Underwater thruster

An underwater thruster is a configuration of marine propellers and hydraulic or electric motor built into, or mounted to an Underwater Robot as a propulsion device. These give the robot movement and maneuverability against sea water resistance. The main difference between underwater thrusters and marine thrusters is the ability to work under heavy water pressure, sometime up to full ocean depth.

Types of underwater thrusters

Underwater thrusters can be divided in two main groups, hydraulic thrusters and electric thrusters. Electric thrusters are mainly used on battery operated underwater robots such as AUVs, submarines and electric ROVs. Hydraulic thrusters are mainly used on work class hydraulic ROVs. Hydraulic thruster technology is older than the electrical one, they are more rugged and their weight to thrust ratio is higher than electric thrusters, but maintenance and piping issues cause some dissatisfaction with users. Thanks to developing PMSM electric motors (wrongly knowing brushless DC Motor in market), electric thrusters are becoming more popular in newly designed products. Weight to thrust ratios are higher for hydraulic thrusters than for electric thrusters, but after taking into account the required hydraulic components including valves, hydraulic power units, pipes joints, etc. hydraulic thruster systems come out heavier than electric thrusters. Early models of electric thrusters had some reliability problems with electronic controllers, but power electronic developments have made them more rugged, and some models can be found on the market with more than 10 years service life and many years warranty.

Electric underwater thruster varieties, problems and parts

Each underwater thruster includes some main components as follows:

Electric Underwater Thruster
A Lian innovations electric thruster
  1. Electric Motor: The electric motor is the main component of electric thrusters and drives the propeller. Modern underwater thrusters usually use brush-less Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs). In some low quality thrusters brushless D.C. motors are used. The gain is lower price and the penalty is lower efficiency. In most modern designs, frame less PMSM motors (mainly produced by Kollmorgen) are used to reduce the weight and increase the thermal efficiency. This improves the power to weight ratio, but the penalty is higher assembly cost.
  2. Gearbox: to match propeller torque with motor torque some manufacturers use a gearbox. Most of the time, to reduce the weight and volume of the thruster, the gears are assembled directly inside the thruster shell, which is used as the gearbox housing. In this way the weight decreases considerably, but repairs become difficult as the spare parts can not be found on the normal market.
  3. Direct drive: In some modern designs which use PMSM motors, the ratio of motor torque to its diameter is so high that the motor can rotate the propeller without a gearbox. In direct drive underwater thrusters, the motors are heavier than those used in geared thrusters, but removing the gearbox compensates for this. Direct drive thrusters have higher reliability, lower noise, and higher efficiency, but the prices are higher than geared thrusters.
  4. Motor driver and electronics: Brushless motors need some electronics to be commutated and control their speed. In early versions the drivers were unreliable and this led to user dissatisfaction when compared with highly reliable hydraulic thrusters. More recently developments in power electronic technology have made the motor driver more efficient and reliable, cheap and small, to be fitted directly to the end of the motor. In modern designs the motor controllers are able not only to control the propeller RPM, but also to control the thrust force in applications that need close control on their positioning.
  5. Shafting and sealing: Keeping the propeller in the right place and making it reliable in case of impact with external items such as fishes or fishing nets is one of the main concerns in all kinds of thrusters. Lots of failures have been reported due to this problem. Some manufacturers try to solve it by using magnetic couplings and totally avoiding rotary sealing. This improves reliability of the sealing and shafting, but they lose in efficiency due to limited torque transfer capability of the magnetic coupling and they solve this problem by using a high speed, low torque propeller. In most models the efficiency is as low as 25% which is very low for underwater thrusters. Magnetic bearings require the propeller to be rotated on the outer shell surfaces using a layer of water as a lubricant, which may reduced the bearing life considerably in contaminated water. Some other manufacturers use tapered bearings and a multiple sealing system for redundancy. In this design if the main seal (usually a ceramic seal) fails, the others seals keep the motor safe and the thruster can continue operation.
  6. Propeller: The propeller is the component which converts rotation to thrust. Selection of the right propeller has a considerable influence on the performance a thruster. Each application's hydrodynamic load line needs a matched propeller for maximum efficiency, but there is lack of standard off-the-shelf propeller variation on the market and therefore it is impossible to order the thruster with the best efficiency propeller. Some companies will design and develop custom propellers, but their prices are really high. Other companies try to offer many propellers as options and let the user select the best one using performance charts of their thrusters.
  7. Nozzle: Nozzles are used with heavy load, low speed thrusters. Most ROVs have this type of hydrodynamic loads. In high speed, light load robots, such as AUVs, UUVs and submarines, usually the thrusters do not have a nozzle.
  8. Handle: Underwater thrusters vibrate due to non-uniform load on propeller blades. Also they suffer from heavy impacts of fish colliding with the propeller. To solve this problem, handles gets heavy and wide area which may considerably block the incoming flow to the propeller, and that reduces the thruster performance. This makes the handle an important part of the thruster. There are different solutions on the market. Some manufacturers offer their thrusters without a handle and let the user develop their own solutions. But the most efficient solution on the market is to uses of the nozzle stiffener as a thruster handle. It need lots of engineering effort to develop this type of handle, but outcome is a light weight, low flow blockage, impact and vibration resistant thruster.
  9. Shell: Thruster shells usually must be resistant to seawater corrosion. There are two common version of shells; hard anodized aluminium and stainless steal grade 316. Steel is heavier more expensive and more resilient. Aluminium is lighter and cheaper.
  10. Electric Connector: Electric connectors of thrusters are one of the main parts of underwater thrusters. Fortunately there are lots of off the shelf solutions on the market (SEACON) that makes using them more reliable and easy.

Performance

There are lots of parameters that affect underwater thrusters considerably. Under the sea, energy become more valuable as it is difficult to transfer it (ROVs) or to store it (AUV, UUV, Submarine), Then its very important to have the maximum efficiency. Motor driver, electric motor, shafting, sealing, propeller, nozzle and thruster outer geometry and surface all affect the efficiency.

  1. Matching the propeller load with motor torque: One of the more difficult design problem of underwater thrusters is to match the propeller load line with the motor power line. If it does not happen the overall efficiency of the thruster will fall well below maximum or only a small percentage of motor power will be used.
  2. Using the right propeller: Propeller diameter, pitch ratio and type are very important to have the maximum performance. Lots of investigation and engineering must be done before final order of thruster to have the right choice.
  3. Using low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) motor and driver: PMSM motors have some efficiency problems with THD. Low THD motors and drivers are available on the market (Kolmorgen)but their prices are considerably higher than lower efficiency motors. Only high-tech Thrusters on the market using this type of motor and driver (Lian Innovative).
  4. Streamlined Thruster Shell: Manufacturing of streamlined body and handle have a considerable effects on the efficiency, and manufacturing of the curves in this type of geometry is expensive.

See also

Rim-driven thruster.

External links

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