VIA Nano

VIA Nano

Marketed by	VIA Technologies
Designed by	Centaur Technology
Common manufacturer(s)	Fujitsu TSMC
FSB speeds	533 MHz to 1066 MHz
Instruction set	x86-64
Microarchitecture	VIA Isaiah
Cores	1, 2, 4
Package(s)	Ball grid array (soldered)
Core name(s)	Isaiah (CN)

The VIA Nano (formerly code-named VIA Isaiah) is a 64-bit CPU for personal computers. The VIA Nano was released by VIA Technologies in 2008 after five years of development^[1] by its CPU division, Centaur Technology. This new Isaiah 64-bit architecture was designed from scratch, unveiled on 24 January 2008,^[2][3][4][5] and launched on May 29, including low-voltage variants and the Nano brand name.^[6] The processor supports a number of VIA-specific x86 extensions designed to boost efficiency in low-power appliances.

History

Unlike Intel and AMD, VIA uses two distinct development code names for each of its CPU cores. In this case, the codename 'CN' was used in the United States by Centaur Technology. Biblical names are used as codes by VIA in Taiwan, and Isaiah was the choice for this particular processor and architecture. It is expected that the VIA Isaiah will be twice as fast in integer performance and four times as fast in floating-point performance as the previous-generation VIA Esther at an equivalent clock speed. Power consumption is also expected to be on par with the previous-generation VIA CPUs, with thermal design power ranging from 5 W to 25 W.^[7] Being a completely new design, the Isaiah architecture was built with support for features like the x86-64 instruction set and x86 virtualization which were unavailable on its predecessors, the VIA C7 line, while retaining their encryption extensions. Several independent tests showed that the VIA Nano performs better than the single-core Intel Atom across a variety of workloads.^[8][9][10] In a 2008 Ars Technica test, a VIA Nano gained significant performance in memory subsystem after its CPUID changed to Intel, hinting at the possibility that the benchmark software only checks the CPUID instead of the actual features supported by the CPU to choose a code path. The benchmark software used had been released before the release of VIA Nano.^[11]

On November 3, 2009, VIA launched the Nano 3000 series. VIA claims that these models can offer a 20% performance boost and 20% more energy efficiency than the Nano 1000 and 2000 series.^[12] Benchmarks run by VIA claim that a 1.6 GHz 3000-series Nano can outperform the ageing Intel Atom N270 by about 40–54%.^[13] The 3000 series adds an SSE4 instruction set, which was first introduced with Intel Core i7.

On November 11, 2011, VIA released the VIA Nano X2 Dual-Core Processor with their first ever dual core pico-itx mainboard. The VIA Nano X2 is built on a 40 nm process and supports the SSE4 instruction set.^[14] Via claims 30% higher performance in comparison to Intel's Atom with a 50% higher clock.^[15]

Features

VIA Isaiah floorplan

• x86-64 instruction set
• Clock speed of 1 GHz to 2 GHz
• Bus speed of 533 MHz or 800 MHz (1066 MHz for Nano x2)
• 32 KB L1 cache and 512 KB L2 cache (64 KB L1 cache and 1 MB L2 cache for Nano x2)
• 65 nm manufacturing process (40 nm for Nano x2)
• Superscalar out-of-order instruction execution
• Support for MMX, SSE, SSE2,SSE3, SSSE3, and SSE4 instruction set
• Support for x86 virtualization with Intel-compatible implementation (disabled before stepping 3)
• Support for ECC memory
• Pin-compatible with VIA C7 and VIA Eden

Architecture overview

VIA Isaiah Architecture die floor-plan

Nano X2 microarchitecture.

• Out-of-order and superscalar design: Providing much better performance than its predecessor, the VIA C7 processor, which was in-order. This puts the Isaiah architecture in line with current offerings from AMD and Intel (except for the Intel Atom which has an in-order design).
• Instructions fusion: Allows the processor to combine some instructions as a single instruction, reducing power requirements and giving higher performance (the Atom uses a similar strategy in processing x86 instructions in a more 'whole' manner, rather than breaking them into RISC-like micro-ops).
• Improved branch prediction: Uses eight predictors in two pipeline stages.
• CPU cache design: An exclusive cache design means that contents of the L1 cache is not duplicated in the L2 cache, providing a larger total cache.
• Data prefetch: Incorporating new mechanisms for data-prefetch, including both the loading of a special 64-line cache before loading the L2 cache and a direct load to the L1 cache.
  • Fetches 4 x86 instructions per cycle as opposed to Intel's 3-5
  • Issues 3 micro-operations/clock to execution units
• Memory access: Merging of smaller stores into larger load data.
• Execution units: Seven execution units are available, that allows up to seven micro-ops being executed per clock.
  • 2 Integer units (ALU1 and ALU2)
    • ALU1 is feature complete, while ALU2 lacks some low usage instructions and therefore is more suited for tasks like address calculations.
  • 2 Store units, one for Address Store and one for Data Store according to VIA.
  • 1 Load unit
  • 2 Media units (MEDIA-A and MEDIA-B) with a 128-bit wide datapath, supporting 4 single precision or 2 double-precision operations. Media computation refers to the use of the 2 Media units.
    • MEDIA-A executes floating-point "add" instructions (2-clock latency for single-precision and double-precision), integer SIMD, encryption, divide and square root.
    • MEDIA-B executes floating-point "multiply" instructions (2-clock latency for single-precision, 3-clock latency for double-precision).
    • Because of the parallelism introduced with the 2 Media units, Media computation can provide four "add" and four "multiply" instructions per clock.
  • A new implementation of FP-addition with the lowest clock-latency for a x86 processor so far.
  • Almost all integer SIMD instructions execute in one clock.
  • Implements MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3 multimedia instruction sets
  • Implements SSE4.1 multimedia instruction set (VIA Nano 3000 series)
  • Implements SSE4.1 multimedia instruction set (VIA Nano x2 series)
• Power Management: Besides requiring very low power, many new features are included.
  • Includes a new C6 power state (Caches are flushed, internal state saved, and core voltage is turned off).
  • Adaptive P-State Control: Transition between performance and voltage states without stopping execution.
  • Adaptive Overclocking: Automatic overclocking if there is low temperature in the processor core.
  • Adaptive Thermal Limit: Adjusting of the processor to maintain a user predefined temperature.
• Encryption: Includes the VIA PadLock engine
  • Hardware support for AES encryption, secure hash algorithm SHA-1 and SHA-256 and Random Number Generation

Around 2014/8/31 rumors appeared about a potential Isaiah II refresh.^[16]

See also

• List of VIA Nano microprocessors
• List of VIA microprocessors
• Netbook

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to VIA Nano.

• VIA Nano Processor
• VIA Nano X2 Dual-Core Processor
• VIA QuadCore Processor

Press

• "The Battle of Low-Power Processors: Best Choice for a Nettop". 2008-09-27. 
• "Low-end grudge match: Nano vs. Atom". 2008-07-30. 
• "Via's Nano L2100 takes on Intel's Atom 230". 2008-07-30.