Single instruction, multiple threads
Single instruction, multiple thread (SIMT) is an execution model used in parallel computing where single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) is combined with multithreading.
The processors, say a number p of them, seem to execute many more than p tasks. This is achieved by each processor having multiple "threads" (or "work-items" or "Sequence of SIMD Lane operations"), which execute in lock-step, and are analogous to SIMD lanes.[1]
The SIMT execution model has been implemented on several GPUs and is relevant for general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU), e.g. some supercomputers combine CPUs with GPUs.
SIMT was introduced by Nvidia:[2][3]
[Nvidia's Tesla GPU microarchitecture] (first available November 8, 2006 as implemented in the "G80" GPU chip) introduced the single-instruction multiple-thread (SIMT) execution model where multiple independent threads execute concurrently using a single instruction.
ATI Technologies (now AMD) released a competing product slightly later on May 14, 2007, the TeraScale 1-based "R600" GPU chip.
As access time of all the widespread RAM types (e.g. DDR SDRAM, GDDR SDRAM, XDR DRAM, etc.) is still relatively low, engineers came up with the idea to hide the latency that inevitably comes with each memory access. Strictly, the latency-hiding is a feature of the zero-overhead scheduling implemented by modern GPUs. This might or might not be considered to be a property of 'SIMT' itself.
SIMT is intended to limit instruction fetching overhead,[4] i.e. the latency that comes with memory access, and is used in modern GPUs (including, but not limited to those of Nvidia and AMD) in combination with 'latency hiding' to enable high-performance execution despite considerable latency in memory-access operations. This is where the processor is oversubscribed with computation tasks, and is able to quickly switch between tasks when it would otherwise have to wait on memory. This strategy is comparable to multithreading in CPUs (not to be confused with multi-core).[5]
A downside of SIMT execution is the fact that thread-specific control-flow is performed using "masking", leading to poor utilization where a processor's threads follow different control-flow paths. For instance, to handle an IF-ELSE block where various threads of a processor execute different paths, all threads must actually process both paths (as all threads of a processor always execute in lock-step), but masking is used to disable and enable the various threads as appropriate. Masking is avoided when control flow is coherent for the threads of a processor, i.e. they all follow the same path of execution. The masking strategy is what distinguishes SIMT from ordinary SIMD, and has the benefit of inexpensive synchronization between the threads of a processor.[6]
| Nvidia CUDA | OpenCL | Henn&Pratt |
|---|---|---|
| Thread | Work-item | Sequence of SIMD Lane operations |
| Warp | Wavefront | Thread of SIMD Instructions |
| Block | Workgroup | Body of vectorized loop |
| Grid | NDRange | Vectorized loop |
See also
References
- ↑ Michael McCool; James Reinders; Arch Robison (2013). Structured Parallel Programming: Patterns for Efficient Computation. Elsevier. p. 52.
- ↑ "Nvidia Fermi Compute Architecture Whitepaper" (PDF). http://www.nvidia.com/. NVIDIA Corporation. 2009. Retrieved 2014-07-17. External link in
|website=(help) - ↑ "NVIDIA Tesla: A Unified Graphics and Computing Architecture". http://www.ieee.org/. IEEE. 2008. p. 6 (Subscription required.). Retrieved 2014-08-07. External link in
|website=(help) - ↑ Rul, Sean; Vandierendonck, Hans; D’Haene, Joris; De Bosschere, Koen (2010). An experimental study on performance portability of OpenCL kernels. Symp. Application Accelerators in High Performance Computing (SAAHPC).
- ↑ "Advanced Topics in CUDA" (PDF). cc.gatech.edu. 2011. Retrieved 2014-08-28.
- ↑ Michael McCool; James Reinders; Arch Robison (2013). Structured Parallel Programming: Patterns for Efficient Computation. Elsevier. pp. 209 ff.