Synchytrium endobioticum

Synchytrium endobioticum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Chytridiomycota
Class:	Chytridiomycetes
Order:	Synchytriales
Family:	Synchytriaceae
Genus:	Synchytrium
Species:	S. endobioticum
Binomial name
Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival 1909

Synchytrium endobioticum is a chytrid fungus that causes the potato wart disease or black scab.^[1] It also infects some other plants of the Solanum genus, though potato is the only cultivated host.

Systematics

Traditionally, Synchytrium endobioticum has been placed to the subgenus Mesochytrium, but it has been suggested that on the basis of the mode of germination it should be transferred to the subgenus Microsynchytrium. It was first identified and studied by Vera Charles. The New Zealand scientist Kathleen Maisey Curtis also studied Synchytrium endobioticum for her doctoral thesis that, in 1919, resulted in her being recognised as producing groundbreaking research on the organism's pathology.^[2]

At least 18 pathotypes of the fungus exist, most of them with quite limited ranges in Central Europe. The most widely distributed is the pathotype 1.

Morphology

Like some other Chytridiales, Synchytrium endobioticum develops no mycelium. The fungus produces a thick walled structure known as a winter sporangium. It is 25-75 µm in diameter and contains 200-300 spores. Sporangia are clustered into thin-walled soruses. The motile life stage, zoospore is about 0,5 µm in diameter and has one posterior flagellum.

Life cycle

In spring, at higher temperature and moisture, overwintering sporangia germinate to release mobile zoospores which infect suitable host epidermal cells. In infected cells, the summer sporangia develop, which quickly release new populations of zoospores. The infection cycle may be repeated as long as infection conditions are suitable. The infected plant cells swell, divide and surround the dividing zoospores resulting in the wart.

Under certain stress conditions some zoospore pairs fuse, resulting in a zygote. The zygote bearing host cells divide, forming eventually the walls of a new winter sporangium. In autumn, the warts rot and disintegrate, releasing new thick-walled resting spores of the fungus into the soil. The diploid resting spores (pro-soruses) undergo a dormancy period and before germination (probably) a meiotic division and several mitotic divisions, becoming a sorus.

Ecology

Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate parasite that infects several plants of the genus Solanum. The most favourable conditions for its development are warm temperatures (but not over 20 °C) with enough humidity. Winter sporangia can remain viable for up to 20–30 years. It can survive at depths of 50 cm in the soil. Three different fungi have been observed to parasitize the resting sporangia.

S. endobioticum originates from the Andean region of South-America, with now almost worldwide distribution in areas where potatoes are cultivated (absent in most of tropical Africa, Middle East, most of Canada, Japan and Australia).

Legal

Added to the USA's federal bioterrorism list for agricultural plant pathogens in 2002 in accordance with the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act.

References

• EPPO data sheet on S.endobioticum
• Resting-spore germination in Synchytrium endobioticum
• Germination and parasitation of the resting sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum
• About potato wart disease