Split-octonion

In mathematics, the split-octonions are an 8-dimensional nonassociative algebra over the real numbers. Unlike the standard octonions, they contain non-zero elements which are non-invertible. Also the signatures of their quadratic forms differ: the split-octonions have a split-signature (4,4) whereas the octonions have a positive-definite signature (8,0).

Up to isomorphism, the octonions and the split-octonions are the only two octonion algebras over the real numbers. There are corresponding split octonion algebras over any field F.

Definition

Cayley–Dickson construction

The octonions and the split-octonions can be obtained from the Cayley–Dickson construction by defining a multiplication on pairs of quaternions. We introduce a new imaginary unit ℓ and write a pair of quaternions (a, b) in the form a + ℓb. The product is defined by the rule:^[1]

(a+\ell b)(c+\ell d)=(ac+\lambda d{\bar b})+\ell ({\bar a}d+cb)

where

\lambda =\ell ^{2}.

If λ is chosen to be −1, we get the octonions. If, instead, it is taken to be +1 we get the split-octonions. One can also obtain the split-octonions via a Cayley–Dickson doubling of the split-quaternions. Here either choice of λ (±1) gives the split-octonions.

Multiplication table

A mnemonic for the products of the split octonions.

A basis for the split-octonions is given by the set {1, i, j, k, ℓ, ℓi, ℓj, ℓk}. Every split-octonion x can be written as a linear combination of the basis elements,

x=x_{0}+x_{1}\,i+x_{2}\,j+x_{3}\,k+x_{4}\,\ell +x_{5}\,\ell i+x_{6}\,\ell j+x_{7}\,\ell k,

with real coefficients x_a. By linearity, multiplication of split-octonions is completely determined by the following multiplication table:

$1\,$	$i\,$	$j\,$	$k\,$	$\ell \,$	$\ell i\,$	$\ell j\,$	$\ell k\,$
$i\,$	$-1\,$	$k\,$	$-j\,$	$-\ell i\,$	$\ell \,$	$-\ell k\,$	$\ell j\,$
$j\,$	$-k\,$	$-1\,$	$i\,$	$-\ell j\,$	$\ell k\,$	$\ell \,$	$-\ell i\,$
$k\,$	$j\,$	$-i\,$	$-1\,$	$-\ell k\,$	$-\ell j\,$	$\ell i\,$	$\ell \,$
$\ell \,$	$\ell i\,$	$\ell j\,$	$\ell k\,$	$1\,$	$i\,$	$j\,$	$k\,$
$\ell i\,$	$-\ell \,$	$-\ell k\,$	$\ell j\,$	$-i\,$	$1\,$	$k\,$	$-j\,$
$\ell j\,$	$\ell k\,$	$-\ell \,$	$-\ell i\,$	$-j\,$	$-k\,$	$1\,$	$i\,$
$\ell k\,$	$-\ell j\,$	$\ell i\,$	$-\ell \,$	$-k\,$	$j\,$	$-i\,$	$1\,$

A convenient mnemonic is given by the diagram at the right which represents the multiplication table for the split octonion. This one is derived from its parent octonion (one of 480 possible), which is defined by:

e_{i}e_{j}=-\delta _{ij}e_{0}+\varepsilon _{ijk}e_{k},\,

where $\varepsilon _{ijk}$ is a completely antisymmetric tensor with value +1 when ijk = 123, 154, 176, 264, 257, 374, 365, and:

e_{i}e_{0}=e_{0}e_{i}=e_{i};\,\,\,\,e_{0}e_{0}=e_{0},\,

with e₀ the scalar element, and i, j, k = 1 ... 7.

The red arrows indicate possible direction reversals imposed by negating the lower right quadrant of the parent creating a split octonion with this multiplication table.

Conjugate, norm and inverse

The conjugate of a split-octonion x is given by

{\bar x}=x_{0}-x_{1}\,i-x_{2}\,j-x_{3}\,k-x_{4}\,\ell -x_{5}\,\ell i-x_{6}\,\ell j-x_{7}\,\ell k

just as for the octonions. The quadratic form (or square norm) on x is given by

N(x)={\bar x}x=(x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2})-(x_{4}^{2}+x_{5}^{2}+x_{6}^{2}+x_{7}^{2})

This norm is the standard pseudo-Euclidean norm on R^4,4. Due to the split signature the norm N is isotropic, meaning there are nonzero x for which N(x) = 0. An element x has an (two-sided) inverse x⁻¹ if and only if N(x) ≠ 0. In this case the inverse is given by

x^{{-1}}={\frac {{\bar x}}{N(x)}}.

Properties

The split-octonions, like the octonions, are noncommutative and nonassociative. Also like the octonions, they form a composition algebra since the quadratic form N is multiplicative. That is,

N(xy)=N(x)N(y).\,

The split-octonions satisfy the Moufang identities and so form an alternative algebra. Therefore, by Artin's theorem, the subalgebra generated by any two elements is associative. The set of all invertible elements (i.e. those elements for which N(x) ≠ 0) form a Moufang loop.

Zorn's vector-matrix algebra

Since the split-octonions are nonassociative they cannot be represented by ordinary matrices (matrix multiplication is always associative). Zorn found a way to represent them as "matrices" containing both scalars and vectors using a modified version of matrix multiplication.^[2] Specifically, define a vector-matrix to be a 2×2 matrix of the form^[3]^[4]^[5]

{\begin{bmatrix}a&{\mathbf v}\\{\mathbf w}&b\end{bmatrix}}

where a and b are real numbers and v and w are vectors in R³. Define multiplication of these matrices by the rule

{\begin{bmatrix}a&{\mathbf v}\\{\mathbf w}&b\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a'&{\mathbf v}'\\{\mathbf w}'&b'\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}aa'+{\mathbf v}\cdot {\mathbf w}'&a{\mathbf v}'+b'{\mathbf v}+{\mathbf w}\times {\mathbf w}'\\a'{\mathbf w}+b{\mathbf w}'-{\mathbf v}\times {\mathbf v}'&bb'+{\mathbf v}'\cdot {\mathbf w}\end{bmatrix}}

where · and × are the ordinary dot product and cross product of 3-vectors. With addition and scalar multiplication defined as usual the set of all such matrices forms a nonassociative unital 8-dimensional algebra over the reals, called Zorn's vector-matrix algebra.

Define the "determinant" of a vector-matrix by the rule

\det {\begin{bmatrix}a&{\mathbf v}\\{\mathbf w}&b\end{bmatrix}}=ab-{\mathbf v}\cdot {\mathbf w}

This determinant is a quadratic form on the Zorn's algebra which satisfies the composition rule:

\det(AB)=\det(A)\det(B).\,

Zorn's vector-matrix algebra is, in fact, isomorphic to the algebra of split-octonions. Write an octonion x in the form

x=(a+{\mathbf a})+\ell (b+{\mathbf b})

where $a$ and b are real numbers and a and b are pure quaternions regarded as vectors in R³. The isomorphism from the split-octonions to the Zorn's algebra is given by

x\mapsto \phi (x)={\begin{bmatrix}a+b&{\mathbf a}+{\mathbf b}\\-{\mathbf a}+{\mathbf b}&a-b\end{bmatrix}}.

This isomorphism preserves the norm since $N(x)=\det(\phi (x))$ .

Applications

Split-octonions are used in the description of physical law. For example, (a) the Dirac equation in physics (the equation of motion of a free spin 1/2 particle, like e.g. an electron or a proton) can be expressed on native split-octonion arithmetic, (b) the supersymmetric quantum mechanics has an octonionic extension (see references below).

References

↑ Kevin McCrimmon (2004) A Taste of Jordan Algebras, page 158, Universitext, Springer ISBN 0-387-95447-3 MR 2014924
↑ Max Zorn (1931) "Alternativekörper und quadratische Systeme", Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 9(3/4): 395–402
↑ Nathan Jacobson (1962) Lie Algebras, page 142, Interscience Publishers.
↑ Richard D. Schafer (1966) An Introduction to Nonassociative Algebras, pp 52–6, Academic Press
↑ Lowell J. Page (1963) "Jordan Algebras", pages 144–186 in Studies in Modern Algebra edited by A.A. Albert, Mathematics Association of America : Zorn’s vector-matrix algebra on page 180

Harvey, F. Reese (1990). Spinors and Calibrations. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-329650-1.
Springer, T. A.; F. D. Veldkamp (2000). Octonions, Jordan Algebras and Exceptional Groups. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-66337-1.

For physics on native split-octonion arithmetic see e.g.

M. Gogberashvili, Octonionic Electrodynamics, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39 (2006) 7099-7104. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/39/22/020
V. Dzhunushaliev, Non-associativity, supersymmetry and hidden variables, J. Math. Phys. 49, 042108 (2008); doi:10.1063/1.2907868; arXiv:0712.1647 [quant-ph].

Number systems

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