TWA Flight 3

TWA Flight 3

Douglas DC-3 similar to accident aircraft
Accident summary
Date January 16, 1942
Summary Controlled flight into terrain due to pilot error
Site Potosi Mountain, Clark County, Nevada, USA
35°57′3.71″N 115°29′25″W / 35.9510306°N 115.49028°W / 35.9510306; -115.49028Coordinates: 35°57′3.71″N 115°29′25″W / 35.9510306°N 115.49028°W / 35.9510306; -115.49028
Passengers 19
Crew 3
Fatalities 22 (all)
Injuries (non-fatal) 0
Survivors 0
Aircraft type Douglas DC-3
Operator Transcontinental and Western Air
Registration NC1946
Flight origin New York, NY
Stopover Las Vegas, Nevada
Destination Burbank, California

TWA Flight 3 was a twin-engined Douglas DC-3-382 propliner, registration NC1946, operated by Transcontinental and Western Air as a scheduled domestic passenger flight from New York City, to Burbank, California, via Indianapolis, Indiana, St. Louis, Missouri, Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Las Vegas, Nevada.[1] On January 16, 1942, at 19:20 PST, 15 minutes after takeoff from Las Vegas Airport (now Nellis Air Force Base) bound for Burbank, the aircraft slammed into a sheer cliff on Potosi Mountain, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of the airport, at an elevation of 7,770 ft (2,370 m) above sea level, and was destroyed.[2] All 19 passengers on board, including movie star Carole Lombard and her mother, and all three crew members, died in the crash. The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) investigated the accident and determined it was caused by a navigation error by the captain.[1]

Flight history

A TWA DC-3 propliner being serviced for a flight

TWA Flight 3 was flying a transcontinental route from New York to greater Los Angeles with multiple intermediate stops, including Indianapolis, St. Louis, and Albuquerque, with a final destination at Burbank, California.[1]

At 4:00 local time on the morning of January 16, in Indianapolis, Indiana, Carole Lombard, her mother Elizabeth Knight, and her MGM press agent Otto Winkler, boarded Flight 3 to return to California. Lombard, anxious to meet her husband Clark Gable in Los Angeles, was returning from a successful War Bonds promotion tour in the Midwest, where she helped raise over $2,000,000.[3]

Carole Lombard

Upon arrival in Albuquerque, Lombard and her companions were asked to give up their seats for the continuing flight segment, to make room for 15 U.S. Army Air Corps personnel flying to California. Lombard insisted that because of her War Bonds effort, she, too, was essential, and convinced the station agent to let her group reboard the flight. Other passengers were removed, instead, including violinist Joseph Szigeti.[3][4][5]

The original flight crew was replaced with a new one at Albuquerque. Although a refueling stop had been planned in Winslow, Arizona, because of the higher loads and forecast headwinds, the captain decided to skip the Winslow stop while en route and proceeded directly to Las Vegas.[1]

After a brief refueling stop at what is now Nellis Air Force Base in Las Vegas, the plane took off on a clear night for its final leg to Burbank. Fifteen minutes later, flying almost seven miles off course, it crashed into a near vertical cliff on Potosi Mountain in the Spring Mountain range at 7,770 ft, about 80 ft (24 m) below the top of the cliff and 730 ft (220 m) below the summit, killing all on board instantly.[1]

Investigation

Flight plan form of Flight 3 showing magnetic course from Las Vegas airport (LQ) of 218° at 8,000 ft, which leads to high terrain: Captain's signature at bottom is missing.

The accident was investigated by the Civil Aeronautics Board. Eyewitness and other evidence suggested Flight 3 proceeded from its departure in Las Vegas along essentially a straight line, 10° right of the designated airway, into high terrain that rose above their flight altitude of 8,000 ft (2,400 m).[6] This indicated to investigators that the crew was not using radio navigation to follow the airway (defined by the low frequency range), which would have provided them safe obstacle clearance, but was instead using a compass heading.[7]

Visibility was generally good, but since most airway light beacons had been turned off because of the war, they were not usable, although one important beacon was in fact operating normally.[1][8]

Actual flight path (red) of TWA 3 from departure to crash point: Blue line shows the nominal Las Vegas course, while green is a typical course from Boulder. "Arden beacon 24", which was operating normally, was either ignored or misused by the captain.[1]

A key piece of evidence was the flight plan form, completed by the first officer in Albuquerque (but not signed by the captain, despite a company requirement to do so). In the form, the planned outbound magnetic course from Las Vegas was filled out as 218°, which is close to the flight path actually flown by the crew to the crash point.[9] Since this course, flown at 8,000 ft, is lower than the terrain in that direction (which rises to about 8,500 ft (2,600 m)), the board concluded it was clearly an error. The board speculated that since both pilots had flown to Burbank much more frequently from Boulder Airport (BLD) than from Las Vegas,[10] and that from Boulder Airport an outbound magnetic course of 218° would have been a reasonable choice to join the airway to Burbank, the crew likely inadvertently used the Boulder outbound course instead of the appropriate Las Vegas course. Boulder Airport was not used as refueling point on this trip since it had no runway lighting. To test their hypothesis, the CAB asked to review some other completed TWA flight plan forms for flights between Albuquerque and Las Vegas. Surprisingly, they discovered another form, of an actual flight, which also specified the same incorrect 218° outbound course from Las Vegas as the accident flight. TWA's chief pilot testified that the course filled out on that form was "obviously a mistake."[1]

The CAB issued a final report with the following probable cause statement:[1]

Upon the basis of the foregoing findings and of the entire record available at this time, we find that the probable cause of the accident to aircraft NC 1946 on January 16, 1942, was the failure of the captain after departure from Las Vegas to follow the proper course by making use of the navigational facilities available to him.

The CAB added the following contributing factors:[1]

  1. The use of an erroneous compass course
  2. Blackout of most of the beacons in the neighborhood of the accident made necessary by the war emergency
  3. Failure of the pilot to comply with TWA's directive of July 17, 1941, issued in accordance with a suggestion from the Administrator of Civil Aeronautics requesting pilots to confine their flight movements to the actual on-course signals

In the book My Lunches with Orson, Orson Welles claims that he had been told by a security agent that the aircraft was shot down by Nazi agents who knew of the route in advance.[11] He also claimed that the shooting was hushed up to prevent vigilante action against Americans with German ancestry.[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Final report of January 16, 1942 accident involving NC1946, Docket No. SA-58, File No. 119-42." (PDF). Civil Aeronautics Board. Adopted July 16, 1942. Retrieved 2009-11-02. Check date values in: |date= (help)
    (if link above fails to load report, visit http://dotlibrary.specialcollection.net and select "Historical Aircraft Accident Reports (1934-1965)", then retry report link)
  2. ↑ "ASN accident record". ASN. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  3. 1 2 "Tales of Vegas Past: The death of Carole Lombard". Las Vegas Mercury. March 6, 2003.
  4. ↑ "CATASTROPHE: End of a Mission". Time. January 26, 1942.
  5. ↑ "4 Gave Seats in Death Plane to Army Fliers". Greeley Daily Tribune. Greeley, CO. Associated Press. January 17, 1942. p. 1.
  6. ↑ According to the CAB report, the crash point was 6.7 miles northwest of the center line of the airway, which was the southwest leg of the Las Vegas radio range.
  7. ↑ According to the CAB report, on July 15, 1941, the CAA sent TWA and other airlines an advisory notice "suggesting that pilots be instructed to confine their flight movements, day or night, contact or instrument, to the actual on-course signal of the radio ranges serving the airway involved." Two days later, TWA's Chief Pilot "incorporated this notice verbatim and requested pilots to be guided accordingly." The CAB cites this "failure of the [captain] to comply with TWA's directive" as a contributing cause.
  8. ↑ According to the CAB report, the one operating beacon in the area, referred to as "Arden beacon 24" (see diagram), was located 2.5 miles to the right of the airway. Had the crew used it as reference and passed to its left, the accident would have been avoided. The CAB speculated that the captain either ignored the beacon, or incorrectly assumed that it was centered on the airway, passing well to its right and into high terrain.
  9. ↑ The course flown to the crash point was 215° magnetic.
  10. ↑ Boulder Airport (BLD) at that time, also called Bullock Airport, is now decommissioned. It was located just north of the modern Boulder City Municipal Airport (61B).
  11. 1 2 Jaglom, Henry (2013), My Lunches With Orson, Metropolitan, pp. 63–64, ISBN 978-0-8050-9725-2
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