Tribal Council
A Tribal Council is either: (1) a First Nations government in Canada or, an association of Native American bands in the United States; or, (2) the governing body for certain tribes within the United States or elsewhere (since ancient times). In both countries they are generally formed along regional, ethnic or linguistic lines.
Associations of tribes
In Canada, the Indian band, usually consisting of one main community, is the fundamental unit of government. Bands may unite to form a tribal council, but they need not do so. Bands that do not belong to a tribal council are said to be independent. Bands may and do withdraw from tribal councils. Furthermore, the authority that bands delegate to their tribal council varies, with some tribal councils serving as a strong, central organization while others are granted limited power by their members.
In the United States, several sovereign American Indian Nations are organized as Tribal Councils. The Navajo Nation, or Dineh, were formally governed by the Navajo Tribal Council, known today as the Navajo Nation Council. The Crow Nation in Montana was once organized as the Crow Tribal Council. Since the late 20th century, the Crow Nation changed their constitution (which some people have opposed as an illegal action) and organized as a three-branch government with a ceremonial Crow Tribal General Council.
Governing bodies
Tribal councils in Canada and the United States have a somewhat different status. In the United States, the term usually describes the governing body of a tribe that is typically distinct from other tribes as a matter of geography, native language, religion and culture. The tribe, usually comprising a single Reservation (although some tribes have more than one, and many have none) is the basic unit of government. Federally recognized tribes in the United States are considered "domestic dependent nations", and they have sovereign status somewhat comparable to the individual American States. Different tribes may choose governance structures for themselves, but most tribes have adopted democratic governments in which a Tribal Council or the equivalent functions as a legislative body and an elected or appointed Chairman has an executive role comparable to a President or Prime Minister. On a few American Indian reservations such as the Hopi Reservation, an elected tribal democratic government operates in parallel with the tribe's traditional religious and secular government.
Tribal Councils in Canada
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Alberta
- Athabasca Tribal Council
- Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
- Four Nations Administration
- Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
- Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
- North Peace Tribal Council
- Treaty 8 First Nations of Alberta
- Treaty 7 Management Corporation
- Western Cree Tribal Council
- Yellowhead Tribal Council
British Columbia
- Northern Shuswap Tribal Council aka Cariboo Tribal Council
- Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council
- Carrier Sekani Tribal Council
- Fraser Canyon Indian Administration (Nlaka'pamux) (defunct)
- In-SHUCK-ch (also Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council, which includes N'quat'qua First Nation as well as In-SHUCK-ch)
- Kaska Tribal Council
- Kwakiutl District Council
- Lillooet Tribal Council (aka St'at'imc Nation, but does not include all St'at'imc)
- Musgamagw Tsawataineuk Tribal Council
- Naut'sa mawt Tribal Council
- Nicola Tribal Association (Nlaka'pamux and Okanagan)
- Nisga'a Tribal Council
- Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council (does not include all Nlaka'pamux)
- Northern Shuswap Tribal Council
- Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council
- Office of the Wet'suwet'en
- Okanagan Nation Alliance (includes Colville Reservation in US)
- Shuswap Nation Tribal Council
- Sto:lo Nation
- Stó:lō Tribal Council
- Tsilhqot'in National Government
- Tsimshian Tribal Council (defunct)
- Treaty 8 Tribal Association (northeastern BC)
Manitoba
- Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council
- Interlake Reserves Tribal Council
- Island Lake Tribal Council
- Keewatin Tribal Council
- Manitoba Keewatinook Ininew Okimowin
- Swampy Cree Tribal Council
- Western Region Tribal Council
- West Region Tribal Council
New Brunswick
- Mawiw Tribal Council
- Saint John River Valley Tribal Council
Northwest Territories
- Mackenzie Delta Tribal Council
Nova Scotia
- The Confederacy of Mainland Mi'kmaq
- Union of Nova Scotia Indians
Ontario
- Bimose Tribal Council
- Independent First Nations Alliance
- Keewaytinook Okimakanak Council
- Matawa First Nations
- Mushkegowuk Council
- North Shore Tribal Council
- Pwi-Di-Goo-Zing Ne-Yaa-Zhing Advisory Services
- Shibogama First Nations Council
- Southern First Nation Secretariat
- United Chiefs & Councils of Manitoulin Island
- Wabun Tribal Council
- Waabnoong Bemjiwang Association of First Nations
- Windigo First Nations Council
Prince Edward Island
- Mi'kmaq Confederacy of Prince Edward Island
Quebec
- Anishinabeg Nation Tribal Council
- Algonquin Nation Tribal Council
- Mamuitun Tribal Council
- The Grand Council of the Crees is not a tribal council in the same sense of the above, but serves a similar purpose. its powers are not delegated from member communities but are derived from the 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and subsequent agreements with Canada and Quebec.
Saskatchewan
- Agency Chiefs Tribal Council
- Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
- Battlefords Tribal Council
- File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council
- Fort Carlton Agency Council
- Meadow Lake Tribal Council
- Prince Albert Grand Council
- Saskatoon Tribal Council
- Southeast Tribal Council
- Southeast Treaty#4 Tribal Council
- Touchwood Agency Chiefs
- Yorkton Tribal Council
- Barking Spider Swift Current Chiefs Council
Yukon
- Gwich'in Tribal Council
- Tanana Chiefs Council
Tribal Councils in the United States
- Great Lakes Inter-Tribal Council
- Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.
- Inter-tribal Council of Michigan
- Minnesota Indian Affairs Council
- Navajo Nation Council
- Siletz Tribal Council
- Williamsburg Tribal Council