State prices

In financial economics, a state-price security, also called an Arrow-Debreu security (from its origins in the Arrow-Debreu model), a pure security, or a primitive security is a contract that agrees to pay one unit of a numeraire (a currency or a commodity) if a particular state occurs at a particular time in the future and pays zero numeraire in all the other states. The price of this security is the state price of this particular state of the world, which may be represented by a vector. The state price vector is the vector of state prices for all states.^[1][2][3]

As such, any derivatives contract whose settlement value is a function of an underlying asset whose value is uncertain at contract date can be decomposed as a linear combination of its Arrow-Debreu securities, and thus as a weighted sum of its state prices.

The Arrow-Debreu model (also referred to as the Arrow-Debreu-McKenzie model or ADM model) is the central model in the General Equilibrium Theory and uses state prices in the process of proving the existence of a unique general equilibrium.

Example

Imagine a world where two states are possible tomorrow: peace (P) and war (W). Denote the random variable which represents the state as ω; denote tomorrow's random variable as ω₁. Thus, ω₁ can take two values: ω₁=P and ω₁=W.

Let's imagine that:

• There is a security that pays off £1 if tomorrow's state is "P" and nothing if the state is "W". The price of this security is q_P
• There is a security that pays off £1 if tomorrow's state is "W" and nothing if the state is "P". The price of this security is q_W

The prices q_P and q_W are the state prices.

The factors that affect these state prices are:

• The probabilities of ω₁=P and ω₁=W. The more likely a move to W is, the higher the price q_W gets, since q_W insures the agent against the occurrence of state W. The seller of this insurance would demand a higher premium (if the economy is efficient).
• The preferences of the agent. Suppose the agent has a standard concave utility function which depends on the state of the world. Assume that the agent loses an equal amount if the state is "W" as he would gain if the state was "P". Now, even if you assume that the above-mentioned probabilities ω₁=P and ω₁=W are equal, the changes in utility for the agent are not: Due to his decreasing marginal utility, the utility gain from a "peace dividend" tomorrow would be lower than the utility lost from the "war" state. If our agent were rational, he would pay more to insure against the down state than his net gain from the up state would be.

Application to financial assets

If the agent buys both q_P and q_W, he has secured £1 for tomorrow. He has purchased a riskless bond. The price of the bond is b₀ = q_P + q_W.

Now consider a security with state-dependent payouts (e.g. an equity security, an option, a risky bond etc.). It pays c_k if ω₁=k -- i.e. it pays c_P in peacetime and c_W in wartime). The price of this security is c₀ = q_Pc_P + q_Wc_W.

Generally, the usefulness of state prices arises from their linearity: Any security can be valued as the sum over all possible states of state price times payoff in that state: .

Analogously, for a continuous random variable indicating a continuum of possible states, the value is found by integrating over the state price density.

See also

• Complete market
• Incomplete markets
• Stochastic discount factor

References