Thermal Battery

A Thermal Energy battery is physical structure used for the purpose of storing and releasing thermal energy—see also Thermal energy storage. Such a Thermal Battery (a.k.a. TBat) allows energy available at one time to be temporarily stored and then released at another time. The basic principles involved in a thermal battery occur at the atomic level of matter, with energy being added to or taken from either a solid mass or a liquid volume which causes the substance's temperature to change. Some Thermal Batteries also involve causing a substance to transition thermally through a Phase transition which causes even more energy to be stored and released due to the delta Enthalpy of fusion or delta Enthalpy of vaporization.

Thermal batteries come in two basic basic forms - encapsulated and un-encapsulated Ground Heat Exchanger (GHEX).

History of Thermal Batteries

Thermal batteries are very common, and include such familiar items as a hot water bottle. Early examples of thermal batteries would include stone and mud cook stoves, rocks placed in fires, and kilns. While stoves and kilns are ovens, then are also thermal storage systems that depend on heat being retained for an extended period of time.

Types of Thermal Batteries

Thermal Batteries generally fall into 4 categories:

• GHEX Thermal Batteries
• Encapsulated Thermal Batteries
• Phase Change Thermal Batteries
• Other Thermal Batteries

These 4 types of batteries are each unique in their form and application, although fundamentally all are for the storage and retrieval of thermal energy. They also differ in method and density of heat storage. A description of each type of Thermal Battery follows.

GHEX Thermal Battery - Unencapsulated Thermal Battery

A ground heat exchanger (GHEX) is an area of the earth that is utilized as an annual cycle thermal battery. These thermal batteries are un-encapsulated areas of the earth into which pipes have been placed in order to transfer thermal energy. Energy is added to the GHEX by running a higher temperature fluid through the pipes and thus raising the temperature of the local earth. Energy can also be taken from the GHEX by running a lower temperature fluid through those same pipes.

GHEX thermal batteries are implemented in two forms. The picture above depicts what is known as a "horizontal" GHEX where trenching is used to place an amount of pipe in a closed loop in the ground. GHEX's are also formed by drilling boreholes into the ground, either vertically or horizontally, and then the pipes are inserted in the for of a closed-loop with a "u-bend" fitting on the far end of the loop. These drilled GHEX thermal batteries are also sometimes called "borehole thermal energy storage systems".

Heat energy can be added to or removed from a GHEX Thermal Battery at any point in time. However, they are most often used as an "Annual-Cycle Thermal Battery" where energy is extracted from a building during the summer season to cool a building and added to the GHEX, and then that same energy is later extracted from the GHEX in the winter season to heat the building. This annual cycle of energy addition and subtraction is highly predictable based on energy modeling of the building served. A Thermal Battery used in this mode is a Renewable Energy source as the energy extracted in the winter will be restored to the GHEX the next summer in a continually repeating cycle. This Annual-Cycle Thermal Battery is a solar powered thermal storage because it is the heat from the sun in the summer that is removed from a building and stored in the ground for use in the next winter season for heating.

Phase Change Thermal Battery

Phase change materials used for thermal storage are capable of storing and releasing significant thermal capacity at the temperature that they change phase. These materials are chosen based on specific applications because there is a wide range of temperatures that may be useful in different applications and a wide range of materials that change phase at different temperatures. These materials include salts and waxes that are specifically engineered for the applications they serve. In addition to manufactured materials, water is a phase change material. The latent heat of water is 143 BTU's per pound. The phase change of water occurs at 0C or 32F.

Some applications leverage the thermal capacity or water/ice as cold storage. Other applications leverage it as heat storage. It can serve either application because heat is relative to cold. If an application can have below freezing demand then anything above freezing is a source. For example, a water source heat pumps in traditional geo-exchange closed loop applications are efficiency tested with 32F entering water temperature. This means they are sourcing heat from 32F fluid because the low side of the refrigerant cycle inside the heat pump is colder than 32F. This shows how heat can be sourced from turning water into ice.

The cold storage applications of water based phase change are easier for most people to grasp. Ice is cold. When our homes and buildings are hot during the day and we can absorb the heat out of them by melting the ice. When it is cooler at night (and the utility rate possibly lower) we can re-make the ice in preparation for the following day.

The practical implications of leveraging the latent capacity of water/ice via phase change thermal batteries or "fusion capable thermal batteries" are only understood when other industry contexts are applied. For example, solar thermal collectors have well known capacities in the applications where that industry applies them. Namely, into "hot water" applications. The capacity of the solar collector array is dramatically different when it is applied to a phase change thermal battery system. SunDrum Solar has experienced similar dramatic capacity increases in their systems because they are connecting them to the source side of heat pumps.

Phase change thermal batteries can be thought of as tools to be applied to applications. In applications involving water source heat pumps that were traditionally applied to single source/sink geo-exchange loops the water based phase change thermal battery can provide an inexpensive and consistent thermal foundation of a multi-source/sink hybrid design.

Encapsulated Thermal Battery

An Encapsulated Thermal Battery is physically similar to a Phase Change Thermal Battery in that it is a confined amount of physical material which is thermally heated or cooled to store or extract energy. However, in a non-phase change Encapsulated Thermal Battery the temperature of the substance is changed without inducing a phase change. Since a phase change is not needed many more materials are available for use in an Encapsulated Thermal Battery.

One of the key properties of an Encapsulated Thermal Battery is its Volumetric heat capacity (VHC), also termed volume-specific heat capacity. Typical substances used for these Thermal Batteries include water, concrete, and wet sand.

An example of an Encapsulated Thermal Battery is the average residential water heater.^[1][2] This thermal battery is usually slowly charged over a period of about 30–60 minutes for rapid use when needed (e.g., 10–15 minutes). Many utilities, understanding the "thermal battery" nature of water heaters, have begun using them to absorb excess renewable energy power when available for later use by the homeowner. According to the above cited article,^[1] "net savings to the electricity system as a whole could be $200 per year per heater – some of which may be passed on to its owner".

Other Thermal Batteries

There are some other items that have historically been termed "Thermal Batteries". In this group is the Molten salt battery which is a device for generating electricity. Other examples include the heat packs that skiers use for keeping hands and feet warm (see Hand warmer). These are a chemical battery which when activated (with air in this case) will produce heat. Other related chemical thermal batteries exist for producing cold (see Instant cold pack) generally used for sport injuries.

The one common principal of these Other Thermal Batteries is that the reaction involved is generally not reversible. Thus, these batteries are not used for storing and retrieving heat energy.

See also

• Thermal energy storage
• Seasonal thermal energy storage
• Ground-coupled heat exchanger
• Geothermal heat pump
• International Ground Source Heat Pump Association
• Steam accumulator

References