Digital Linear Tape
Digital Linear Tape (DLT; previously called CompacTape) is a magnetic tape data storage technology developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1984 onwards. In 1994, the technology was purchased by Quantum Corporation, who manufactures drives and licenses the technology and trademark. A variant with higher capacity is called Super DLT (SDLT). The lower cost "value line" was initially manufactured by Benchmark Storage Innovations under license from Quantum. Quantum acquired Benchmark in 2002.
History
DEC launched the TK50 tape drive for the MicroVAX II and PDP-11 minicomputers in 1984. This used 22-track CompacTape I cartridges, storing 94 MB per cartridge. The TK50 was superseded in 1987 by the TK70 drive and the 48-track CompacTape II cartridge, capable of storing 294 MB. In 1989, the CompacTape III (later DLTtape III) format was introduced, increasing the number of tracks to 128 and capacity to 2.6 GB. Later drives into the early 1990s improved the data density of the DLTtape III cartridge, up to 10 GB. The DLTtape IV cartridge was introduced by Quantum in 1994, with increased tape length and data density, initially offering 20 GB per tape. Super DLTtape, originally capable of up to 110 GB, was launched in 2001.
Technology
DLT uses linear serpentine recording with multiple tracks on half-inch (12.7 mm) wide tape. The cartridges contain a single reel and the tape is pulled out of the cartridge by means of a leader tape attached to the take-up reel inside the drive. The drive leader tape is buckled to the cartridge leader during the load process. Tape speed and tension are controlled electronically via the reel motors; there is no capstan. The tape is guided by 4 to 6 rollers that touch only the back side of the tape. Tape material is metal particle tape (MP/AMP).
SDLT adds an optical servo system that reads servo patterns on the back of the tape to keep the data tracks on the front of the tape correctly aligned with the read/write heads. This is important for newer tape media, which have very thin, dense data tracks; 256, 384 and 768 data tracks on a 1⁄2-inch-wide (13 mm) tape are available.
DLT7000 and 8000 tilt the head forward and backward to reduce crosstalk between adjacent tracks through azimuth; this is called Symmetric Phase Recording.
All (S)DLT drives support hardware data compression. The often-used compression factor of 2:1 is optimistic and generally only achievable for text data; a more realistic factor for a file system is 1.3:1 to 1.5:1, although drive compression applied to pre-compressed data can actually make the written data larger than having compression turned off in the tape drive.
Media are guaranteed for 30 years of data retention under specified environmental conditions; they are easily damaged by mishandling (dropping or improper packaging during shipment.)
Manufacturers of cartridges for the DLT/SDLT market are Fujifilm, Hitachi/Maxell and Imation. VStape is made by Sony. All other companies/brands (even Quantum) are contractors and/or resellers of these companies.
A new naming convention took effect in 2005, calling the performance line DLT-S and the value line DLT-V.
DLT includes Write Once Read Many (WORM) capability.[1]
In February 2007, Quantum stopped developing the next generations of DLT drives (S5 and V5) after insufficient market acceptance of the S4 and V4 drives, shifting its drive strategy to LTO.
Generations
Drives
| Drive | Capacity (GB) | Interface | Data Rate (MB/s) | Date | Media |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TK50/TZ30 | 0.1 | proprietary/SCSI | 0.045 | 1984 | CT I |
| TK70 | 0.3 | proprietary | 0.045 | 1987 | CT II |
| THZ01/DLT260/Tx85 | 2.6 | DSSI/SCSI | 0.8 | 1989 | DLT III |
| THZ02/DLT600/Tx86 | 6 | DSSI/SCSI | 0.8 | 1991 | DLT III |
| DLT2000/Tx87 | 10 | Fast SCSI-2 | 1.25 | 1993 | DLT III |
| DLT2000XT | 15 | Fast SCSI-2 | 1.25 | 1995 | DLT IIIXT |
| DLT4000/Tx88 | 20 | Fast SCSI-2 | 1.5 | 1994 | DLT IV |
| DLT7000/Tx89 | 35 | Fast/Wide SCSI-2 | 5 | 1996 | DLT IV |
| DLT8000 | 40 | Fast/Wide SCSI-2 | 6 | 1999 | DLT IV |
| SDLT 220 | 110 | Ultra-2-Wide SCSI | 11 | 1998 | SDLT I |
| SDLT 320 | 160 | Ultra-2-Wide SCSI | 16 | 2002 | SDLT I |
| SDLT 600 | 300 | Ultra-160 SCSI/FC 2Gb | 36 | 2004 | SDLT II |
| SDLT 600A | 300 | GbE (FTP, HTTP) | 36 | 2005 | SDLT II |
| DLT-S4 | 800 | Ultra-320 SCSI/FC 4Gb/SAS | 60 | 2006 | S4 |
| DLT-S4A | 800 | GbE (FTP, HTTP) | 60 | 2007 | S4 |
| Value line | |||||
| DLT1 | 40 | Fast/Wide SCSI-2 | 3 | 1999 | DLT IV |
| DLT-VS80 | 40 | Fast/Wide SCSI-2 | 3 | 2001 | DLT IV |
| DLT-VS160 | 80 | Ultra-2-Wide SCSI | 8 | 2003 | VS1 |
| DLT-V4 | 160 | Ultra-160 SCSI/SATA/USB[2] | 10 | 2005 | VS1 |
Media
| Name | Formats (GB) | Colour | Supported by (ro=read only) |
|---|---|---|---|
| CompacTape I | 0.1 | Light Grey | TK50/TZ30, TK70 (ro) |
| CompacTape II | 0.3 | Dark Grey | TK70 |
| DLTtape III | 2.6, 6, 10 | Light brown | DLT260/600, DLT2000/2000XT/4000/7000 |
| DLTtape IIIXT | 15 | White | DLT2000XT/4000/7000/8000 |
| DLTtape IV | 20, 35, 40[a] | Dark brown | DLT4000/7000/8000, DLT1/DLT-VS80[a], SDLT220/320 (ro) |
| Cleaning Tape III | 20 cleans | Beige | DLT2000/2000XT/4000/7000/8000 |
| SDLTtape I | 110, 160 | Dark green | SDLT220/320, SDLT600 (ro), DLT-S4 (ro) |
| SDLTtape II | 300 | Dark blue | SDLT600, DLT-S4 (ro) |
| DLTtape S4 | 800 | Dark purple | DLT-S4 |
| SDLT Cleaning Tape | 20 cleans | Light grey | SDLT220/320/600, DLT-S4 |
| DLTtape VS1 | 80, 160 | Ivory/Black | VS160, DLT-V4, SDLT600 (ro) |
| DLT VS Cleaning Tape | 20 cleans | Brown | DLT1, DLT-VS80 |
| DLT VS160 Cleaning Tape | 20 cleans | Light grey | DLT-VS160, DLT-V4 |
a DLTtape IV can support both DLT4000/7000/8000 and DLT1/DLT-VS80 for full functions; once DLTtape IV media has been written to or formatted in a DLT7000/8000 drive, this media cannot be read, written to, or formatted in a DLT1/DLT-VS80 drive unless it is degaussed. Once the media has been written to or formatted in a DLT4000 drive, the media cannot be written to or formatted in a DLT1/DLT-VS80 drive unless it is degaussed but it can be read. This is because the DLT1/VS series use a different recording format that is not fully supported by the other family.
Tapes written in value series drives can typically be read in (and often written to) higher end drives of a similar vintage, so long as the drive's technical specifications contain interoperability options.
See also
References
- ↑ DLTSage WORM functionality is available at no additional charge, Quantum.
- ↑ "Product Info", Online Store, Quantum.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Digital Linear Tape. |
- DLTtape Handbook (PDF) (8th ed.), Quantum, 2001.
- How to rethread a dropped leader
- DLT Roadmap (archived from 2006) at dlttape.com
- Obituary of Dr. Fred Hertrich, "father" of DLT
Standards
- ECMA 197 Specification of DLT 2.
- ECMA 209 Specification of DLT 3.
- ECMA 231 Specification of DLT 4.
- ECMA 258 Specification of DLT 3-XT.
- ECMA 259 Specification of DLT 5.
- ECMA 286 Specification of DLT 6.
- ECMA 320 Specification of SDLT-1.