constrained by the limitations set before them by Klansmen. Many women of the modern Klan do not wish their daughters to be a part of it, as they feel that women are not well respected.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Hill, Jackie (2008). "Progressive Values in the Women's Ku Klux Klan". Constructing the Past. 9 (1).
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Blee, Kathleen M (1991). Women of the Klan. University of California Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-520-07876-4.
  3. ↑ Kerbawy, Kelli (2007). Knights in White Satin: Women of the Ku Klux Klan. Marshall University.
  4. 1 2 McGehee, Margaret. "Women of the Ku Klux Klan (WKKK)". The Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Emory University. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  5. ↑ Blee, Kathleen (2014). Block Sharon, Alexander Ruth & Notrton, Mary Beth (Eds.), Major Problems in American Women's History (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 331–341. ISBN 9781133955993.
  6. ↑ Selzer, Abigail Deborah (2009). An invisible empire of her own: The women of the Ku Klux Klan (1923-30). Thesis Purdue University.
  7. ↑ Lawrence, L.S. (October 1929). White, Alma, ed. "Patriotic Day at Zarephath Camp-Meeting". The Good Citizen. Pillar of Fire Church: 10. The Assembly Hall was filled in the evening, with about 100 klanswomen and a few klansmen in robes. The first speaker of the evening was Bishop White. She gave a fiery message on the topic of race and social equality....She expressed hope that the Klan would do its part in keeping the blood of America pure

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/22/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.