Egyptian presidential election, 2014

Egyptian presidential election, 2014
Egypt
26–28 May 2014
 
Candidate Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Hamdeen Sabahi
Party Independent Popular Current
Popular vote 23,780,104 [1] 757,511[1]
Percentage 96.91% [1] 3.09%[1][2]
President before election

Adly Mansour
(Acting)
Independent

 Elected President

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Independent

Egypt
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Egypt
Constitution (history)
Political parties (former)

A presidential election in Egypt took place between 26 and 28 May 2014. There were only two candidates, former Egyptian defence minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Egyptian Popular Current candidate Hamdeen Sabahi.[3] According to the Egyptian government, Sisi was elected with 97% of the vote.

As chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Sisi launched the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état that removed President Mohamed Morsi from office in the aftermath of the June 2013 Egyptian protests. Two months later, troops loyal to Sisi began a bloody crackdown against protestors and dissidents – later dubbed the August 2013 Rabaa massacre – that left 1,400 dead and 16,000 detained.[4] In the wake of violence, Sisi installed an interim government, but remained Egypt's Minister of Defence and assumed the role of the country's First Deputy Prime Minister. On 26 March 2014 he resigned from his military post, announcing that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election.[5] The election, held between 26 and 28 May and which included only one opponent, was boycotted by most political parties and the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom & Justice Party,[6] which after winning all post-Mubarak democratic contests, was now banned and declared to be a terrorist organization.[6][7]

The elections, which were planned to take place for two days were extended to a third day.[8] Official figures showed 25,578,233 voted in the elections, a turnout of 47.5%, with el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, 96.91%,[1] ten million more votes than former president Mohamed Morsi (who garnered 13 million votes against his opponent in the runoff of the 2012 Egyptian presidential elections).[9][10]

Background

Further information: 2013 Egyptian coup d'état

After the fall of longtime dictator Hosni Mubarak, the Muslim Brotherhood was legalized in Egypt, and won a major victory in the 2011 parliamentary election and then the 2012 presidential election.[11] Following economic hardship and instability, Egyptian protests of 30 June 2013 were followed by the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état against President Mohamed Morsi and August 2013 Rabaa massacre against his supporters. Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood leadership were arrested, the Brotherhood banned, and declared a terrorist organization by the end of the year.[12]

General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi declared that elections would be preceded by a January 2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum. Interim president Adly Mansour announced on 26 January 2014 that the presidential election would be held before the parliamentary election.[13] A five-member commission was formed to monitor the election.[14] The deadline for proposals regarding the elections law was 9 February.[15] The presidential elections law was issued by the president on 8 March.[16]

On March 24, Egyptian courts sentenced 529 Muslim Brotherhood members to death, and two days later, on March 26, Egypt's public prosecutor declared that another 919 Brotherhood members would be tried for murder and terrorism. On the same day, Sisi announced that he would stand as a candidate in the presidential election.[17]

Between Sisi's overthrow of the Morsi government and the 2014 presidential elections, an estimated 20,000 activists and dissidents were arrested by the military government.[18]

Regulations

Candidates were able to apply for nomination to the presidency between 31 March and 20 April 2014.[19] The final list of candidates approved by the Supreme Election Committee was announced on 2 May.[20] Candidates were allowed to spend a maximum of LE20 million for campaigning.[21] The final results of the election were officially scheduled to be announced on 5 June;[20] however, the official announcement of the results took place earlier, on 3 June.[1]

Timetable

Date Legal action Duration
31 March 2014 – 20 April 2014 Candidates can be nominated[19] 21 days
Approximately 21 April 2014 Announcing the initial list and number of supporters per candidate[20] 1 day
22 April 2014 – 23 April 2014 Receiving objections to candidates[20] 2 days
24 April 2014 – 26 April 2014 Reviewing objections[20] 3 days
27 April 2014 Notifying the rejected candidates 1 day
28 April 2014 – 29 April 2014 Receiving grievances from the rejected candidates 2 days
30 April 2014 – 1 May 2014 The disposition of grievances cases 2 days
2 May 2014 Announcing the final list[20] 1 day
3 May 2014 – 23 May 2014 Presidential campaigns are run[19] 20 days
Approximately 2 May 2014 Choosing the campaigns' symbols[20]
9 May 2014 Last date for withdrawal 1 day
15 May 2014 – 18 May 2014 First round for Egyptians outside Egypt[19] 4 days
24 May 2014 – 25 May 2014 Candidates not allowed to campaign during this period 2 days
26 May 2014 – 27 May 2014 First round for Egyptians within Egypt[19] 2 days
28 May 2014 Original end of vote counting (Later on extended 3rd day of voting)
29 May 2014 Receiving the grievances cases of the committee decisions
30 May 2014 – 31 May 2014 The disposition of grievances cases 2 days
5 June 2014 Announcing the final result of the first round

(or final result if winner receives more than 50% of the vote)[19]

 1 day
6 June 2014 – 9 June 2014 Voting for Egyptians outside Egypt in the second round[19] 4 days
6 June 2014 – 17 June 2014 The second round's presidential campaigns 12 days
15 June 2014 Candidates not allowed to campaign during this period 1 day
16 June 2014 – 17 June 2014 Voting for Egyptians within Egypt in the second round (if needed)[19] 2 days
18 June 2014 Counting votes 1 day
19 June 2014 Receiving the grievances cases of the committee decisions 1 day
20 June 2014 – 21 June 2014 The disposition of grievances cases 2 days
26 June 2014 Announcing the final result of the presidential election

(if no candidate wins more than 50% in the first round)[19]

 1 day

Source: "Time Schedule for the Dates and Proceduresof the 2014 Presidential Elections" (PDF). Presidential Election Committee. 

Candidates

Participants holding flags and pictures of Abdel-Fatah el-Sisi

Hamdeen Sabahi, a former presidential candidate in the 2012 presidential election, officially announced his presidential bid on 8 February 2014.[22] However, the Sabahi campaign has criticized the presidential elections law promulgated by the interim government, deeming its characteristics troubling for the transparency and fairness of the election.[23] The pro-Sabahi Revolution's Candidate campaign has also expressed reservations about the nature of the presidential elections law, suggesting that the provision establishing inviolability for the decisions of the Supreme Electoral Committee raises doubts about the integrity of the election process and could potentially force a reassessment of the Sabahi candidacy.[24] On 14 March, Hamdeen Sabahi's presidential campaign announced that Sabahi has decided to continue his candidacy in the presidential election, despite the perceived unconstitutionality of the presidential elections law.[25] Sabahi has taken the medical tests needed to run for presidential office.[26] Sabahi acquired 31,555 endorsements.[27]

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi confirmed on 26 March that he will run for president.[28] Sisi submitted 188,930 endorsements[27] (though 500,000 were collected)[29] and is the first candidate to submit all required documentation.[30]

Sisi and Sabahi were announced as the official candidates by the Presidential Election Commission on 2 May 2014.[31]

Boycotts, abstentions and Sisi endorsements

The New Wafd Party stated on 27 January 2014 that it would not nominate anyone for presidency.[32] The Free Egyptians Party announced on 27 April 2014 that it would not nominate any members to presidential elections.[33] Adly Mansour, stated in November 2013 that he would not run.[34] Amr Moussa, who finished fifth in the 2012 presidential election, has stated that he would not run for the presidency.[35] The Nour Party did not nominate anyone for the presidency.[36] Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh, who finished fourth in the 2012 election, announced on 9 February 2014 that he would not run.[37] On 13 March, Lieutenant General Sami Anan announced he will not run for president.[38]

Khaled Ali, a labor lawyer and former presidential candidate, withdrew his candidacy on 16 March after the passage of the presidential elections law, describing the election as a "farce" while also urging el-Sisi not to run and the army to stay out of politics.[39] Ahmed Shafiq, who finished second in the 2012 presidential election, losing to Mohamed Morsi, announced on 20 March that he would not run for president.[40]

Murad Muwafi, who is the former director of Egyptian General Intelligence, announced on 30 March that he would not run for president.[41] Lawyer Mortada Mansour announced on 6 April that he would run for president,[42] though on 19 April, he announced his withdrawal from the election and directed his support toward Sisi.[43][44] News presenter Bothaina Kamel announced on 12 April that she would run,[45] but she couldn't collect the required endorsements.[46]

A movement called Taharor had launched, in coordination with the Constitution Party and with the 6 April movement, a nationwide campaign to collect 50,000 signatures in favor of Mohammed ElBaradei running for the presidency.[47] Another campaign, called Authorize El Baradei, also started in order to gain endorsements to convince ElBaradei to run for the presidency.[48] However, ElBaradei was ultimately not a presidential candidate.[31]

Endorsements and opposition

Sisi endorsements

Soldier helps an elderly woman to reach the polling station in Alexandria – 27 May 2014

A movement called Finish Your Favor claimed to have collected 26 million signatures asking el-Sisi to run for president.[49] The Revolutionary Forces Bloc backed el-Sisi for president.[50] Tamarod supported el-Sisi[51] as did the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party[52] and the Misr Balady front.[53] The Moderate Front, which is a group made up of former jihadis, ex-members of the Muslim Brotherhood and ex-al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya members,[54] supported el-Sisi.[55]

The New Wafd Party announced their support for Sisi on 7 April.[56] The Free Egyptians Party announced on 27 April 2014 that it would back el-Sisi.[33] The Nour Party announced their support for Sisi on 3 May.[57] The Tagammu Party and Conference Party announced on 4 May 2014 that they would back el-Sisi for president.[58] Moussa has stated that el-Sisi is the most qualified candidate for the presidency.[59] Ex-President Hosni Mubarak stated in a phone interview that Egyptians should back Sisi,[60] though Mubarak's lawyer has disputed the idea that Mubarak has commented about Sisi's candidacy.[61] In that same interview, Mubarak criticized Sabahi, saying that he is "not fit" to be president.[60] Anwar Sadat and Saad el-Shazly's families also backed el-Sisi.[62][63] The Egyptian Patriotic Movement announced on 13 May that it would support Sisi.[64]

Opposition to Sisi

The Strong Egypt Party, headed by Aboul Fotouh, opposed el-Sisi's candidacy.[65] Sabahi has criticized the possibility of having someone with a military background become the next president, arguing that such an outcome would run counter to the goals of the Egyptian revolution.[66][67] He also expressed doubt about Sisi's commitment to democracy, and argued that the Field Marshal bears a measure of direct and indirect responsibility for the human rights violations carried out during the period of the interim government. he denounced what he deemed to be the interim government's hostility toward the goals of the revolution.[68]

The Road of the Revolution Front, the Constitution Party, both wings of the April 6 Movement and the Anti-Coup Alliance opposed Sisi's election bid.[69] The 6 April movement opposed Sisi's candidacy on the grounds that it would further exacerbate polarization and division.[70] Shortly after Sisi's announcement to run for the presidential elections, some social media users in Egypt and the Arab world responded to Al-Sisi's presidential bid announcement with a viral hashtag ("vote for the pimp") that swept Twitter, Facebook, and other social media platforms.[71]

The Revolutionary Socialists issued a statement delineating their position toward the election which criticized state institutions supporting Sisi, described Sisi as the "leader of the counter-revolution," and vowed to "expose el-Sisi's illusions and to destroy the idol which Mubarak's state is erecting as it rebuilds itself."[72] Six political movements, including the Road of the Revolution Front, both wings of the 6 April movement, the Revolutionary Socialists, Hakemhom, and the Students Resistance movement have joined together to create an anti-Sisi campaign called "Against You."[73]

Two co-founders of Tamarod (Hassan Shahin and Mohamed Abel Aziz) were suspended from the organization after announcing their support for Hamdeen Sabahi in his presidential bid.[74] Other leading Tamarod members, numbering around 50, issued a statement expressing support for Sabahi.[75] The Revolution's Candidate campaign began to promote Sabahi following his confirmation that he will run in the election.[76] The Popular Current officially supported Sabahi for president,[77] The Constitution Party has announced its official support for Sabahi after polling its members over potential positions to take toward the election.[78][79] The Socialist Popular Alliance Party announced on 25 April 2014 that it would support Sabahi.[80] The Dignity Party previously stated that it would support Sabahi.[80] The Revolutionary Socialists announced on 27 April that they would support Sabahi.[81][82] The Justice Party declared its support for Sabahi on 28 April.[83] The Brotherhood Without Violence movement has also backed Sabahi.[84] The Freedom Egypt Party announced its support for Sabahi.[85]

The Kefaya Movement stated it would not back a candidate.[86] After holding an internal vote over the question of what position to take toward the presidential election, the Egyptian Social Democratic Party decided not to officially back any candidate.[87] The 6 April Democratic Front has declared that it will let members decide whether to support Sabahi or boycott the election.[88]

There was some notoriety over a supporter of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, an Egyptian woman named Mona al-Beheiri having expressed her dissent in a street interview over United States President Barack Obama's approach to el-Sisi and Egypt, in a broken English and heavy Egyptian accent: "Listen your Obama. We are Egyptian women. You are listen Obama!? Shut up your mouse Obama! Shut up your mouse Obama!! SISI YES, SISI YES! MORSI NO, MORSI NO!"[89] Following this short interview, Mona al-Beheiri became a well known persona, not only in Egypt but throughout the whole Arab world, and the video became viral, as did remixes if it, and was called the 'Middle East's Joe the Plumber moment'.[90] She was interviewed by many Arab news outlets, and appeared on talk shows. T-shirts with either her image or "Shut up your mouse, Obama" quote were being sold in the stores and markets all over the Arab world.[89] In addition, she was invited to the Arab Media Forum in Dubai, as an example of a social media phenomenon.[91] Some took a very differing opinion and even consider the event and attention an embarrassment.[92]

Conduct and controversies

The Socialist Popular Alliance Party and the Revolutionary Socialists opposed the use of state media for the promotion of el-Sisi as a candidate.[72][93] The Socialist Popular Alliance also demanded "fair, transparent, credible elections" and argued that allowing the election to turn into a referendum over a single candidate would mean the establishment of a totalitarian state.[94] Ahmed Douma, an activist and member of the Popular Current presently imprisoned for allegedly violating an anti-protest law, called on Hamdeen Sabahi to withdraw his candidacy unless the protest law is annulled and prisoners whose incarceration is justified by this law or otherwise associated with its application are freed.[95] Sabahi and his campaign issued complaints of state bias, assaults and arbitrary arrests against pro-Sabahi campaigners, and destruction of candidate endorsement documents.[96][97][98][99] Sabahi also accused Sisi's campaign of bribing citizens to garner endorsements, as well as having orchestrated prepaid arrangements to acquire endorsements.[100] The Presidential Elections Committee stated that Sabahi broke election rules by announcing his campaign prematurely and that it will investigate the matter.[101] In response to actions undertaken by governmental authorities during the course of the voting process, Sabahi withdrew his campaign representatives from polling stations and described the election as "a seemingly non-democratic process that lacks a minimum amount of freedom of expression."[102] The Sabahi campaign denounced the arrests of many of its members throughout the course of the voting process.[103]

Further boycotts

Ayman Nour and his Ghad El-Thawra Party announced its boycott on 9 February.[104] The National Alliance to Support Legitimacy announced on 27 April 2014 that it will boycott the vote.[105] The 6 April movement has announced that it will boycott the vote, describing the election as a "farce."[106] The Strong Egypt Party re-affirmed that it would boycott the vote on 14 May.[107]

Monitors

The Presidential Electoral Committee approved 80 domestic and 6 international civil society organizations to monitor the elections while rejecting 32 domestic and seven international CSOs. Among the international organizations are the European Union, the African Union, the League of Arab States, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and Organisation internationale de la Francophonie[108] The European Union monitored the election,[109] as did Democracy International, though Democracy International withdrew after the second day of voting-the vote had been scheduled to last two days, but was extended to three after a low turnout.[8] They commented that the extension raised "questions" regarding "independence of the election commission, the impartiality of the government, and the integrity of Egypt's electoral process".[8] The European Union remained observing until the culmination of the voting.[8] The Carter Center also sent a "small expert mission" focussed on general legal and political issues.[110]

Opinion polls

A September 2013 Zogby Research Services opinion poll found that 46% of Egyptians expressed "confidence" in Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi while 52% were "not confident" in the then-general.[111] The same poll showed 44% exhibiting "confidence" in former president Mohamed Morsi and 55% as being "not confident" about the former president.[111] The Zogby poll reported 39% as "confident" in then-interim president Adly Mansour while 58% were "not confident" in him.[111] A poll conducted by Baseera in February 2014[112] indicated that 51% of those polled would vote for el-Sisi, while 45% are undecided about who to vote for and 1% plan to cast their vote for Sabahi.[113] 2,062 people were polled by the Egyptian Center for Public Opinion Research (Baseera) in all of the governorates of Egypt from 27 February 2014 to 4 March 2014 via mobile and landline calling.[114] Another poll, also conducted by Baseera, indicated that 39% would vote for El-Sisi,[115] while 59% are undecided and 1% indicated that they would vote for Sabahi.[116] The poll was conducted by contacting 2,034 people 18 and older who were contacted through land line and mobile phones throughout all of Egypt's governorates from 24 March until 26 March.[115] Another poll taken from 28 April until 2 May indicated that 72% supported Sisi, while 2% support Sabahi.[117] A poll by the Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies found that 84% of those who responded would support Sisi, while 16 would support Sabahi.[118] Another poll by Baseera conducted from 10 May to 11 May that polled 2,000 people found that 75% have said that they will vote for Sisi, while 2% will vote for Sabahi and 15% are undecided.[119] 87% of people who responded said that they will vote.[120]

Opinion polls in Egypt are, however, unreliable, having failed to predict the outcome of the 2012 presidential election.[121]

Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Hamdeen Sabahi
Egyptian Popular Current		 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Non-partisan		 None Lead
Baseera[112][113] 27 February – 4 March 2014 2,062 1% 51% 45% 50%
Baseera[115][116] 24–26 March 2014 2,034 1% 39% 59% 38%
Baseera[117] 28 April- 2 May 2014 2,005 2% 72% 26% 70%
Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies[118] approximately 2 May 2014 ? 16% 84% 0% 68%
Baseera[119] 10–11 May 2014[119] 2,000[120] 2% 76% 22% 74%

Turnout

With the election looming, Sisi publicly called for record voter participation in an effort to boost the election's legitimacy. "Showing signs of panic," according to Reuters, the military-backed Egyptian government declared the second day of voting, a Tuesday, to be a public holiday, and extended voting until 10pm.[18] However, turnout was lower than expected, with lines outside polling stations short, and in some cases no voters visible at all. By the end of the day, the elections committee decided to extend voting to a third day, the 28 of May.[18] The Justice ministry declared that Egyptians who did not vote would be fined, and waived train fares to try to increase participation. Government-backed media also admonished the public for not voting, and one TV commentator called those not voting "traitors, traitors, traitors."[18]

Turnout was very low in the city of Alexandria, in Morsi's home village northeast of Cairo, and in the industrial city of Helwan.[18]

While some attribute the low turnout to earlier calls by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt to boycott the elections, others see it as a reflection of the popularity of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[122][123]

Results

Expats

The Presidential Elections Committee announced on 21 May that the final tally of votes by Egyptians at polling stations abroad in the presidential election had el-Sisi win with 94.5% of the votes (296,628 votes out of 318,033).[124]

Exit polls

An exit poll from the Egyptian Centre for Public Opinion Research, Baseera, the primary institute to have polled the election campaign, showed el-Sisi in the lead with 95.3%, and Sabahi with 4.7%.[125]

Unofficial results and reactions

Unofficial results that were reported in the news outlets showed that out of the Egyptian population eligible to vote of 54 million, only around half, 25.6 million voted.[126] Of the 25.6 million, El-Sisi was voted for by 23.9 million, in comparison to Sabahi's 756,000,[125] It was also reported that the number of votes Sabahi received was outnumbered by invalid votes[126] (1.07 million).[8] When the unofficial results were published, hundreds of El-Sisi supporters in Cairo celebrated.[126]

A day after the election, Sabahi conceded defeat but said the official turnout figures were too high and were "an insult to the intelligence of Egyptians." The next day he contested the results of the election, even before the official results were announced by the presidential election commission.[127] The appeal was rejected by PEC the day after.[128]

Official results

The official publication date for the results was due to be 5 June,[20] in memory of the Six-Day War's beginning, in which Egypt was at war with Israel.[10] However, earlier on 3 June, Judge Anwar El-Assi announced the following final official results: 25,578,233 voted in the elections, a turnout of 47.5%, with el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, 96.91%.[1] Hamdeen Sabahi got 757,511 of the votes, 3.09%.[2]

 Summary of the 26–28 May 2014 Egyptian presidential election results
Candidates Parties Votes %
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Independent 23,780,114 96.91%
Hamdeen Sabahi Egyptian Popular Current 757,511 3.09%
Total valid votes 24,537,625 95.93%
Invalid votes 1,040,608 4.07%
Turnout 25,578,233 47.50%
Abstentions 28,270,667 52.50%
Registered voters 53,848,890 100%
Source: [129]

Reactions

Domestic

In conjunction with el-Sisi inauguration festivals held in Egypt's Supreme constitutional court, Heliopolis Palace and Quba palace, Tahrir Square was prepared for receiving millions of Egyptians to celebrate Sisi's winning while police and army troops shut down the square outlets by barbed wires and barricades, as well as electronic gates for detecting any explosives that could spoil the festivals.[130]

Grand Imam of al-Azhar Ahmed el-Tayeb[131] and the Pope Tawadros II[132] sent a congratulation cable to el-Sisi. ُEgypt's top football clubs Al Ahly SC[133] and Zamalek's[134] board of directors also sent el-Sisi cables. The leading Egyptian journalist and author Mohamed Hassanein Heikal congratulated Sisi and expressed through his Twitter account his wishes for el-Sisi.[135] The Egyptian Minister of Defense Sedki Sobhi in the name of the Egyptian Armed Forces congratulated el-Sisi.

The presidential election loser Hamdeen Sabahi called el-Sisi to congratulate him and wished him luck expressing his trust that he would succeed.[136]

President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, an hour after he was named the country's new leader, gave a television speech expressing his gratitude over the election results saying "My emotions are mixed with happiness and aspiration: my happiness for what you have achieved and my aspiration to be worthy of your trust,". Sisi also said that "now is the time for work", with the future goal being to realise the revolutions' goals of freedom, dignity, humanity and social justice. "I am looking forward to your efforts and determination in building the upcoming stage," he added.[137]

International

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "El-Sisi wins Egypt's presidential race with 96.91%". English.Ahram.org. Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  2. 1 2 Kortam, Hend (3 June 2014). "Landslide victory for Al-Sisi, inauguration slated for Sunday". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  3. ↑ "Sisi, Sabahi to face off for Egyptian presidency". Asharq Al-Awsat. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  4. ↑ Bowen, Jeremy (29 May 2014). "Egypt election: Sisi secures landslide win". BBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2015. Former military chief Abdul Fattah al-Sisi... gained more than 93% of the vote with ballots from most polling stations counted, state media say... Islamist and some secular groups boycotted the vote. Mr. Sisi's only opponent, Hamdeen Sabahi, has admitted defeat... Mr. Sisi deposed President Mohammed Morsi last July after mass protests. He has overseen a bloody crackdown on Mr. Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood movement in which more than 1,400 people have been killed and 16,000 detained. The Brotherhood boycotted the vote, as did many liberal and secular activist groups.
  5. ↑ "Egypt's El-Sisi bids military farewell, says he will run for presidency". Ahram Online. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  6. 1 2 "Egypt election: Sisi secures landslide win". BBC. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  7. ↑ "Former army chief scores landslide victory in Egypt presidential polls". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Egypt: El-Sissi wins election by landslide". The Monitor. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  9. ↑ "Egypt's Sisi set for landslide win in presidential vote". France24. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  10. 1 2 "El-Sisi faces factious agenda after landslide victory". Ahram Online. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  11. ↑ "Full Egypt election results". Al Jazeera. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  12. ↑ "Egypt PM labels Brotherhood 'terrorist' group after bomb kills 14". Dawn. Agence France Presse. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  13. ↑ "Egypt to hold presidential polls first: Interim president". Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  14. ↑ "Egypt's newly-approved constitution to be followed by tackling key political laws". Ahram Online. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  15. ↑ "Deadline for proposals on presidential elections draft law Sunday". Cairo Post. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  16. ↑ "President issues presidential elections law". Cairo Post. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  17. ↑ Stern, Johannes (28 March 2014). "Egyptian coup leader al-Sisi announces presidential candidacy". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Egypt extends presidential election to help Sisi". Reuters. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "First round of voting for president on May 26 and 27". Mada Masr. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Egypt's presidential elections to be held 26, 27 May". Ahram Online. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  21. ↑ "El-Sisi's campaign has spent LE12 million on advertising, says advisor". Ahram Online. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  22. ↑ "Egypt's Sabbahi officially announces presidential bid". Ahram Online. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  23. ↑ "Sabbahi's campaign claims new elections law is 'unconstitutional'". Ahram Online. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  24. ↑ "SEC inviolability leads Sabbahi campaign to review its stance". Cairo Post. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  25. ↑ "Sabbahi's will run despite 'unconstitutional' ban on appeals". Ahram Online. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  26. ↑ "Sabahi takes medical tests required for presidential running". Aswat Masriya. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  27. 1 2 "PEC: El-Sisi garners 188,930 support forms, Hamdeen 31,555". State Information Service. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  28. ↑ "BREAKING: Defence Minister Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi resigns from military to run for presidency". Ahram Online. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  29. ↑ "Al-Sisi campaign collects 500,000 signatures of support". Daily News Egypt. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  30. ↑ "Al-Sisi becomes first candidate to submit documents for presidential elections". Daily News Egypt. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  31. 1 2 "PEC: Sisi and Sabahi official contenders, campaigning begins Saturday". Aswat Masriya. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  32. ↑ "Wafd Party would not nominate any members for presidential elections". Cairo Post. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  33. 1 2 "Al-Masreyeen Al-Ahrrar backs Sisi's presidential bid". Aswat Masriya. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  34. ↑ "Egypt's interim president Adly Mansour says won't run for presidency". Reuters. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  35. ↑ "Amr Moussa: I will not run for president". Egypt Independent. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  36. ↑ "Nour Party aims for majority of parliamentary seats". Cairo Post. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  37. ↑ "Egypt's Aboul-Fotouh will not run for president, party to boycott". Ahram Online. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  38. ↑ "Anan won't run in the upcoming Presidential elections". Ahram Online. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  39. ↑ "Khaled Ali says he won't stand in presidential election". Ahram Online. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  40. ↑ "Shafiq not running in Egypt's upcoming presidential elections". Ahram Online. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  41. ↑ "Muwafi announces he will not run against Sisi". Cairo Post. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  42. ↑ "Lawyer Mortada Mansour says he will run for Egypt's presidency". Ahram Online. 6 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  43. ↑ "Lawyer Mortada Mansour withdraws from presidential race". Ahram Online. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  44. ↑ "Zamalek club chief backtracks on presidencial (sic) bid after 'vision'". Egypt Independent. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  45. ↑ "State TV news anchor announces bid for presidency". Mada Masr. 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  46. ↑ "A two horse race: Egypt's presidential elections". Ahram Online. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  47. ↑ "Taharor aims to collect 50,000 signatures for ElBaradei to run for president". The Cairo Post. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  48. ↑ "Will ElBaradei run for president of Egypt?". Al Monitor. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  49. ↑ "Misr Balady Front calls on Al-Sisi to run for presidency". Reuters. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  50. ↑ "Revolutionary Forces Bloc declares support for Sisi's bid for president". The Cairo Post.
  51. ↑ "Tamarod officially supports al-Sisi as president". Cairo Post. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  52. ↑ "Nasserist Party to support Sisi in presidential elections". Cairo Post. 6 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  53. ↑ ""Misr Balady" front backs Sisi as president". State Information Service. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  54. ↑ "Moderate Front to hold public conference to nominate Sisi for president". Cairo Post. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  55. ↑ "Islamic Alliance, MB dissidents intensify efforts for Sisi candidacy". Cairo Post. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  56. ↑ "Wafd Party endorses Sisi presidential bid". Daily News Egypt. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  57. ↑ "Nour Party backs Sisi for president". Egypt Independent. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  58. ↑ "Conference, Tagamoa parties to coordinate in backing El-Sisi". Ahram Online. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  59. ↑ "Amr Moussa: Sisi most qualified for president". Egypt Independent. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  60. 1 2 "Mubarak supports Sisi, slams Sabahi in phone interview". Cairo Post. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  61. ↑ "Al-Sisi sweeps endorsements". Al-Ahram Weekly. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  62. ↑ "Sadat's family supports Sisi in presidential race". State Information Service. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  63. ↑ "Sadat family backs Sisi".
  64. ↑ "One more party backs Al-Sisi as both contenders continue vigorous campaigning". Daily News Egypt. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  65. ↑ "Strong Egypt Party says Sisi nomination infringes the civil country". Egypt Independent. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  66. ↑ "Sabbahi: I am the only presidential candidate so far in Egypt". Ahram Online. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  67. ↑ "Politicians defend possible Sisi candidacy". The Cairo Post. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  68. ↑ "Egyptian candidate questions Sisi's commitment to democracy". Reuters. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  69. ↑ "Who opposes Sisi for president?". Cairo Post. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  70. ↑ "6 April Youth Movement oppose Al-Sisi presidential bid". Daily News Egypt. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  71. ↑ "Egypt Anti-Sisi hashtag sweeps Twitter". BBC. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  72. 1 2 "Statement by the Egyptian Revolutionary Socialists on the presidential elections 27 April 2014". Socialist Worker. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  73. ↑ "6 political movements join forces in anti-Sisi campaign". Mada Masr. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  74. ↑ "Aziz, Shahin and Qady suspended from Tamarod". Cairo Post. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  75. ↑ "More Tamarod members back Sabbahi candidacy". Ahram Online. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  76. ↑ "'Revolution Candidate' begins campaigning for presidential candidate Sabbahi". Cairo Post. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  77. ↑ "Popular Current members support Sabbahi's candidacy". Cairo Post. 11 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  78. ↑ "Constitution Party backs Sabahi for president". Ahram Online. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  79. ↑ "Dostour Party to support Sabbahi for elections". Egypt Independent. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  80. 1 2 "Socialist Popular Alliance announces backing for Sabahi". Ahram Online. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  81. ↑ "Revolutionary Socialists calls to vote for Sabbahi against Sisi". The Cairo Post. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  82. ↑ "Revolutionary Socialists endorse Sabbahi to expose Sisi". Mada Masr. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  83. ↑ "Centrist Adl Party backs Sabahi for Egypt president". Ahram Online. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  84. ↑ "Sabbahi to declare presidential program Wednesday". The Cairo Post. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  85. ↑ "Hamzawy's Freedom Egypt party backs Sabahi". Ahram Online. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  86. ↑ Kefaya will not support a particular candidate, Cairo Post, 30 March 2014, retrieved 30 March 2014
  87. ↑ Egypt's Social Democratic Party abstains from backing any candidate in presidential elections, Ahram Online, 26 April 2014, retrieved 26 April 2014
  88. ↑ April 6 Youth Movement proposes anti-Sisi campaign, Mada Masr, 7 May 2014, retrieved 7 May 2014
  89. 1 2 Roy Case (23 May 2014). המצרייה שסתמה לאובמה את הפה - חדשות [Egyptian that clogged the mouth of Obama]. ynet (in Hebrew).
  90. ↑ Abbas, Faisal J. (16 March 2014). "'Shut up your mouse, Obama'". Al Arabiya News. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  91. ↑ ""Shut up your mouse, Obama" woman is getting famous. Now she's giving social media talks in Dubai!". Al Bawaba. May 21, 2014.
  92. ↑ Mohamed Khairat (January 11, 2015). egyptianstreets.com http://egyptianstreets.com/2015/01/11/shut-up-your-mouse-obama-is-an-embarrassment-to-egyptian-women/. Retrieved May 13, 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  93. ↑ "Egypt's Socialist Popular Alliance demands dismissal of interior minister". Ahram Online. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  94. ↑ "Socialist Popular Alliance backs Egypt's Sabahi, hopes for fair elections". Ahram Online. 26 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  95. ↑ "Jailed activist Douma calls on Sabahi to withdraw from presidential race". Ahram Online. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  96. ↑ "Policemen assaults member of Sabbahi's campaign for carrying endorsements". The Cairo Post. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  97. ↑ "Sabahi's campaign says Egypt's government refused complaint of bias". Ahram Online. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  98. ↑ "Sabahy presidential campaign members assaulted, arrested". Daily News Egypt. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  99. ↑ "Sisi and Sabbahi campaigns collect signatures and report violations". Mada Masr. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  100. ↑ "Sabbahi says Sisi's campaign bribes endorsers". Egypt Independent. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  101. ↑ "Terrorism, justice on top of Sabahi's electoral programme". Ahram Online. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  102. ↑ "Sabahi remains in Egypt's presidential race despite 'widespread violations': Campaign". Ahram Online. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  103. ↑ "Sabbahi's campaign denounces arrest of 10 members". Egypt Independent. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  104. ↑ "Ayman Nour boycotts upcoming presidential elections". Cairo Post. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  105. ↑ "Alliance to Support Legitimacy to boycott elections". Mada Masr. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  106. ↑ "April 6 boycotts Egypt's 'farcical' presidential elections". Ahram Online. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  107. ↑ "6 April Youth Movement and Misr Al-Qawia announce boycott of presidential elections". Daily News Egypt. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  108. ↑ "Preliminary Statement" (PDF). European Union Election Observation Mission. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  109. ↑ "Despite delay, EU mission will observe presidential election". Daily News Egypt. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  110. ↑ Hassan, Amro (19 May 2014). "EU observers to monitor Egyptian election". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  111. 1 2 3 "Egyptian attitudes September 2013" (PDF). Zogby. 28 September 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  112. 1 2 "Nearly half of Egyptians undecided in presidential elections". Egypt Independent. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  113. 1 2 "Egyptians have sights set on Sisi, says poll". Mada Masr. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  114. ↑ "Press Release: Baseera Poll Results on Egyptians Participation in the Upcoming Presidential Elections" (PDF). Egyptian Center for Public Opinion Research. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  115. 1 2 3 "Support for El-Sisi presidency falls in latest Baseera poll". Ahram Online. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  116. 1 2 "Sisi leads Sabbahi in Baseera poll". Cairo Post. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  117. 1 2 "Poll shows 72% back El-Sisi and 2% back Sabahi". Ahram Online. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  118. 1 2 "Campaign strategies". Al Ahram Weekly. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  119. 1 2 3 "Poll: Older generations and those less educated more likely to support Sisi". Mada Masr. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  120. 1 2 "Poll shows 73% of youths support El-Sisi, 4% back Sabahi". Ahram Online. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  121. ↑ "Egypt election results show opinion poll failures". Ahram Online. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  122. ↑ "Al-Sisi Urges Large Voter Turnout in Egypt's Elections While Islamists Call for Boycott". Time. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  123. ↑ "Egypt election: Push for high voter turnout". BBC. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  124. ↑ "El-Sisi wins 95% of expat votes". Ahram Online. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  125. 1 2 "LIVE: Egypt's 2014 presidential election results". Ahram Online. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  126. 1 2 3 "Egypt election: Sisi secures crushing win". BBC. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  127. ↑ "Egypt's Sabahi contests presidential elections results, says rules were broken". Reuters. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  128. ↑ "Elections commission rejects Sabahi's appeal". Ahram Online. 1 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  129. ↑ "El-Sisi wins Egypt's presidential race with 96.91%". Ahram Online. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  130. ↑ "Egyptians Celebrate President Sisi's Winning".
  131. ↑ "Al-Azhar Grand Imam congratulates Sisi".
  132. ↑ ""تواضروس" يهنئ "السيسي".. ويشيد بـ"صباحي".. ويشكر "منصور"".
  133. ↑ "الأهلى يهنئ السيسى برئاسة الجمهورية".
  134. ↑ "الزمالك يهنئ السيسي".
  135. ↑ ""هيكل" يهنئ "السيسي" لفوزه في الانتخابات الرئاسية (in Arabic)".
  136. ↑ "صباحي يهنئ السيسي: انت على قدر المسئولية".
  137. ↑ "First El-Sisi speech after victory: 'Now is the time for work'".
  138. ↑ "Int'l community congratulates El-Sisi, plans for cooperation".
  139. ↑ "EU congratulates Al-Sisi and reiterates concerns".
  140. ↑ "Egypt: AP Speaker Congratulates Sisi On Election Win".
  141. 1 2 "Putin and Abu Mazen congratulate Al-Sisi".
  142. ↑ "بطريرك "موسكو" يهنئ "السيسى" لفوزه فى الانتخابات الرئاسية (in Arabic)".
  143. ↑ "Statement by the Press Secretary on the Presidential Election in Egypt". whitehouse.gov. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  144. ↑ "Saudi king hails Sisi's 'historic' election win".
  145. ↑ "Sheikh Khalifa congratulates Egypt's El Sisi on win".
  146. ↑ "حاكم الشارقة يهنئ السيسي بفوزه برئاسة مصر".
  147. ↑ "Kuwait congratulates Al-Sisi for winning Egyptian people's confidence".
  148. ↑ "King attends Sisi inauguration, vows more support to Egypt".
  149. ↑ "Netanyahu and Pers congratulate Al-Sisi".
  150. ↑ "El-Sisi sends Qatar's emir a 'thank you' message".
  151. ↑ "Turkish president Gul congratulates Egypt's Sisi-UPDATED".
  152. ↑ "Turkish PM dismisses congratulatory message to Sisi".
  153. ↑ "Nigeria president congratulates Egypt's Sisi".
  154. ↑ "Egypt: Italy's Foreign Minister Congratulates Sisi On Election Win".
  155. ↑ "Egypt: Chinese President Congratulates Sisi On Election Win".
  156. ↑ "UK congratulates El-Sisi for Egypt presidency".
  157. ↑ "الأسد يهنئ السيسي بفوزه في الانتخابات".
  158. ↑ "بوتفليقة يهنئ السيسي بالنتائج الأولية لانتخابات الرئاسة".
  159. ↑ "الرئيس اليمني يهنئ السيسي بفوزه بمنصب رئاسة الجمهورية".
  160. ↑ ""البشير" يُهنئ السيسى برئاسة مصر".
  161. ↑ "رئيس نامبيا يهنئ السيسي بتنصيبه رئيسا لمصر".
  162. ↑ "عاهل المغرب يهنئ "السيسى": مصر ستتبوأ المكانة الأهل لها تحت قيادتكم".
  163. ↑ "رئيس المؤتمر الوطني العام الليبي يهنئ "السيسي" بفوزه برئاسة مصر".
  164. ↑ "سلطان عمان يهنئ السيسي بفوزه برئاسة مصر".
  165. ↑ "المالكي يهنئ السيسي بإنتخابه رئيساً لمصر".
  166. ↑ "العالم يهنئ السيسى".
  167. ↑ "فابيوس يهنئ السيسي.. ويتطلع لزيارة القاهرة".
  168. ↑ "وزير الدفاع البوليفى يسلم مبعوث الخارجية رسالة تهنئة من الرئيس إلي "السيسي"".
  169. ↑ "رئيس فنزويلا يهنئ السيسي ويتطلع للتعاون بين البلدين".
  170. ↑ "إمبراطور اليابان يهنئ السيسي".
  171. ↑ "German President congratulates Sisi for his inauguration as president of Egypt".
  172. ↑ "Singapore President congratulates Egypt's El-Sisi".
  173. ↑ "Iranian Deputy FM Attends Sisi's Swearing-In Ceremony".
  174. ↑ "Spain congratulates new President of Egypt".
  175. ↑ "Bahrain congratulates Sisi on Egypt polls win".
  176. ↑ "Nidaa Tounes Congratulates Sisi for Egypt Election Win".
  177. ↑ "Ethiopian president congratulates Sisi".
  178. ↑ "Ethiopian FM to attend El-Sisi's inauguration".
  179. ↑ "El-Sisi receives Gambian delegation in Cairo".
  180. ↑ "مديرة صندوق النقد الدولى تهنئ الرئيس عبد الفتاح السيسى بفوزه فى الانتخابات".

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/3/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.