Aswan

Aswan

River Nile in Aswan
Aswan

Location in Egypt

Coordinates: 24°05′20″N 32°53′59″E / 24.08889°N 32.89972°E / 24.08889; 32.89972
Country  Egypt
Governorate Aswan
Elevation 194 m (636 ft)
Population (2012)
 • Total 290,327
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
Area code(s) (+20) 97

Aswan (English pronunciation: /ˌæsˈwɑːn/; Egyptian Arabic: أسوان‎‎ Aswān  [ʔɑsˈwɑːn]; Ancient Egyptian: Swenett; Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ Souan; Ancient Greek: Συήνη Syene), formerly spelled Assuan, is a city in the south of Egypt, the capital of the Aswan Governorate.

Aswan is a busy market and tourist centre located just north of the Aswan Dams on the east bank of the Nile at the first cataract. The modern city has expanded and includes the formerly separate community on the island of Elephantine.

History

s E34
n		 t
niwt
swnt.t
in hieroglyphs

Aswan is the ancient city of Swenett, which in antiquity was the frontier town of Ancient Egypt facing the south. Swenett is supposed to have derived its name from an Egyptian goddess with the same name.[1] This goddess later was identified as Eileithyia by the Greeks and Lucina by the Romans during their occupation of Ancient Egypt because of the similar association of their goddesses with childbirth, and of which the import is "the opener". The ancient name of the city also is said to be derived from the Egyptian symbol for trade,[2] or market.[3]

Because the Ancient Egyptians oriented toward the origin of the life-giving waters of the Nile in the south, Swenett was the southernmost town in the country, and Egypt always was conceived to "open" or begin at Swenett.[1] The city stood upon a peninsula on the right (east) bank of the Nile, immediately below (and north of) the first cataract of the flowing waters, which extend to it from Philae. Navigation to the delta was possible from this location without encountering a barrier.

The stone quarries of ancient Egypt located here were celebrated for their stone, and especially for the granitic rock called Syenite. They furnished the colossal statues, obelisks, and monolithal shrines that are found throughout Egypt, including the pyramids; and the traces of the quarrymen who worked in these 3,000 years ago are still visible in the native rock. They lie on either bank of the Nile, and a road, 6.5 km (4.0 mi) in length, was cut beside them from Syene to Philae.

Swenett was equally important as a military station as a place of traffic. Under every dynasty it was a garrison town; and here tolls and customs were levied on all boats passing southwards and northwards. Around 330, the legion stationed here received a bishop from Alexandria; this later became the Coptic Diocese of Syene.[4] The city is mentioned by numerous ancient writers, including Herodotus,[5] Strabo,[6] Stephanus of Byzantium,[7] Ptolemy,[8] Pliny the Elder,[9] Vitruvius,[10] and it appears on the Antonine Itinerary.[11] It also is mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel and the Book of Isaiah.[12]

View from the west bank to the Nile, islands, and Aswan

The latitude of the city that would become Aswan – located at 24° 5′ 23″ – was an object of great interest to the ancient geographers. They believed that it was seated immediately under the tropic, and that on the day of the summer solstice, a vertical staff cast no shadow. They noted that the sun's disc was reflected in a well at noon. This statement is only approximately correct; at the summer solstice, the shadow was only  1⁄400 of the staff, and so could scarcely be discerned, and the northern limb of the Sun's disc would be nearly vertical. However, Eratosthenes used this information together with measurements of the shadow length on the solstice at Alexandria to perform the first known calculation of the circumference of the Earth.

The Nile is nearly 650 m (0.40 mi) wide above Aswan. From this frontier town to the northern extremity of Egypt, the river flows for more than 1,200 km (750 mi) without bar or cataract. The voyage from Aswan to Alexandria usually took 21 to 28 days in favourable weather.

Climate

Aswan has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) like the rest of Egypt. Aswan and Luxor have the hottest summer days of any city in Egypt. Aswan is one of the hottest, sunniest and driest cities in the world. Averages high temperatures are consistently above 40 °C (104.0 °F) during summer (June, July, August and also September) while averages low temperatures remain above 25 °C (77.0 °F). Summers are long, prolonged and extremely hot. Averages high temperatures remain above 23 °C (73.4 °F) during the coldest month of the year while averages low temperatures remain above 8 °C (46.4 °F). Winters are short, brief and extremely warm. Wintertime is very pleasant and enjoyable while summertime is unbearably hot with blazing sunshine although desert heat is dry.

The climate of Aswan is extremely dry year-round, with less than 1 mm (0 in) of average annual precipitation. The desert city is one of the driest ones in the world, and rainfall doesn't occur every year, as of early 2001, the last rain there was seven years earlier. Aswan is one of the least humid cities on the planet, with an average relative humidity of only 26%, with a maximum mean of 42% during winter and a minimum mean of 16% during summer.

The weather of Aswan is extremely clear, bright and sunny year-round, in all seasons, with a low seasonal variation, with almost 4,000 hours of annual sunshine, very close of the maximum theoretical sunshine duration. Aswan is one of the sunniest places on Earth.

The highest record temperature was 51 °C (124 °F) on May 22, 1973 and the lowest record temperature was −2 °C (28 °F) on January 6, 1989.[13]

Climate data for Aswan, Egypt
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.3
(91.9)		 39.0
(102.2)		 44.0
(111.2)		 45.3
(113.5)		 51.0
(123.8)		 50.0
(122)		 46.8
(116.2)		 48.3
(118.9)		 46.7
(116.1)		 44.8
(112.6)		 39.3
(102.7)		 35.4
(95.7)		 51.0
(123.8)
Average high °C (°F) 22.9
(73.2)		 25.2
(77.4)		 29.5
(85.1)		 34.9
(94.8)		 38.9
(102)		 41.4
(106.5)		 41.1
(106)		 40.9
(105.6)		 39.3
(102.7)		 35.9
(96.6)		 29.1
(84.4)		 24.3
(75.7)		 33.6
(92.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5)		 17.5
(63.5)		 21.8
(71.2)		 27
(81)		 31.4
(88.5)		 33.5
(92.3)		 33.6
(92.5)		 33.2
(91.8)		 32.8
(91)		 27.7
(81.9)		 21.5
(70.7)		 16.9
(62.4)		 25.9
(78.6)
Average low °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7)		 10.2
(50.4)		 13.8
(56.8)		 18.9
(66)		 23
(73)		 25.2
(77.4)		 26
(79)		 25.8
(78.4)		 24
(75)		 20.6
(69.1)		 15.0
(59)		 10.5
(50.9)		 18.5
(65.3)
Record low °C (°F) −2
(28)		 1.0
(33.8)		 4.6
(40.3)		 7.5
(45.5)		 13.6
(56.5)		 16.4
(61.5)		 20.2
(68.4)		 19.8
(67.6)		 15.8
(60.4)		 11.8
(53.2)		 6.5
(43.7)		 3.2
(37.8)		 −2
(28)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.1
(0.004)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.7
(0.028)		 0
(0)		 0.6
(0.024)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1.4
(0.055)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 mm) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.25 0.0 0.0 0.85
Average relative humidity (%) 40 32 24 19 17 16 18 21 22 27 36 42 26.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 298.2 281.1 321.6 316.1 346.8 363.2 374.6 359.6 298.3 314.6 299.6 289.1 3,862.8
Source #1: World Meteorological Organization,[14]
Source #2: NOAA for mean temperatures, record temperatures, humidity, and sun[15]

Education

In 1999, South Valley University was inaugurated and it has three branches; Aswan, Qena and Hurghada. The university grew steadily and now it is firmly established as a major institution of higher education in Upper Egypt. Aswan branch of Assiut University began in 1973 with the Faculty of Education and in 1975 the Faculty of Science was opened. Aswan branch has five faculties namely; Science, Education, Engineering, Arts, Social Works and Institute of Energy. The Faculty of Science in Aswan has six departments. Each department has one educational programme: Chemistry, Geology, Physics and Zoology. Except Botany Department, which has three educational programmes: Botany, Environmental Sciences and Microbiology; and Mathematics Department, which has two educational programmes: Mathematics and Computer Science. The Faculty of Science awards the following degrees: Bachelor of Science in nine educational programmes, Higher Diploma, Master of Science and Philosophy Doctor of Science.

Transport

Aswan is served by the Aswan International Airport. Train and bus service is also available. Taxi and rickshaw are used for transport here.

Image gallery

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir (March 1983). Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Cultural Atlas). New York, NY: Facts On File Inc. p. 240. ISBN 9780871963345.
  2. ↑ Suʻād Māhir (1966). Muhafazat Al Gumhuriya Al Arabiya Al Mutaheda wa Asaraha al baqiah fi al asr al islamim. Majlis al-Aʻlá lil-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah.
  3. ↑ James Henry Breasted (1912). A History of Egypt, from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 7.
  4. ↑ Dijkstra, J. Harm F. Religious Encounters on the Southern Egyptian Frontier in Late Antiquity (AD 298-642).
  5. ↑ (ii. 30)
  6. ↑ (ii. p. 133, xvii. p. 797, seq.)
  7. ↑ (s. v.)
  8. ↑ (vii. 5. § 15, viii. 15. § 15)
  9. ↑ (ii. 73. s. 75, v. 10. s. 11, vi. 29. s. 34)
  10. ↑ (De architectura, book viii. ch ii. § 6)
  11. ↑ (p. 164)
  12. ↑ Ezekiel 29:10, 30:6; Isaiah 49:12
  13. ↑ "Aswan, Egypt". Voodoo Skies. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  14. ↑ "Weather Information for Asswan". Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Asswan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 30, 2015.

External links

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