U.S. Space & Rocket Center

U.S. Space & Rocket Center
Established 1965
Location Huntsville, Alabama
Coordinates 34°42′41″N 86°39′15″W / 34.71139°N 86.65417°W / 34.71139; -86.65417
Type Science museum
Director Dr. Deborah Barnhart[1]
Curator Ed Stewart[2]
Owner State of Alabama
Website rocketcenter.com
Association of Science-Technology Centers

The U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama is a museum operated by the government of Alabama, showcasing rockets, achievements, and artifacts of the U.S. space program. Sometimes billed as "Earth's largest space museum", astronaut Owen Garriott described the place as, "a great way to learn about space in a town that has embraced the space program from the very beginning."[3][4]

Opened in 1970, just after the second manned mission to the lunar surface, the center not only showcases Apollo Program hardware but also houses interactive science exhibits, Space Shuttle and Army rocketry and aircraft. With more than 1,500 permanent rocketry and space exploration artifacts, as well as many rotating rocketry and space-related exhibits, the center occupies land carved out of Redstone Arsenal adjacent to Huntsville Botanical Garden at exit 15 on Interstate 565.[5] The center offers bus tours of nearby Marshall Space Flight Center.[6]

Two camp programs offer visitors the opportunity to stay on the grounds and learn more about their respective subject matter. U.S. Space Camp gives an in-depth exposure to the space program through participant use of simulators, lectures, and training exercises. Similarly, Aviation Challenge offers a taste of military fighter pilot training including simulations, lectures, and survival exercises. Both camps provide residential and day camp educational programs for children and adults.[7]

Exhibits

The U.S. Space & Rocket Center has one of the most extensive collections of space artifacts and displays more than 1500 pieces. Displays include rockets, engines, spacecraft, simulators, and hands-on exhibits.[8][9]

Some of the rockets in the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. From left to right: Saturn I, Jupiter IRBM, Juno II, Mercury-Redstone, Redstone, and Jupiter-C

The Space & Rocket Center introduces visitors to U.S. rocketry efforts from its predecessor at Peenemünde with the German V-1 flying bomb, through a progression of U.S. military rockets up to the Saturn rocket family civilian rockets, and on to the Space Shuttle. The Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle, the only Saturn V of the three on display to have been brought together outside a museum, is displayed overhead in a new building designed specifically for the rocket. The Space Shuttle Pathfinder was the first Space Shuttle — a mockup made of steel and wood to test facilities for handling the vehicle — and it now sits atop an external tank with solid rocket boosters attached.

The F-1 rocket engine stands 18.5 feet (5.6 m) high, and produces 1,500,000 pounds-force (6,700,000 N) of thrust.

The center showcases significant military rockets, including representatives of the Project Nike series, which formed the first ballistic missile defense, MIM-23 Hawk surface-to-air missile, Hermes, an early surface-to-surface missile, MGR-1 Honest John and Corporal nuclear missiles and Patriot, first used in the Gulf War of 1991.

The rocketry collection includes numerous engines, as well. In addition to the authentic engines mounted on rockets on display, the museum has unmounted engines on display, including two F-1s, the type of gigantic engine that produced 1,500,000 pounds-force (6,700,000 N) to push Saturn Vs off the launch pad, J-2 engine that powered second and third stages of the Saturn V, and both Descent and Ascent Propulsion System (DPS/APS) engines for the Lunar Module. Engines from the V-2 engine to NERVA to the Space Shuttle Main Engine are on display as well.[9]

Apollo 16 capsule is on display, with the recovery parachute hanging above it.

The Apollo program gets full coverage in the Davidson Center for Space Exploration with artifacts outlining Apollo missions. Astronauts crossed the service structure's red walkway to the White Room, both on display, and climbed in the Command Module atop a Saturn V which was their cabin for the trip to the moon and back. Apollo 16's command module is on display. The Saturn V Instrument Unit controlled five F-1 engines in the first stage of the rocket as it lifted off the pad. Several exhibits relate the complexity and magnitude of that phase of the journey. They took a Lunar Module (mockup on display) to the lunar surface where they collected moon rocks such as the Apollo 12 specimen at the museum. Later moon trips took a Lunar Rover (displayed beside the LM). The first few moon trips ended at a Mobile Quarantine Facility (Apollo 12's is on display) where astronauts stayed to ensure containment of any moon bugs after that mission.[10][11]

A restored engineering mock-up of Skylab is also on display, showing the Apollo project's post-lunar efforts.[12][13]

Gemini astronauts trained in this capsule.

Various simulators help visitors understand the spaceflight experience. Space Shot lets the rider experience launch-like 4 gs and 2–3 seconds of weightlessness. G-Force Accelerator offers 3 gs of acceleration for an extended period by means of a centrifuge. Several other simulators entertain and educate visitors.[14]

Other exhibits offer a hands-on understanding of concepts related to rocketry or space travel. A bell jar demonstrates the reason for using a rocket instead of a propeller in the vacuum of space. A wind tunnel offers visitors the opportunity to manipulate a model to see how forces change with its orientation, and The Mind of Saturn exhibit demonstrates gyroscopic force (necessary for rocket navigation). An Apollo trainer offers visitors the opportunity to climb in.[15]

Some simulators on exhibit were used for astronaut training. A Project Mercury simulator shows the cramped conditions endured by the first Americans in space. A Gemini simulator shows visitors the accommodations when two people flew together to space for the first U.S. missions involving extra-vehicular activities and space rendezvous.[9]

Exhibits also cover the future of space flight. Two Orion CEV exhibits show the next NASA spacecraft, and a Bigelow Aerospace commercial habitat model details a space tourism effort.[16]

Two play areas offer places indoors and out for children to release some energy. The outdoor play area offers a miniature (and slower) Space Shot ride along with slides and tunnels, all under a canopy. The indoor area fosters imaginative play about a trip to Mars with a space ship and some cartoon "aliens".

The U.S. Space & Rocket Center is also the resting place of Miss Baker, a squirrel monkey who flew on a suborbital test flight of the PGM-19 Jupiter rocket on May 28, 1959. Baker lived in a facility at the Center from 1971 until she died of kidney failure in November 1984.[17]

A tour bus waits as tourists inspect the Redstone Test Stand on a 2012 tour of Marshall Space Flight Center.

Bus tours

The Space & Rocket Center offers bus tours of Marshall Space Flight Center. The tour offers views of all four National Historic Landmarks at the center including a stop at the landmark Redstone Test Stand, a where Alan Shepard's Redstone Rocket was tested prior to launch.[18] Another scheduled stop is the Payload Operations and Integration Center, which serves as mission control for a number of experiments. Bus tours originally started July 4, 1972,[19] but were suspended following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Tours resumed July 20, 2012, the 43rd anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing, limited to United States citizens because of security protocol at the Army installation, Redstone Arsenal, which contains Marshall Space Flight Center.[6][20]

Traveling exhibits

In the summer of 2010, the Space and Rocket Center began hosting traveling exhibits. The first was Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination with other exhibits planned. The United States Space Camp hosted at the facility has provided themed camps in conjunction with the exhibits, including a Jedi Experience camp.[21]

Other traveling exhibits:

History

Visitors to the new museum saw Mercury and Apollo 6 capsules, lunar rovers and lander concepts, and more.

The idea for the museum was first proposed by Dr. Wernher von Braun, who led the efforts of the United States to land the first man on the moon.[26] Plans for the museum were underway in 1960 with an economic feasibility study for the Huntsville-Madison County Chamber of Commerce.[27]

Von Braun, understanding the dominance of football in the Alabama culture, persuaded rival Alabama and Auburn coaches Bear Bryant and Shug Jordan to appear in a television commercial supporting a $1.9 million statewide bond referendum to finance museum construction.[28] The referendum passed on November 30, 1965, and a donation of land from the Army's Redstone Arsenal provided a location on which to build.[29][30]

On display immediately were the lunar landscape with lunar lander mockup, and a wide variety of hardware from United States Army Aviation and Missile Command, NASA, and aerospace companies, including a helicopter, and the rocket garden.[31]

To help draw tourists from far afield, the center needed a crown jewel. The Huntsville Times reported, "Edward O. Buckbee is the type of guy with the tenacity to 'arrange' for this planet's largest, most complex mechanical beast to become a part of the Alabama Space and Rocket Center at Huntsville. / Pulling off the coup – getting a Saturn 5 moon rocket here which cost 90 times the center itself – was 'a little difficult,' admits Buckbee in a galloping understatement."[32] Buckbee worked with von Braun to see that the Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle would be delivered to the site as it was on June 28, 1969. The Saturn I which stands erect at the museum was delivered the same day.[33] Initial plans called for visitors to walk through the Saturn V.[31]

The Space & Rocket Center was a "major sponsor" of the United States pavilion at the 1982 World's Fair, providing exhibits on space and energy as well as equipment and operations for the IMAX theater at the fair. At the time, the Space & Rocket Center also served as the Alabama Energy Information Center.[34]

Mike Wing plunged the Center into debt as its executive director from 1998 to 1999.[35] Wing oversaw construction of a full-scale vertical Saturn V replica to be finished at by the 30th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing, July 1999. It serves as a towering landmark in Huntsville, and cost the center $8.6 million of borrowed money. The Huntsville Times estimated interest costs at $10 million. Wing also sought to create a program for fifth grade students in Alabama and elsewhere to attend Space Camp at no cost to them. Anonymous corporate pledges that Wing promised would fund the $800 per student never arrived. Wing prolonged the Alabama Space Science Exhibit Commission's investigation into the pledges by writing bogus personal checks and having the center record them as received. The program ultimately cost the center $7.5 million. Wing was pressured to resign, and several members of the governing Alabama Space Science Exhibit Commission were ousted from that board as a result of the debacle.[36][37] At the end of Wing's term as director, the center was $26 million in debt.[38][39][40]

The expenditures would shape more than the next decade for the center. Larry Capps was selected as executive director after Wing, and he reduced the debt to $16 million while also building the Davidson Center for Space Exploration and moving the Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle into its custom-built facility.[38] Capps was director through his retirement in 2010.[41]

Dr. Deborah Barnhart, who headed Space Camp from 1986-1990, was selected to run the museum in 2010.[41] She has since brought Orion and other post-Shuttle training apparatus to Space Camp and retired the center's line of credit, reducing interest expenditures. The center had about $13 million debt in May, 2014.[42]

Buildings

The initial museum building was designed by Huntsville architect David Crowe in a style called "early blockhouse modern."[32]
The SA-500D Saturn V is the centerpiece in the main hall of the Davidson Center for Space Exploration.

Huntsville architect David Crowe designed the initial building with 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2) of exhibit space.[31] An Omnimax (now called IMAX Dome) theater was installed prior to February 28, 1984.[43] The movie SpaceCamp preceded droves more campers (5,000 in 1986 to 11,000 in 1987), for whom facilities were expanded again.[44][45]

Since 1969, Huntsville residents could point to the Saturn I rocket at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center as a distant landmark (located a few miles from the city center).[33] In 1999, a full-scale model of the Saturn V rocket was erected, standing nearly twice as tall as the Saturn I.[36]

Since 1979, A Saturn IB rocket owned by the museum stands at the Alabama Welcome Center in Ardmore "as a reminder to visitors of Alabama's role in the space program."[46]

A $3 million NASA Educator Resource Center was built during Larry Capps's tenure.[47]

The newest addition to the U.S. Space & Rocket Center is the Davidson Center for Space Exploration, named after Dr. Julian Davidson, founder of Davidson Technologies.[48] The 68,000 square feet (6,300 m2)[47] building opened January 31, 2008. The Davidson Center was designed to house the Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle (listed on the National Register of Historic Places) and many other space exploration exhibits. The vehicle is elevated above the floor surface with separated stages and engines exposed, so visitors have the opportunity to walk underneath the rocket. The Davidson Center also features a 3D movie theater in addition to the IMAX theater in the original museum.

When the Davidson Center opened in 2008, the museum's ticket center and entrance was relocated to the Davidson Center, so it is now the first exhibit museum visitors experience. This, however, necessitated that visitors enter the original museum through the rear doors, causing it to be viewed out of its original sequence.

Governance

The U.S. Space & Rocket Center is owned by the State of Alabama and operated by the Alabama Space Science Exhibit Commission (ASSEC) whose 18 members are appointed by the Governor for terms of four or eight years.[49] The composition and authority of the board are set forth in Title 41, Article 15 of the Code of Alabama.[50] ASSEC meetings are open to the public.[51]

The U.S. Space & Rocket Center Foundation serves as the fundraising arm of the ASSEC.[51]

Visitors

The Space & Rocket Center saw 540,153 visitors in 2010 and 553,137 in 2011,[52] and over 584,000 in 2013, the latter earning the museum recognition as the top paid tourist attraction in Alabama.[53]

The NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge, previously known as the Great Moonbuggy Race, has run every year since 1994, and all but the first two have been held at the Space & Rocket Center. The race challenges high school and college students to design and build a small moonbuggy that they can assemble on-site and ride across a simulated lunar terrain.[54]

The U.S. Space & Rocket Center was the setting for feature films Space Warriors,[55] SpaceCamp,[56] and Beyond the Stars,[57] along with the made-for-TV movie A Smile as Big as the Moon.[58]

The U.S. Space & Rocket Center was the site of a roadblock and pitstop at the end of Leg 3 of The Amazing Race: Family Edition aired in October 2005.

The Space & Rocket Center was featured on Little People Big World episode "Space Jake" in which Jacob Roloff attended Space Camp in the summer of 2008.[59]

Good Morning America has featured the Space & Rocket Center multiple times. In their 2006 proclamation the "Seven wonders of America", selected the Saturn V and particularly featured the Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center.[60][61]

References

  1. ↑ "U.S. Space & Rocket Center board hires Dr. Deborah Edwards Barnhart as new CEO". December 21, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
  2. ↑ Roop, Lee (December 18, 2014). "New U.S. Space & Rocket Center exhibit honors Ernst Stuhlinger's vision of tomorrow's rocket engine". Huntsville Times. al.com. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
  3. ↑ Villano, Matt (September 9, 2007). "Space Camp, Dogwoods And 'cue In Huntsville, Ala.". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  4. ↑ "Huntsville Holidays". Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  5. ↑ "In the Beginning: US Space & Rocket Center".
  6. 1 2 Accardi, Marian (August 8, 2012). "U.S. Space & Rocket Center's bus tours to Marshall Space Flight Center are a popular attraction". al.com. The Huntsville Times. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  7. ↑ Foster, Amy E. (March 7, 2011). "U.S. Space & Rocket Center". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  8. ↑ "U.S. Space & Rocket Center". Land Use Database. Center for Land Use Interpretation. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 Jetzer, Mike. "U. S. Space & Rocket Center". heroicrelics.org. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  10. ↑ Kessner, Kenneth (January 19, 2011). "U.S. Space and Rocket Center cancels gala, focusing on Space Camp registrations and budget challenges". Huntsville Times. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
  11. ↑ "Space Camp Newsletter: Mobile Quarantine Facility". September 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
  12. ↑ Schultz, Eric (January 25, 2013). "Skylab moves into Saturn V Hall". al.com. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
  13. ↑ Emmett, Nicole (January 29, 2013). "Skylab engineering mockup moves into Saturn V Hall at Space and Rocket Center after 10 years outdoors". al.com. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
  14. ↑ Greene, Nick. "Visiting the US Space & Rocket Center". about.com. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  15. ↑ "NASA Administrator Charles Bolden to speak at event at U.S. Space & Rocket Center". The Huntsville Times. August 25, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  16. ↑ "U.S. Space & Rocket Center opens exhibit with model of commercial space habitat module". Huntsville Times. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
  17. ↑ 20th Anniversary U.S. Space and Rocket Center. USSRC. March 17, 1990.
  18. ↑ Bonenberger (1996), "MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand", Written Historical & Descriptive Data (TIFF), pp. 47–48, retrieved July 1, 2011
  19. ↑ "Starts July 4: Now! NASA Bus Tours Daily from Space and Rocket Center" (Press release). The Tuscaloosa News. July 2, 1972. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  20. ↑ Hollis, Mike (September 10, 2012). "ASK US: Why can't non-citizens take Marshall Space Flight Center tour?". al.com. The Huntsville Times. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  21. ↑ "STAR WARS: Where Science Meets Imagination (Press Materials)". May 28, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  22. ↑ "The Chronicles Of Narnia: The Exhibition coming to the U.S. Space & Rocket Center". August 5, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  23. ↑ "CSI: THE EXPERIENCE coming to the U.S. Space & Rocket Center". November 3, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  24. ↑ Welch, Chris (May 23, 2011). "New U.S. Space and Rocket Center exhibit showcases discovery of rare T. rex skeleton". Huntsville Times. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
  25. 1 2 Accardi, Marian (May 3, 2012). "U.S. Space & Rocket Center's von Braun exhibit travels abroad this summer". Huntsville Times. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  26. ↑ Laney, Monique (2015). German Rocketeers in the Heart of Dixie: Making Sense of the Nazi Past During the Civil Rights Era. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-300-19803-4.
  27. ↑ Kopp, William T. (1960). Economic Feasibility of a Proposed Space Science Exhibit in Huntsville, Alabama. Pasadena, California: Southern California Laboratories of Stanford Research Institute.
  28. ↑ Dewan, Shaila (December 31, 2007). "When the Germans, and Rockets, Came to Town". New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  29. ↑ "Madison County Election Returns". The Huntsville Times. December 1, 1965.
  30. ↑ "United States Space and Rocket Center". Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  31. 1 2 3 "Alabama Space Science Center". Times Daily. February 23, 1969. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  32. 1 2 Casebolt, Barry (September 24, 1972). "A World Wonder in our Midst". The Huntsville Times. pp. B–1+.
  33. 1 2 von Braun, Wernher (2010), Buckbee, Ed, ed., The Rocket Man: Wernher von Braun: The Man Who Took America to the Moon: His Weekly Notes: 1961–1969 (DVD), Steward & Wise Music Publishing, p. NOTES 6–30–69 SIEBEL, ISBN 978-1-935001-27-0
  34. ↑ "Space, Rocket Unit Will Be At The Fair". Harlan Daily Enterprise. April 23, 1982. pp. 8B. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  35. ↑ "Mike Wing, former CEO of Space and Rocket Center, arrested". WAFF TV. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  36. 1 2 "Saturn V Replica Not Paid For Yet". Tuscaloosa News. AP. July 17, 2001. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  37. ↑ "Audit Sparks Probe of Center Spending". Tuscaloosa News. Montgomery, AL. AP. May 14, 2001. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  38. 1 2 Haskins, Shelly (September 30, 2011). "U.S. Space and Rocket Center lays off 5, cuts 7 to part-time to save $500,000 (updated)". Huntsville Times. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  39. ↑ "New CEO Ready to Tackle Space Camp's Problems". Tuscaloosa News. Huntsville. AP. February 11, 2000. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  40. ↑ Lowry, Suzy (June 24, 1999). "St. Clair Fifth-Graders get Free Space Camp". Gadsden Times. Asheville. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  41. 1 2 Lawson, Brian (December 22, 2010). "New Space & Rocket Center CEO Barnhart described as ideal choice". Huntsville Times. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  42. ↑ Gattis, Paul (May 16, 2014). "U.S. Space & Rocket Center celebrates 'watershed' financial achievement, upgrade Space Camp facilities". Huntsville Times. al.com. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Museum Shoots for the Stars to Bring Space Down to Earth". Chicago Tribune. February 24, 1984. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
  44. ↑ Burkey, Martin (February 4, 1987). "Space Camp Expected to draw 9,000". The Huntsville Times.
  45. ↑ Burkey, Martin (August 14, 1987). "Space Camp Plans Futuristic Dorms: Space Station Inspired $3.65 Million Design". The Huntsville Times.
  46. ↑ Dooling, Dave (May 6, 1979). "Space and Rocket Plans Summer Celebration". The Huntsville Times.
  47. 1 2 Huggins, Paul (August 14, 2010). "Space museum CEO retiring". Decatur Daily. Huntsville. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  48. ↑ Davidson Technologies Inc.
  49. ↑ "Gov. Riley Appoints Members to Space Science Exhibit Commission". WAFF TV. October 1, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  50. ↑ "Alabama Code – Article 15: SPACE SCIENCE EXHIBIT COMMISSION". Findlaw. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  51. 1 2 Lyons, Wes. "FAQ". Sprocketeers.org, an unofficial blog. Sprocketeers.org. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  52. ↑ Accardi, Marian (March 2, 2012). "U.S. Space & Rocket Center in No. 1 spot among state's top 10 attractions (updated)". al.com. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  53. ↑ Barry, Lucy (February 27, 2014). "U.S. Space & Rocket Center is top paid Alabama attraction in 2013; see other 9 destinations (photos)". al.com. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  54. ↑ "NASA 'moonbuggy race' pits teams from around world". Dawn.com sci-tech. AP. April 15, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  55. ↑ "Space Warriors Movie IMDB".
  56. ↑ "On Location... Space Camp Filming Locations". 80's Movies Rewind. 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  57. ↑ "Beyond the Stars (1989) filming locations". IMDB. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  58. ↑ http://www.mlive.com/tv/index.ssf/2012/01/a_smile_as_big_as_the_moon_sta.html
  59. ↑ "Little People Big World Season 4 DVD Set". Discovery Store. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  60. ↑ "Space Camp, Movie Topic on TV Show". The Huntsville Times. May 27, 1986.
  61. ↑ "Seven Wonders of America". Good Morning America. ABC News. 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
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