Channar revolt
The Channar Lahala or Channar revolt, also called Maru Marakkal Samaram,[1] refers to the fight from 1813 to 1859 of Nadar climber women in Travancore kingdom for the right to wear upper-body clothes to cover their breasts. This right was previously reserved for Nair women, who were higher-class Hindu women.
Background
In 19th century Travancore lower-class women were not allowed to wear clothes that covered their breasts. Baring of chest to higher status was considered a sign of respect, by both males and females.[2][3] Higher-class women covered both breasts and shoulders,[1] whereas Nadar climber women were not allowed to cover their bosoms, as most of the non-Brahmin women, to punctuate their low status. Uneasy with their social status, a large number of Nadar climbers embraced Christianity,[4] and started to wear "long cloths," at the request of the missionaries.[2] When conversion further spread, the Nadar women started to wear the Nair breast cloth.[2]
1813-1829 grants and withdrawals
The Nadar and Izhava women successfully campaigned to be allowed to cover their breasts. In 1813, Colonel John Munro, British dewan in the Travancore court, issued an order granting permission to women converted to Christianity to wear upper cloth.[2][1] The order was withdrawn when pindakars, members of the Raja's council, complained about this, arguing that this right would obliterate caste-differences, and lead to widespread pollution in the state.[2] Nadar women were forbidden to wear the Nair sharf, and instead were allowed to wear the kuppayam, a type of jacket worn by Syrian Christians, Shonagas, and Maplas.[2][1] The Nadas and Izhava women were not satisfied, continuing to fight for the right to wear upper cloth "like any other woman in the higher castes,"[1] and preferring breast-clothing in the Nair-style.[5] This led to increasing violence in the 1820s against Nadar women, and also the burning of schools and churches.[5] In 1828 the Travancore government again forbid Nadar-women the Nair-style breast-clothes, but permitted the wearing of the jacket.[5] In 1829, the rani (queen) issued yet another proclamation, which denied the right of Nadar women to wear upper cloths.[1]
1859 proclamation
In 1858, new violence broke out in several places in Travancore. On 26 July 1859, under pressure from Charles Trevelyan, the Madras Governor, the king of Travancore issued a proclamation proclaiming the right for all Nadar women to cover their breasts, either by wearing jackets, like the Christian Nadars, or tie coarse-cloth around their upper-body, like the Mukkavattigal (low-caste fisher-women).[5][6][7] Yet they were still not allowed to cover their breasts in the style of the higher-class women.[8][9][10] This solution was not satisfactory to the missionaries, who regarded the Christian Nadar women to be of a higher status than the Mukkavattigal women.[11] The Nadar continued to ignore the restrictions, developing an upper-wear style that resembled the style of the higherclass Hindu women,[11] but offended some Hindus as a provocation by the missionaries.[11] The code was still discriminatory until 1915-1916, and the challenge was supported by Mahatma Ayyankali.
Further emancipation
After the revolt, pamphlets appeared putting forth the claims of Kshatriya status of the Nadars. Members of the caste claimed the right to wear the sacred thread and to ride palanquins to wedding ceremonies. By 1891 at least 24,000 Nadars had given their caste to the census enumerator as being kshatriya.[12]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cohn 1996, p. 140.
- ↑ Billington Harper 2000, p. 13.
- ↑ Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70.
- 1 2 3 4 Cohn 1996, p. 141.
- ↑ Ross 2008, p. 78.
- ↑ Jones 1989, p. 159.
- ↑ Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110.
- ↑ Cohn 1996, p. 141-142.
- ↑ Kertzer 1988, p. 113.
- 1 2 3 Cohn 1996, p. 142.
- ↑ Bendix & Brand 1973, p. 534.
Sources
- Bendix, Reinhard; Brand, Coenraad (1973), State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology, University of California Press
- Billington Harper, Susan (2000), In the Shadow of the Mahatma, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 0-8028-3874-X
- Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), [Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge] Check
|url=value (help), Princeton University Press - Hardgrave, Robert (1969), The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change, University of California Press
- Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24986-4
- Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
- Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana
- Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity