U2 spliceosomal RNA

U2 spliceosomal RNA

Identifiers
Symbol U2
Rfam RF00004
Other data
RNA type Gene; snRNA; splicing
Domain(s) Eukaryota
GO 0000370 0045131 0005686
SO 0000392

U2 spliceosomal RNA is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of the spliceosome (involved in pre-mRNA splicing). Complementary binding between U2 snRNA (in an area lying towards the 5' end but 3' to hairpin I) and the branchpoint sequence (BPS) of the intron results in the bulging out of an unpaired adenosine, on the BPS, which initiates a nucleophilic attack at the intronic 5' splice site, thus starting the first of two transesterification reactions that mediate splicing.
After recognition of the pre-mRNA 5’ splice site by U1 snRNA, U1 snRNA binds to this point. As soon as this bond forms, U2 snRNA binds to the branch point site, which forms a bulge at the branch point binding sequence. In addition, U6 snRNA associates with U2 snRNA and the 5’ splice site through base pairing interaction.[1] The association of U2 snRNP with the pre-mRNA branch site plays a fundamental role during splicing assembly since it directly participates in chemical catalysis.[2] Moreover, U2 snRNP undergoes several rearrangements along with the recognition of the branch point adenosine and formation of the base pair interaction between U2 snRNA and consensus sequence within the intron.[3]

Structure and function

In humans, the U2 spliceosomal RNA is 187 base pairs long, forms five stem-loops, and possesses a 5'-trimethylguanosine five-prime cap. It is able to base-pair extensively with U6 spliceosomal RNA during the splicing process.[4] Bases 33 to 38 are a conserved sequence that base-pairs with the adenosine branch site except for the adenosine itself, forcing the adenosine base to flip out and be exposed. Bases 99 to 105 form the Sm site, around which the heteroheptameric Sm ring is assembled, consisting of SmB/B', SmD1/2/3, SmE, SmF, and SmG. U6-I and U6-II RNPs bind to stem-loop I. SF3a binds to stem loops IIa and IIb. U2 B″ binds to stem-loop IV, and U2 A' interacts with U2 B″.[5][6]
The 5’ end of U2 snRNA, which is highly conserved, contains several stem–loops, and single-stranded regions interact with U6 snRNA, the intron, and the snRNP proteins. Previous studies indicated that the stem I in 5’ terminus of the U2 snRNA has a function in early steps of spliceosome assembly.[7][8] Structural studies of the U2-U6 complex show the presence of the U2 stem I as a stable structure in this complex.[9]
NMR structures of U2 stem I from S. cerevisiae and the fully modified U2 stem I from humans reveal that there is a great similarity in structure; however, the stability of stem I in yeast and humans is extremely different.[3]

Interactions

Interaction of the U2 snRNP to the branch site in humans occurs through the polypirimidine tract in an ATP dependent manner.[10][11] However, in yeast, introns do not contain a polypirimidine tract at their 3’ splice site.[11] In order for splicing to occur efficiently in yeast and mammals, it is necessary for U2 snRNA to base pair near the intron branch point.[12]
U2 snRNA from yeast to mammals has been evolutionarily conserved.[13] The spliceosome pathway in yeast extracts and mammalian extracts is different. A conserved intron branch sequence UACUAAC is required for U2 snRNP binding in yeast.[14] However, the base paring interaction between U2 snRNA with the branch point of the intron and the pre-mRNA splicing mechanism is similar in both yeast and mammals.[12][15][16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wahl, M. C.; Will, C. L.; Luhrmann, R. (2009). "The Spliceosome: Design Principles of a Dynamic RNP Machine". Cell. 136 (4): 701–718. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.009. PMID 19239890.
  2. ↑ Nilsen, T.W. (1998). RNA-RNA interactions in nuclear pre-mRNA splicing. In RNA Structure and Function, M. Grundber-Manago and R.W. Simons (Eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 35, 279–307.
  3. 1 2 Sashital, D. G.; Venditti, V.; Angers, C. G.; Cornilescu, G.; Butcher, S. E. (2007). "Structure and thermodynamics of a conserved U2 snRNA domain from yeast and human". RNA. 13 (3): 328–338. doi:10.1261/rna.418407. PMC 1800520Freely accessible. PMID 17242306.
  4. ↑ Montemayor, Eric J; Curran, Elizabeth C; Liao, Hong Hong; Andrews, Kristie L; Treba, Christine N; Butcher, Samuel E; Brow, David A (18 May 2014). "Core structure of the U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein at 1.7-Å resolution". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 21 (6): 544–551. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2832. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  5. ↑ Nagai, K; Muto, Y; Pomeranz Krummel, DA; Kambach, C; Ignjatovic, T; Walke, S; Kuglstatter, A (May 2001). "Structure and assembly of the spliceosomal snRNPs. Novartis Medal Lecture.". Biochemical Society Transactions. 29 (Pt 2): 15–26. doi:10.1042/0300-5127:0290015. PMID 11356120. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  6. ↑ Stark, Holger; Dube, Prakash; Lührmann, Reinhard; Kastner, Berthold (25 January 2001). "Arrangement of RNA and proteins in the spliceosomal U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle". Nature. 409 (6819): 539–542. doi:10.1038/35054102. PMID 11206553. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  7. ↑ Yu, Y.T.; Shu, M.D.; Steitz, J.A. (1998). "Modifications of U2 snRNA are required for snRNP assembly and pre-mRNA splicing". EMBO J. 17 (19): 5783–5795. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.19.5783.
  8. ↑ Donmez, G.; Hartmuth, K.; Luhrmann, R. (2004). "Modified nucleotides at the 5' end of human U2 snRNA are required for spliceosomal E-complex formation". RNA. 10 (12): 1925–1933. doi:10.1261/rna.7186504.
  9. ↑ Sashital, D.G.; Cornilescu, G.; McManus, C.J.; Brow, D.A.; Butcher, S.E. (2004). "U2–U6 RNA folding reveals a group II intron-like domain and a four-helix junction". Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 (12): 1237–1242. doi:10.1038/nsmb863.
  10. ↑ Kramer, A (1988). "Presplicing complex formation requires two proteins and U2 snRNP". Genes Dev. 2 (9): 1155–1167. doi:10.1101/gad.2.9.1155.
  11. 1 2 Wu, J.; Manley, J. L. (1989). "Mammalian pre-mRNA branch site selection by U2 snRNP involves base pairing". Genes Dev. 3 (10): 1553–1561. doi:10.1101/gad.3.10.1553.
  12. 1 2 Parker, R.; Siliciano, P.G.; Guthrie, C. (1987). "Recognition of the TACTAAC box during mRNA splicing in yeast involves base pairing to the U2-like snRNA". Cell. 49 (2): 229–239. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90564-2.
  13. ↑ Zhuang, Y.; Weiner, A. M. (1989). "A compensatory base change in human U2 snRNA can suppress a branch site mutation". Genes & Dev. 3 (10): 1545–1552. doi:10.1101/gad.3.10.1545.
  14. ↑ Legrain, P.; Seraphin, B.; Rosbash, M. (1988). "Early commitment of yeast pre-mRNA to the spliceosome pathway". Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 3755–3760.
  15. ↑ Ruskin, B.; Zamore, P.; Green, M. (1988). "A factor, U2AF, is required for U2 snRNP binding and splicing complex assembly". Cell. 52 (2): 207–219. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90509-0.
  16. ↑ Zhuang, Y.; Weiner, A. M. (1989). "A compensatory base change in human U2 snRNA can suppress a branch site mutation". Genes Dev. 3: 1545–1552. doi:10.1101/gad.3.10.1545.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/9/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.